Process Proteomics of Beer Reveals a Dynamic Proteome with Extensive Modifications.

Modern beer production is a complex industrial process. However, some of its biochemical details remain unclear. Using mass spectrometry proteomics, we have performed a global untargeted analysis of the proteins present across time during nanoscale beer production. Samples included sweet wort produced by a high temperature infusion mash, hopped wort, and bright beer. This analysis identified over 200 unique proteins from barley and yeast, emphasizing the complexity of the process and product. We then used data independent SWATH-MS to quantitatively compare the relative abundance of these proteins throughout the process. This identified large and significant changes in the proteome at each process step. These changes described enrichment of proteins by their biophysical properties, and identified the appearance of dominant yeast proteins during fermentation. Altered levels of malt modification also quantitatively changed the proteomes throughout the process. Detailed inspection of the proteomic data revealed that many proteins were modified by protease digestion, glycation, or oxidation during the processing steps. This work demonstrates the opportunities offered by modern mass spectrometry proteomics in understanding the ancient process of beer production.

Accuracy of CT and MRI for contouring the feline optic apparatus for radiation therapy planning.

Consistency and accuracy in normal tissue contouring in radiotherapy planning is important for comparison of dosimetry and toxicity data between studies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) improves the accuracy of optic apparatus contouring as compared with computed tomography (CT) in both normal and acromegalic cats, and to construct a reference contour of the feline optic apparatus. Both CT and MRI were performed on cadavers of four healthy cats, as well as on five radiotherapy patients with feline acromegaly. Contours of the optic apparatus were drawn for each imaging study. The volume, center of mass, and the degree of concordance and mismatch were determined for each, and compared with a reference standard. Precontrast CT was found to overestimate volume as compared with MRI in acromegalic cats; no other statistically significant differences were identified in the volume, concordance index or mismatch index values of normal or acromegalic cats. Contours derived from T2-wieghted MRI were subjectively considered to best match the reference standard. The caudal margin of the optic chiasm and the optic tracts were difficult to confidently contour regardless of which imaging modality and/or sequence was used. In conclusion, findings from the current study supported the use of a combination of CT and MR images and a priori knowledge of the shape of the optic apparatus to guide accurate contouring, especially where image contrast is not sufficient to clearly delineate the margins. Guidelines for feline optic apparatus contouring developed in this study can be used for future studies.

Laboratory investigation of an E. coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with swimming in Battle Ground Lake, Vancouver, Washington.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been associated with a number of waterborne outbreaks, but it has never been recovered from an implicated environment. This paper reports on an August 1999 outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 associated with swimming in Battle Ground Lake in Clark Country, Washington. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from duck feces, as well as from two water samples. The authors used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to compare these isolates with patient isolates for genetic homology. All the isolates yielded the same restriction fragment patterns. In addition, using polymerase chain reaction, the authors found patient isolates and environmental isolates to have the same virulence factors (Stx, eaeA, and hly).

A poly-N-acetyl glucosamine hemostatic dressing for femoral artery access site hemostasis after percutaneous coronary intervention: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Arterial puncture closure devices have improved time to hemostasis and ambulation after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) relative to traditional manual compression, though complication rates for both methods leave room for improvement. In a pilot registry, the authors evaluated a topical hemostatic dressing containing poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (p-GlcNAc) post PCI in fully anticoagulated patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 100 patients undergoing PCI via the common femoral artery in the short-stay unit, the p-GlcNAc hemostatic dressing was applied with 15 minutes of manual compression at arterial access sites after arterial sheath removal. Procedural antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies were aspirin, clopidogrel and bivalirudin. Patients were observed during 2 hours of bed rest and attempted to ambulate 2 hours post hemostasis. Effectiveness was assessed based on times to hemostasis and ambulation. Data were stratified by time elapsed since bivalirudin bolus or discontinuation of infusion (30 minutes, > 30-60 minutes, > 60 minutes). Mean time to hemostasis was 15.5 minutes. Mean time from hemostasis to ambulation was 2.08 hours; 87% of patients ambulated at 2 hours. Sheaths were removed at a mean 40.38 minutes after discontinuing bivalirudin. Anticoagulation status (as assessed by time since discontinuation of bivalirudin) did not influence time to hemostasis or ambulation. There was a single major complication (pseudoaneurysm), two minor rebleeds requiring additional manual compression, and 1 hematoma > 5 cm. CONCLUSIONS: This p-GlcNAc topical hemostatic dressing safely achieved hemostasis at arterial access sites and early ambulation, even with nearly immediate sheath removal after PCI with systemic anticoagulation using bivalirudin.

Factors affecting residence time of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) injected into the myocardium.

The therapeutic mechanism of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction is not well understood. Our goal was to get insights into this mechanism by analyzing the survival kinetics of allogeneic and syngeneic cell transplants under different tissue conditions. Two MSC cell banks, stably and equally expressing the luciferase reporter construct, were developed for these studies and injected directly to the myocardium of Lewis rat recipients under syngeneic or allogeneic transplantation conditions. Cell survival was monitored by real-time fashion for up to 2 weeks, using optical imaging device (IVIS, Xenogen Corp.). We found that both syngeneic and allogeneic grafts reduced significantly in size during the first week of transplantation, either in the normal or in the late infarcted heart (5 days after MI) and allotransplants became always smaller than syngeneic grafts during this period. Low dose of cyclosporine A treatment had a benefit on both allo- and syngeneic graft sizes, suggesting that multiple mechanisms play a role in early graft reduction. The MSC characteristic factors IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF were well above the control level in the heart tissue at 4 days after cell injection, suggesting that the peak therapeutic effect of MSC can be expected during the first week of the administration. Although allogeneic cells induced immunoglobulin production, their biological effects (cell survival, factor productions) are very similar to the syngeneic transplants and therefore they could deliver the same therapeutic effect as the syngeneic cells. Finally, freshly infarcted tissue (30 min) supported better the survival of MSC than late postischemic tissue (5 days) but only "off the shelf" allogeneic cell transplants fits with this treatment strategy.