Does Omission of Ureteral Stents Increase Risk of Unplanned Return Visit? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: Post-ureteroscopy ureteral stent omission remains controversial. Although omission is associated with reduced postoperative discomfort, concern remains for early obstruction. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials to compare the risk of unplanned visits with vs without a stent following ureteroscopy for nephrolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomized, controlled trials and observational studies comparing post-ureteroscopic stent omission vs placement and reporting unplanned visits within 30 days were identified via a search of MEDLINE® (1946 to 2015), CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, 1898 to 2015), Embase® (1947 to 2015), ClinicalTrials.gov (1997 to 2015), AUA (American Urological Association) Annual Meeting abstracts (2011 to 2015) and reference lists of included articles as last updated in October 2015. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality. ORs, RRs and weighted mean differences were calculated as appropriate for each outcome. RESULTS: Of the initial 1,992 studies 17 in a total of 1,943 participants met inclusion criteria. Unstented patients were significantly more likely to have an unplanned medical visit compared to those who received a post-ureteroscopy stent (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.15-2.30). Unstented patients had shorter operative time (weighted mean difference -3.19 minutes, 95% CI -5.64--0.74) and were less likely to experience dysuria (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.25-0.62). They were also less likely to experience postoperative infection (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.59-1.33) and pain (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.39-1.05), although these results were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Stent omission is associated with an increased risk of unplanned medical visits despite reduced symptoms compared to those in stented patients. Patients and physicians should weigh these trade-offs when considering post-ureteroscopy stent placement.

A clinical pathway for guardianship at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.

BACKGROUND: Guardianship may be necessary when inpatients lack medical decision-making capacity and are unwilling to go home to be cared for by interested proxy decision makers. Interventions, centered on a clinical pathway, were conducted at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC; Lebanon, New Hampshire). Because guardianship occurs at the interface of clinical care and governmental bureaucracy, quality improvement efforts focused on "in-hospital" processes, while actions were taken to improve communication between clinical teams and the legal system. METHODS: A multidisciplinary quality improvement team mapped the DHMC guardianship process and analyzed the causes for delays before creating the clinical pathway. Specific interventions were designed and implemented to address the identified improvement areas. RESULTS: For the 26 guardianship patients during a two-year period (May 1, 2011-May 1, 2013), the charges incurred totaled approximately $4,000,000--for an average of more than $150,000 per patient. The medically unnecessary days of their length of hospital stay decreased from an average of 27.8 to 11.3, a statistically significant result as demonstrated by statistical process control analysis. The shorter hospitalizations of the last 13 patients amounted to 214.5 medically unnecessary hospital days saved and more than $1.2 million in charges reduced during the two-year period. CONCLUSIONS: Guardianship is a complex process that generates significant delays in appropriate care and increases in charges. The redesigned, standardized guardianship process, as defined in the clinical pathway, reduced associated medically unnecessary days of hospitalization.

Association Between Opening a Palliative Care Unit and Hospital Care for Patients With Serious Illness.

Background: Palliative care units (PCUs) are devoted to intensive management of symptoms and other palliative care needs. We examined the association between opening a PCU and acute care processes at a single U.S. academic medical center. Methods: We retrospectively compared acute care processes for seriously ill patients admitted before and after the opening of a PCU at a single academic medical center. Outcomes included rates of change in code status to do-not-resuscitate (DNR) and comfort measures only (CMO) status, and time to DNR and CMO. We calculated unadjusted and adjusted rates and used logistic regression to assess interaction between care period and palliative care consultation. Results: There were 16,611 patients in the pre-PCU period and 18,305 patients in the post-PCU period. The post-PCU cohort was slightly older, with a higher Charlson index (p < 0.001 for both). Post-PCU, unadjusted rates of DNR and CMO increased from 16.4% to 18.3% (p < 0.001) and 9.3% to 11.5% (p < 0.001), respectively. Post-PCU, median time to DNR was unchanged (0 days), and time to CMO decreased from 6 to 5 days. The adjusted odds ratio was 1.08 (p = 0.01) for DNR and 1.19 (p < 0.001) for CMO. Significant interaction between care period and palliative care consultation for DNR (p = 0.04) and CMO (p = 0.01) suggests an important role for palliative care engagement. Conclusions: The opening of a PCU at a single center was associated with increased rates of DNR and CMO status for seriously ill patients.