RESUMEN
Urolithiasis stands as a prevalent ailment within the urinary system, with hyperoxaluria and hypocitraturia being the most frequent manifestations characterized by excessive oxalic acid (OA) and deficient citric acid (CA) levels in urine. Detecting these compounds in urine quantitatively holds paramount importance for early urolithiasis screening. Existing methodologies fall short in achieving simultaneous and on-site identification of OA and CA, posing challenges for accurate urolithiasis screening. Addressing this concern, the study successfully accomplishes the concurrent identification of OA and CA in urine through a combination of dual-spectral analysis and biomimetic peroxidase utilization. Bovine serum albumin and dithiothreitol-modified copper nanoclusters (BSA-DTT-CuNCs) are employed as biomimetic peroxidases, effectively mitigating interference and enabling the simultaneous determination of OA and CA. The quantification range spans from 0 to 12 mm for OA and 0.5 to 2.5 mm for CA, with detection limits of 0.18 and 0.11 mm, respectively. To facilitate swift and on-location urine analysis, a fully automated urine analyzer (FAUA) is introduced that streamlines the process of biomarker pretreatment and identification within urine samples. Validation with real urine samples from urolithiasis patients demonstrates the method's diagnostic precision, highlighting the dual-spectral technique and analyzer's promising role in urolithiasis screening.
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Peroxidasa , Urolitiasis , Humanos , Ácido Oxálico , Biomimética , Peroxidasas , Urolitiasis/diagnóstico , Ácido Cítrico , ColorantesRESUMEN
PbTx-2 and okadaic acid (OA) are two typical marine toxins that are highly toxic and harmful to human health. The approach based on citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (Cit-AuNPs) and specific aptamers to construct label-free colorimetric sensors is a widely used method for marine toxin detection. However, the potential interactions between Cit-AuNPs and target molecules have always been ignored, which may result in wrong analytical results due to shortcomings in the Cit-AuNPs. To overcome these shortfalls, in this work, AuNPs were synthesized using tyrosine as a reducing and capping agent, and a robust colorimetric aptasensor based on tyrosine-capped AuNPs (Tyr-AuNPs) was constructed for the label-free detection of marine toxins. Tyr-AuNPs presented better stability compared to Cit-AuNPs due to the stronger binding of amine groups on tyrosine to AuNPs through the Au-N bond. Interactions between Tyr-AuNPs and PbTx-2 were analyzed through UV-vis and isothermal titration calorimetry methods and the results validated the robustness of the Tyr-AuNPs. Colorimetric aptasensors were established for PbTx-2 and OA detection with a linear range of 0.05-4 ppm and limits of detection of 2.25 ppb and 5.19 ppb, respectively. These results demonstrate that the developed colorimetric aptasensor can be a robust and promising method for marine toxin detection.
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Aptámeros de Nucleótidos , Técnicas Biosensibles , Nanopartículas del Metal , Humanos , Oro/química , Colorimetría/métodos , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Tirosina , Ácido Ocadaico , Aptámeros de Nucleótidos/química , Límite de Detección , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodosRESUMEN
Tiller angle, an important component of plant architecture, greatly influences the grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Here, we identified Tiller Angle Control 4 (TAC4) as a novel regulator of rice tiller angle. TAC4 encodes a plant-specific, highly conserved nuclear protein. The loss of TAC4 function leads to a significant increase in the tiller angle. TAC4 can regulate rice shoot gravitropism by increasing the indole acetic acid content and affecting the auxin distribution. A sequence analysis revealed that TAC4 has undergone a bottleneck and become fixed in indica cultivars during domestication and improvement. Our findings facilitate an increased understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of tiller angle and also provide a potential gene resource for the improvement of rice plant architecture.
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Oryza , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Gravitropismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Oryza/genética , Oryza/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Inflorescence branching is a key agronomic trait determining rice yield. The primary branch of the ancestral wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) bears few grains, due to minimal secondary branching. By contrast, Oryza sativa cultivars have been selected to produce large panicles with more secondary branches. Here we showed that the CONTROL OF SECONDARY BRANCH 1 (COS1) gene, which is identical to FRIZZY PANICLE (FZP), plays an important role in the key transition from few secondary branches in wild rice to more secondary branches in domesticated rice cultivars. A 4-bp tandem repeat deletion approximately 2.7 kb upstream of FZP may affect the binding activities of auxin response factors to the FZP promoter, decrease the expression level of FZP and significantly enhance the number of secondary branches and grain yield in cultivated rice. Functional analyses showed that NARROW LEAF 1 (NAL1), a trypsin-like serine and cysteine protease, interacted with FZP and promoted its degradation. Consistently, downregulating FZP expression or upregulating NAL1 expression in the commercial cultivar Zhonghua 17 increased the number of secondary branches per panicle, grain number per panicle and grain yield per plant. Our findings not only provide insights into the molecular mechanism of increasing grain number and yield during rice domestication, but also offer favorable genes for improving the grain yield of rice.
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Domesticación , Grano Comestible/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Inflorescencia/genética , Oryza/genética , Oryza/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Secuencias Reguladoras de Ácidos Nucleicos/genética , Proteasas de Cisteína/metabolismo , Grano Comestible/metabolismo , Genes de Plantas/genética , Inflorescencia/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Proteolisis , Secuencias Reguladoras de Ácidos Nucleicos/fisiología , Análisis de Secuencia , Serina Endopeptidasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) was domesticated from wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), which typically displays fewer grains per panicle and longer grains than cultivated rice. In addition, wild rice has long awns, whereas cultivated rice has short awns or lacks them altogether. These changes represent critical events in rice domestication. Here, we identified a major gene, GRAIN NUMBER, GRAIN LENGTH AND AWN DEVELOPMENT1 (GAD1), that regulates those critical changes during rice domestication. GAD1 is located on chromosome 8 and is predicted to encode a small secretary signal peptide belonging to the EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE family. A frame-shift insertion in gad1 destroyed the conserved cysteine residues of the peptide, resulting in a loss of function, and causing the increased number of grains per panicle, shorter grains, and awnless phenotype characteristic of cultivated rice. Our findings provide a useful paradigm for revealing functions of peptide signal molecules in plant development and helps elucidate the molecular basis of rice domestication.
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Grano Comestible/metabolismo , Oryza/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Cromosomas de las Plantas/genética , Grano Comestible/genética , Mutación del Sistema de Lectura/genética , Oryza/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genéticaRESUMEN
Common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), the wild relative of Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa), flaunts long, barbed awns, which are necessary for efficient propagation and dissemination of seeds. By contrast, O. sativa cultivars have been selected to be awnless or to harbor short, barbless awns, which facilitate seed processing and storage. The transition from long, barbed awns to short, barbless awns was a crucial event in rice domestication. Here, we show that the presence of long, barbed awns in wild rice is controlled by a major gene on chromosome 4, LONG AND BARBED AWN1 (LABA1), which encodes a cytokinin-activating enzyme. A frame-shift deletion in LABA1 of cultivated rice reduces the cytokinin concentration in awn primordia, disrupting barb formation and awn elongation. Sequencing analysis demonstrated low nucleotide diversity and a selective sweep encompassing an â¼800-kb region around the derived laba1 allele in cultivated rice. Haplotype analysis revealed that the laba1 allele originated in the japonica subspecies and moved into the indica gene pool via introgression, suggesting that humans selected for this locus in early rice domestication. Identification of LABA1 provides new insights into rice domestication and also sheds light on the molecular mechanism underlying awn development.
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Productos Agrícolas/genética , Genes de Plantas , Oryza/anatomía & histología , Oryza/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Alelos , Cromosomas de las Plantas/genética , Clonación Molecular , Productos Agrícolas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Citocininas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Variación Genética , Haplotipos/genética , Nucleótidos/genética , Oryza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Oryza/ultraestructura , Fenotipo , Mapeo Físico de Cromosoma , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Selección Genética , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
Leaf senescence plays an important role in crop developmental processes that dramatically affect crop yield and grain quality. The genetic regulation of leaf senescence is complex, involving many metabolic and signaling pathways. Here, we identified a rapid leaf senescence 3 (rls3) mutant that displayed accelerated leaf senescence, shorter plant height and panicle length, and lower seed set rate than the wild type. Map-based cloning revealed that RLS3 encodes a protein with AAA+ domain, localizing it to chloroplasts. Sequence analysis found that the rls3 gene had a single-nucleotide substitution (GâA) at the splice site of the 10th intron/11th exon, resulting in the cleavage of the first nucleotide in 11th exon and premature termination of RLS3 protein translation. Using transmission electron microscope, the chloroplasts of the rls3 mutant were observed to degrade much faster than those of the wild type. The investigation of the leaf senescence process under dark incubation conditions further revealed that the rls3 mutant displayed rapid leaf senescence. Thus, the RLS3 gene plays key roles in sustaining the normal growth of rice, while loss of function in RLS3 leads to rapid leaf senescence. The identification of RLS3 will be helpful to elucidate the mechanisms involved in leaf senescence in rice.
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Oryza/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/ultraestructura , Clonación Molecular , Oscuridad , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Células del Mesófilo/citología , Células del Mesófilo/metabolismo , Células del Mesófilo/ultraestructura , Mutación/genética , Oryza/genética , Oryza/ultraestructura , Fenotipo , Fotosíntesis , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Dominios Proteicos , Transporte de Proteínas , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Fracciones Subcelulares/metabolismoRESUMEN
Heart failure (HF) is a life-threatening syndrome. Timely and accurate bedside monitoring of the occurrence and progression of HF via measurements of multiple HF-related biomarkers remains a challenge. Here, we report a triple cascade quantum-strip (TCQS) sensing strategy for the rapid and selective multiplex-tracing of three clinically validated HF biomarkers (BNP/NT-proBNP/ST2) in serum. High selectivity to the three biomarkers is achieved by controlling the individual recognition ability of three target-specific quantum immunoprobes and tuning their simultaneous use to BNP/NT-proBNP/ST2 recognition without mutual interference, which allows the three biomarkers to be directly enriched from serum samples. Benefiting from the fast release-binding kinetics of target-bound immunoprobes on TCQS, recognizable fluorescent signals can be rapidly read out through combining with a self-designed smartphone-based portable reader. This rapid and simple profiling strategy results in good specificity and sensitivity with LODs of 0.097, 0.072, and 0.948 ng/mL for BNP, NT-proBNP, and ST2, respectively, which match the need of clinical applications. Real serum samples are tested with an accuracy of 92.86% for HF diagnosis, validating the capability of the smartphone-read TCQS for practical applications. In particular, the simultaneous detection of the TCQS sensing strategy for BNP/NT-proBNP/ST2 will facilitate the accurate monitoring of HF occurrence, risk stratification, progression, and prognosis as a powerful POCT tool.
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Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Proteína 1 Similar al Receptor de Interleucina-1 , Humanos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Péptido Natriurético Encefálico , Pronóstico , Biomarcadores , Límite de DetecciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Rising concerns over wellness and aging have heightened the demand for convenient and efficient on-site health monitoring and disease screening. Current research, focused on specific biomarker detection, often neglects the complexities of sample matrix interference and the absence of a comprehensive, automated platform. To address these issues, we have developed a universal, fully automated analyzer for multifaceted, on-site biochemical analysis of body fluids. METHODS: This analyzer integrates automated sample pretreatment, automatic dilution, detection, and self-cleaning functionalities seamlessly. It is designed to detect a wide range of analytes, from small molecules to macromolecules, including ions and proteins, utilizing spectrophotometric sensing. After optimization, the analyzer achieves performance comparable to traditional Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), while significantly expanding its detection range through automated dilution. RESULTS: Demonstrations of small molecule detection include the simultaneous assessment of citric acid (CA) and oxalic acid (OA) in urine, achieving recovery rates between 96.65%-106.42% and 93.13%-112.50%, respectively. For protein detection, the analyzer successfully identified Cyfra21-1 in saliva with a recovery rate of 104.93%-111.31%. The pre-treatment process requires only 8.8 minutes, showing enhanced recovery rates for CA and OA at 97.8% and 97.6% respectively, which are superior and more rapid than manual methods. CONCLUSION: The exemplary pretreatment and detection performance of the analyzer underlines its effectiveness in multifaceted, on-site biomarker detection, establishing it as a promising and versatile tool for disease screening and health monitoring. SIGNIFICANCE: This analyzer offers a powerful technological solution for on-site fluid testing, advancing community health care by facilitating more reliable and rapid diagnostics.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ionic calcium (Ca2+) plays a crucial role in maintaining normal physiological and biochemical functions within the human body. Detecting the concentration of Ca2+ is of utmost significance for various purposes, including disease screening, cellular metabolism research, and evaluating drug effectiveness. However, current detection approaches such as fluorescence and colorimetry face limitations due to complex labeling techniques and the inability to track changes in Ca2+ concentration. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted in this field to explore label-free and efficient approaches. RESULTS: In this study, a novel light-addressed potentiometric sensor (LAPS) using silicon-on-sapphire technology, has been successfully developed for Ca2+ sensing. The Ca2+-sensitive LAPS achieved a wide-range detection of Ca2+, ranging from 10-2 M to 10-7 M, with an impressive detection limit of 100 nM. These advancements are attributed to the ultra-thin silicon layer, silicon dioxide layer, and solid-state silicon rubber sensitive membrane around 6 µm. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated the ability to dynamically monitor fluctuations in Ca2+ concentration ranging from 10-9 M to 10-2 M within a solution. Its remarkable selectivity, specificity, and long-term stability have facilitated its successful application in the detection of Ca2+ in human serum and urine. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: This work presents a Ca2+-sensitive sensor that combines a low detection limit and a wide detection range. The development represents the emergence of a label-free and rapid Ca2+ detection tool with immense prospects in home-based health monitoring, community disease screening, as well as cellular metabolism, and drug screening evaluations.
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Óxido de Aluminio , Técnicas Biosensibles , Humanos , Calcio , Luz , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Potenciometría/métodos , IonesRESUMEN
Grain size is an important yield-related trait in rice. Intensive artificial selection for grain size during domestication is evidenced by the larger grains of most of today's cultivars compared with their wild relatives. However, the molecular genetic control of rice grain size is still not well characterized. Here, we report the identification and cloning of Grain Size 6 (GS6), which plays an important role in reducing grain size in rice. A premature stop at the +348 position in the coding sequence (CDS) of GS6 increased grain width and weight significantly. Alignment of the CDS regions of GS6 in 90 rice materials revealed three GS6 alleles. Most japonica varieties (95%) harbor the Type I haplotype, and 62.9% of indica varieties harbor the Type II haplotype. Association analysis revealed that the Type I haplotype tends to increase the width and weight of grains more than either of the Type II or Type III haplotypes. Further investigation of genetic diversity and the evolutionary mechanisms of GS6 showed that the GS6 gene was strongly selected in japonica cultivars. In addition, a "ggc" repeat region identified in the region that encodes the GRAS domain of GS6 played an important historic role in the domestication of grain size in rice. Knowledge of the function of GS6 might aid efforts to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that control grain development and evolution in rice plants, and could facilitate the genetic improvement of rice yield.
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Genes de Plantas/genética , Familia de Multigenes , Oryza/anatomía & histología , Oryza/genética , Semillas/anatomía & histología , Semillas/genética , Clonación Molecular , ADN de Plantas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Variación Genética , Haplotipos/genética , Mutación , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta/genética , Tamaño de los Órganos , Fenotipo , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Repeticiones de Trinucleótidos/genéticaRESUMEN
Uric acid (UA) is the final product of purine metabolism. A high concentration of UA in body fluid may lead to kidney stones, gout, and some cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the non-invasive daily monitoring of UA is of great significance for both hyperuricemia patients and fit people. However, most of the current detection methods for UA are enzyme-dependent which limits the application scenarios and lacks portable instruments for on-site detection, including optics and electrochemistry. In this work, an enzyme-free and wide-range colorimetric sensor for UA and H2O2 detection was developed based on a mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA)-modified Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs). Under the action of UA or H2O2, with the cleavage of MSAs on the CuNPs surface, small Cu particles are further aggregated into larger particles with a lightning violet color. With the employment of the multi-channel handheld automatic photometer (MHAP), the concentration of UA and H2O2 can be determined on-site according to the absorbance measurement by the photodiodes. The linear range of UA was 5 µM-4.5 mM with the limit of detection (LOD) of 3.7 µM, while the linear range of H2O2 was 5 mM-500 mM and 5 µM-5 mM with the LOD of 4.3 µM. This approach has been applied to the detection of UA in human urine, providing more possibilities for non-invasive home health monitoring, community medical diagnosis, and broader prospects of on-site disease detection.
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Nanopartículas , Ácido Úrico , Humanos , Ácido Úrico/orina , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Cobre , Colorimetría/métodosRESUMEN
The escalating number of patients affected by various diseases, such as gout, attributed to abnormal uric acid (UA) concentrations in body fluids, has underscored the need for rapid, efficient, highly sensitive, and stable UA detection methods and sensors. Optical sensors have garnered significant attention due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. Notably, research efforts have been directed towards UA on-site detection, enabling daily monitoring at home and facilitating rapid disease screening in the community. This review aims to systematically categorize and provide detailed descriptions of the notable achievements and emerging technologies in UA optical sensors over the past five years. The review highlights the advantages of each sensor while also identifying their limitations in on-site applications. Furthermore, recent progress in instrumentation and the application of UA on-site detection in body fluids is discussed, along with the existing challenges and prospects for future development. The review serves as an informative resource, offering technical insights and promising directions for future research in the design and application of on-site optical sensors for UA detection.
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Técnicas Biosensibles , Humanos , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Ácido ÚricoRESUMEN
Okadaic acid (OA), one of the most widely distributed marine toxins worldwide poses a severe threat to human health. Previous sensing methods for OA detection are usually based on antigen-antibody binding mechanism. However, the drawbacks of antibodies especially the enzyme-labeled antibodies, such as the harsh storage condition and high cost, lead to significant challenges to OA detection in biological samples. To overcome these limitations, a single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) coupled aptasensor was developed for OA detection. SSB was incubated on the microplate as a substitute for conventional OA-protein conjugations. Carbon-gold nanoparticles were synthesized and labeled with horseradish peroxidase and thiol-modified aptamers to obtain a capture probe (CGNs@HRP-Apt) instead of the enzyme-labeled antibody for signal amplification. OA and SSB competed to bind with limited aptamers on CGNs@HRP-Apt probes followed by colorimetric assay to obtain the optical signals correlated to OA concentration. To achieve on-site detection, a miniaturized and multichannel absorbance reader (Smart-plate reader) was self-designed with full automation for OA detection. Utilizing the SSB coupled aptasensor and the Smart-plate reader, our approach enables cost-effective and on-site OA sensing with a detection range of 2.5-80 ppb and an ultra-low limit of detection of 0.68 ppb. Moreover, novel OA detection kits based on the SSB coupled aptasensor were prepared which can effectively reduce the cost by 15 times lower than that of commercial ELISA kits. Therefore, the developed platform provides a favorable and promising avenue for marine toxin detection in aquaculture and food safety.
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Aptámeros de Nucleótidos , Técnicas Biosensibles , Nanopartículas del Metal , Humanos , Oro , Toxinas Marinas , Carbono , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Ácido Ocadaico , Proteínas de Unión al ADN , Peroxidasa de Rábano Silvestre , Límite de DetecciónRESUMEN
Delayed diagnosis of cancer-causing death is a worldwide concern. General diagnosis methods are invasive, time-consuming, and operation complicated, which are not suitable for preliminary screening. To address these challenges, the sensing platform based on immune scaffold and fully automated saliva analyzer (FASA) was proposed for oral cancer screening for the first time by non-invasive detection of Cyfra21-1 in saliva. Through one-step synthesis method with unique covalent and electrostatic adsorption strategy, AuNPs@HRP@FeMOF immune scaffold features multiple functions including antibody carrier, catalytic activity, and signal amplification. Highly integrated FASA with the immune scaffold provides automatic testing to avoid false-positive results and reduce pretreatment time without any user intervention. Compared with the commercial analyzer, FASA has comparable performance for Cyfra21-1 detection with a detection range of 3.1-50.0 ng/mL and R2 of 0.971, and superior features in full automation, high integration, time saving and low cost. Oral cancer patients could be distinguished accurately by the platform with an excellent correlation (R2 of 0.904) and average RSD (5.578%) without sample dilution. The proposed platform provides an effective and promising tool for cancer screening in point-of-care applications, which can be further extended for biomarker detection in universal body fluids, disease screening, prognosis review and homecare monitoring.
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Técnicas Biosensibles , Nanopartículas del Metal , Neoplasias de la Boca , Humanos , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Oro , Neoplasias de la Boca/diagnóstico , Saliva , Hierro/químicaRESUMEN
The developmental regulation of grasses lemma and palea and their relationship to the floral organs in dicots had been variously explicated and extensively debated. Here, we characterized a triangular hull mutant th1-1 from EMS-mutagenized Oryza sativa ssp. indica cv. 93-11. The th1-1 mutant exhibited obviously triangular hull with tortuous and slender lemma/palea. Using a map-based cloning strategy, the TH1 gene was narrowed down to a 60-kb region on the long arm of chromosome 2. Sequence verification revealed that the th1-1 mutant harbored 1-bp deletion in exon 2 of LOC_Os02g56610 which resulted in a frame-shift mutation. The RNA-interference transgenic plants of LOC_Os02g56610 displayed a similar phenotype to the th1 mutant. Consequently, LOC_Os02g56610 was identified as the TH1 gene which encoded 248 amino acids and contained a DUF640 domain. RT-PCR analysis and GUS staining showed that the transcripts of TH1 mainly accumulated in young inflorescence, lemma and palea of spikelet. These results suggested that TH1 was an important gene controlling the lemma and palea development in rice.
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Oryza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Oryza/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Clonación Molecular , Exones , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Inflorescencia , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutación , Fenotipo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Estructura Terciaria de ProteínaRESUMEN
Flowering at suitable time is very important for plants to adapt to complicated environments and produce their seeds successfully for reproduction. In rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) photoperiod regulation is one of the important factors for controlling heading date. Common wild rice, the ancestor of cultivated rice, exhibits a late heading date and a more sensitive photoperiodic response than cultivated rice. Here, through map-based cloning, we identified a major quantitative trait loci (QTL) LHD1 (Late Heading Date 1), an allele of DTH8/Ghd8, which controls the late heading date of wild rice and encodes a putative HAP3/NF-YB/CBF-A subunit of the CCAAT-box-binding transcription factor. Sequence analysis revealed that several variants in the coding region of LHD1 were correlated with a late heading date, and a further complementary study successfully rescued the phenotype. These results suggest that a functional site for LHD1 could be among those variants present in the coding region. We also found that LHD1 could down-regulate the expression of several floral transition activators such as Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions, but not under short-day conditions. This indicates that LHD1 may delay flowering by repressing the expression of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions.
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Flores/metabolismo , Flores/fisiología , Oryza/metabolismo , Oryza/fisiología , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Alelos , Flores/genética , Oryza/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
Heavy metal pollution has severe threats to the ecological environment and human health. Thus, it is urgent to achieve the rapid, selective, sensitive and portable detection of heavy metal ions. To overcome the defects of traditional methods such as time-consuming, low sensitivity, high cost and complicated operation, QDs (Quantum dots)-based nanomaterials have been used in sensors to significantly improve the sensing performance. Due to their excellent physicochemical properties, high specific surface area, high adsorption and reactive capacity, nanomaterials could act as potential probes or offer enhanced sensitivity and create a promising nanosensors platform. In this review, the rapidly advancing types of QDs for heavy metal ions detection are first summarized. Modified with ligands, nanomaterials, or biomaterials, QDs are assembled on sensors by the interaction of electrostatic adsorption, chemical bonding, steric hindrance, and base-pairing. The stability of QDs-based nanosensors is improved by doping the elements to QDs, providing the reference substance, optimizing the assemble strategies and so on. Then, according to transducer principles, the two most typical sensor categories based on QDs: optical and electrochemical sensors are highlighted to be discussed. In the meanwhile, portable devices combining with QDs to adapt the practical detection in complex situations are summarized. The deficiencies and future challenges of QDs in toxicity, specificity, portability, multi-metal co-detection and degradation during the detection are also pointed out. In the end, the development trends of QDs-based nanosensors for heavy metal ions detection are discussed. This review presents an overall understanding, recent advances, current challenges and future outlook of QDs-based nanosensors for heavy metal detection.
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Metales Pesados , Nanoestructuras , Puntos Cuánticos , Humanos , Iones , TransductoresRESUMEN
Chronic wounds that are difficult to heal can cause persistent physical pain and significant medical costs for millions of patients each year. However, traditional wound care methods based on passive bandages cannot accurately assess the wound and may cause secondary damage during frequent replacement. With advances in materials science and smart sensing technology, flexible wearable sensors for wound condition assessment have been developed that can accurately detect physiological markers in wounds and provide the necessary information for treatment decisions. The sensors can implement the sensing of biochemical markers and physical parameters that can reflect the infection and healing process of the wound, as well as transmit vital physiological information to the mobile device through optical or electrical signals. Most reviews focused on the applicability of flexible composites in the wound environment or drug delivery devices. This paper summarizes typical biochemical markers and physical parameters in wounds and their physiological significance, reviews recent advances in flexible wearable sensors for wound detection based on optical and electrical sensing principles in the last 5 years, and discusses the challenges faced and future development. This paper provides a comprehensive overview for researchers in the development of flexible wearable sensors for wound detection.
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Vendajes , Dispositivos Electrónicos Vestibles , Biomarcadores , Técnicas Biosensibles , Humanos , Cicatrización de HeridasRESUMEN
Okadaic acid (OA) is one of the marine toxins that are widely distributed and harmful to humans. However, the current detection methods for OA involve complex procedures, need long detection time, and rely on large-scale laboratory equipment. In this work, a multi-channel handheld automatic spectrometer (MHAS) based on a spectral sensor was developed with the advantages of small size, simple operation and low cost. It could achieve rapid detection within 30 s and a wide spectral detection range of 470-780 nm with a broadband LED as the light source and a microplate containing 8 wells as a sample cell. Moreover, through the combination of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and aptamer-OA34, a highly sensitive and rapid system for OA detection was established with a LOD of 1.80 µg L-1 and a wide detection range of 20-10 000 µg L-1, which is comparable to a microplate reader. Compared with other studies, the proposed MHAS realized rapid on-site detection of OA with a wider detection range, shorter detection time and higher portability. Therefore, the MHAS promises to be a stable and efficient optical detection instrument for on-site detection in the fields of food safety, disease diagnosis and environmental monitoring.