Vertical MoS2 transistors with sub-1-nm gate lengths.

Ultra-scaled transistors are of interest in the development of next-generation electronic devices1-3. Although atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) transistors have been reported4, the fabrication of devices with gate lengths below 1 nm has been challenging5. Here we demonstrate side-wall MoS2 transistors with an atomically thin channel and a physical gate length of sub-1 nm using the edge of a graphene layer as the gate electrode. The approach uses large-area graphene and MoS2 films grown by chemical vapour deposition for the fabrication of side-wall transistors on a 2-inch wafer. These devices have On/Off ratios up to 1.02 × 105 and subthreshold swing values down to 117 mV dec-1. Simulation results indicate that the MoS2 side-wall effective channel length approaches 0.34 nm in the On state and 4.54 nm in the Off state. This work can promote Moore's law of the scaling down of transistors for next-generation electronics.

Ferrous ascorbate as a potential biomarker for diabetic retinopathy: a vitreous humour metabolomics study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore differences in vitreous humour metabolites and metabolic pathways between patients with and without diabetic retinopathy (DR) and identify potential metabolite biomarkers. METHODS: Clinical data and vitreous fluid samples were collected from 125 patients (40 without diabetes, 85 with DR). The metabolite profiles of the vitreous fluid samples were analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, Q-Exactive mass spectrometry, and multivariate statistical analysis. A machine learning model based on Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator Regularized logistic regression was used to build a risk scoring model based on selected metabolite levels. Candidate metabolites were regressed to glycated haemoglobin levels by a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Twenty differential metabolites were identified between the DR and control groups and were significantly enriched in five Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways (arginine biosynthesis; tricarboxylic acid cycle; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; tyrosine metabolism; and D-glutamate metabolism). Ferrous ascorbate significantly contributes to poorer glycaemic control outcomes, offering insights into potential new pathogenic pathways in DR. CONCLUSIONS: Disorders in the metabolic pathways of arginine biosynthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, alanine, aspartate, glutamate metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and D-glutamate metabolism were associated with DR. Risk scores based on vitreous fluid metabolites can be used for the diagnosis and management of DR. Ferrous ascorbate can provide insights into potential new pathogenic pathways for DR.

Dyadic effects of financial toxicity and social support on the fear of cancer recurrence in breast cancer patients and caregivers: an actor-partner interdependence mediation model.

PURPOSE: In this study, the actor-partner interdependence mediation model (APIMeM) was applied to breast cancer patients and their caregivers to assess the factors that affect the fear of cancer recurrence. In particular, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the mediating effect of social support on financial toxicity and the fear of cancer recurrence, providing an effective basis for developing plans to reduce the level of fear of cancer recurrence. METHODS: This study employed a cross-sectional design, and 405 dyads of breast cancer patients and their caregivers were enrolled. Financial toxicity, social support, and fear of cancer recurrence were assessed by computing comprehensive scores for financial toxicity based on patient-reported outcome measures, the Social Support Rating Scale, and the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory Short Form, respectively. The data were analysed using SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 23.0. RESULTS: The results showed that the fear of cancer recurrence of breast cancer patients and their caregivers was significantly related to dyadic financial toxicity and social support. In addition, the financial toxicity of breast cancer patients and their caregivers had significant actor effects and partner effects on the fear of cancer recurrence through dyadic social support. CONCLUSIONS: The financial toxicity of breast cancer patients and their caregivers could produce actor and partner effects on the fear of cancer recurrence through the mediation of social support, which provided empirical support for improving reducing the level of fear of cancer recurrence among patients and caregivers at the dyadic level.

The mediating effects of coping styles on the relationship between trait mindfulness and romantic relationship satisfaction.

The purpose of the current study was to explore the influence of coping styles and trait mindfulness on the satisfaction of romantic relationships (RRS) among college students. Of the 305 participants, 258 (males: 115, 44.6%) had previously been in, or were presently in a romantic relationship. All participants completed the MAAS, CSQ, and questions about RRS. There was a significant meditating role of mature coping styles in the relationship between trait mindfulness and RRS (indirect effect [95% CI] = 0.021 [0.001, 0.052]). However, the mediating effect of immature coping styles was not significant (indirect effect [95% CI] = 0.038 [-0.020, 0.097]). Mature coping style plays an important mediating role in the relationship between mindfulness and relationship satisfaction.

The more mindfulness practice, the more post-trauma stress symptoms? Trait mindfulness and PTSS during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Investigating the contributing factors of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) has always been an important topic in the field of traumatic psychology research. The current study explored the influences of pandemic/epidemic experiences, meditation experiences, and trait mindfulness on PTSS and the mediating role of emotional resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 522 participants in Hubei province completed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, the Adolescents' Emotional Resilience Questionnaire, and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. The results showed that (1) participants who had family or friends diagnosed with COVID-19 scored higher on avoidance. (2) Participants who had family or friends had been diagnosed with SARS or H1N1 scored higher on PTSS. (3) Participants with meditation experience scored significantly higher on all dimensions of PTSS, other than avoidance. (4) The mediating role of recovering from negative emotions in the relationship between trait mindfulness and PTSS was significant (95%CI= [-0.212, -0.094]), while the generating positive emotion was not significant (95%CI= [-0.050, 0.071]). Individuals with pandemic/epidemic experience are more likely to have a high level of PTSS. Individuals who have meditation experience also express a higher level of PTSS, which may be a result of the quality of meditation. Trait mindfulness and the ability to recover from negative emotions were protective factors against PTSS.

Xinmai 'an extract enhances the efficacy of sildenafil in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension via inhibiting MAPK signalling pathway.

CONTEXT: Xinmai 'an tablet has been used to improve myocardial blood supply. Recently, some compounds from its formula have shown that they can treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the effects of Xinmai 'an extract (XMA) on PAH and further tests the co-therapeutic enhancement with sildenafil (SIL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells were subjected to stimulation with SIL (12.5 µM) and XMA (250 µg/mL) for 48 h. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly grouped into eight groups (n = 8 per group): (I) control group received saline; (II) MCT group received MCT (60 mg/kg); (III) SIL-Low group received MCT + SIL at 10 mg/kg/day; (IV) SIL-high group received MCT + SIL at 30 mg/kg/day; (V) XMA-High group received MCT + XMA at 251.6 mg/kg/day; (VI) SIL (Low)+XMA (Low) group received SIL (10 mg/kg) + XMA at 62.9 mg/kg/day; (VII) SIL (Low)+XMA (Medium) group received SIL (10 mg/kg) + XMA at 125.8 mg/kg/day; (VIII) SIL (Low)+XMA (High) group received SIL (10 mg/kg) + XMA at 251.6 mg/kg/day. Both XMA and SIL were given by gavage and were maintained daily for 2 weeks. RESULTS: XMA could improve SIL's efficacy in the treatment of PAH by decreasing cell viability more effectively at non-cytotoxic concentrations (250 µg/mL) and reducing Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP) in PAH rat. Potential mechanisms might at least in part be through activating the MAPK signalling pathway. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The combination of XMA and SIL can improve the efficacy of pulmonary hypertension and reduce the dosage of SIL.

Hierarchical Bi2 Te3 Nanostrings: Green Synthesis and Their Thermoelectric Properties.

Bi2 Te3 hierarchical nanostrings have been synthesized through a solvothermal approach with the assistance of sucrose. The hierarchical Bi2 Te3 was supposed to be fabricated through a self-assembly process. Te nanorods first emerge with the reduction of TeO32- followed by heterogeneous nucleation of Bi2 Te3 nanoplates on the surface and tips of Te nanorods. Te nanorods further transform into Bi2 Te3 nanorods simultaneously with the nanoplates' growth leading to a hierarchical structure. By controlling the reaction kinetics by adding different amount of ethylene glycol, the length of nanorods and the number of nanoplates could be tailored. The use of sucrose is vital to the formation of hierarchical structure because it not only serves as a template for the well-defined growth of Te nanorods but also promotes the heterogeneous nucleation of Bi2 Te3 in the self-assembly process. The Bi2 Te3 nanomaterial shows a moderate thermoelectric performance because of its hierarchical structure. This study shows a promising way to synthesize Bi2 Te3 -based nanostructures through environmental friendly approach.

Anti-tumor activity of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) inhibitor embelin in gastric cancer cells.

This study investigated the anticancer effects of embelin in human gastric cancer cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Gastric cancer cells were treated with embelin and 5-FU for methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium bromide cell viability assay and flow cytometric detection of cell viability and apoptosis. Protein pathway array (PPA) and Western blot were used to investigate differentially expressed proteins in embelin-treated gastric cancer cells. Embelin reduced gastric cancer cell viability, induced apoptosis, and enhanced 5-FU antitumor activity in gastric cancer cells. Mechanistically, embelin induced cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases. Molecularly, embelin downregulated expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis and cell cycle-regulatory proteins, such as CDK1, CDC25B, CDC25C, cyclinB1, and CDK2. PPA analysis showed that embelin modulated several pathways that are associated with cell growth and apoptosis, such as PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, p38 MAPK, and p53. The data from the current study implied that reduction of gastric cancer cell viability after treatment with embelin was through cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases and apoptosis.

Applications of nanomaterials in anti-VEGF treatment for ophthalmic diseases.

Angiogenesis has been determined to be essential in the occurrence and metastasis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), choroidal neovascularization (CNV), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), tumor, etc. However, the clinical use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) drugs is currently limited due to its high cost, potential side effects, and need for repeated injections. In recent years, nanotechnology has shown promising results in inhibiting neovascularization and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inflammatory factors. Some nanomaterials can also act as vehicles for drug delivery, such as lipid nanoparticles and PLGA. The process of angiogenesis and its molecular mechanism are discussed in this article. At the same time, this study aims to systematically review the research progress of nanotechnology and offer more treatment options for neovascularization-related diseases in clinical ophthalmology.

MediDRNet: Tackling category imbalance in diabetic retinopathy classification with dual-branch learning and prototypical contrastive learning.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The classification of diabetic retinopathy (DR) aims to utilize the implicit information in images for early diagnosis, to prevent and mitigate the further worsening of the condition. However, existing methods are often limited by the need to operate within large, annotated datasets to show significant advantages. Additionally, the number of samples for different categories within the dataset needs to be evenly distributed, because the characteristic of sample imbalance distribution can lead to an excessive focus on high-frequency disease categories, while neglecting the less common but equally important disease categories. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a new classification method that can effectively alleviate the issue of sample distribution imbalance, thereby enhancing the accuracy of diabetic retinopathy classification. METHODS: In this work, we propose MediDRNet, a dual-branch network model based on prototypical contrastive learning. This model adopts prototype contrastive learning, creating prototypes for different levels of lesions, ensuring they represent the core features of each lesion level. It classifies by comparing the similarity between data points and their category prototypes. Our dual-branch network structure effectively resolves the issue of category imbalance and improves classification accuracy by emphasizing subtle differences in retinal lesions. Moreover, our approach combines a dual-branch network with specific lesion-level prototypes for core feature representation and incorporates the convolutional block attention module for enhanced lesion feature identification. RESULTS: Our experiments using both the Kaggle and UWF classification datasets have demonstrated that MediDRNet exhibits exceptional performance compared to other advanced models in the industry, especially on the UWF DR classification dataset where it achieved state-of-the-art performance across all metrics. On the Kaggle DR classification dataset, it achieved the highest average classification accuracy (0.6327) and Macro-F1 score (0.6361). Particularly in the classification tasks for minority categories of diabetic retinopathy on the Kaggle dataset (Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4), the model reached high classification accuracies of 58.08%, 55.32%, 69.73%, and 90.21%, respectively. In the ablation study, the MediDRNet model proved to be more effective in feature extraction from diabetic retinal fundus images compared to other feature extraction methods. CONCLUSIONS: This study employed prototype contrastive learning and bidirectional branch learning strategies, successfully constructing a grading system for diabetic retinopathy lesions within imbalanced diabetic retinopathy datasets. Through a dual-branch network, the feature learning branch effectively facilitated a smooth transition of features from the grading network to the classification learning branch, accurately identifying minority sample categories. This method not only effectively resolved the issue of sample imbalance but also provided strong support for the precise grading and early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy in clinical applications, showcasing exceptional performance in handling complex diabetic retinopathy datasets. Moreover, this research significantly improved the efficiency of prevention and management of disease progression in diabetic retinopathy patients within medical practice. We encourage the use and modification of our code, which is publicly accessible on GitHub: https://github.com/ReinforceLove/MediDRNet.

Soreness Reminds Me of Grief: Patients With Chronic Pain Show Less Differentiated Representations of Emotional Feelings and Bodily States.

People experience similarities between emotional feelings and bodily states on a daily basis, but both the magnitude and pervasiveness of this experiential similarity vary across individuals. Inspired by previous findings that chronic pain (CP) is characterized by strengthened pain-affect coupling and reduced interoceptive accuracy, we conducted 2 cross-sectional studies to examine whether patients with CP would exhibit less differentiated perception and mental representation of emotional feelings and bodily states. In study 1 (N = 500), patients with CP and healthy controls (HCs) completed a self-report questionnaire that asked explicitly about the perceived similarity between 5 basic emotion categories and a series of bodily states. In study 2 (N = 73), a specially designed false memory test was administered to examine whether patients with CP would have reduced differentiation of concepts of negative emotion and somatic distress. We found that patients with CP perceived greater and more pervasive similarities between emotional feelings and bodily states, as indicated by higher questionnaire scores and denser, less specialized bipartite emotion-body networks, both associated with lower subjective interoceptive accuracy. Furthermore, patients with CP formed false memories of negative emotion words (eg, grief) more readily than HCs after memorizing somatic distress words (eg, soreness), as if they represented negative emotion and somatic distress as a single, enmeshed semantic category. Our findings extend previous literature by demonstrating reduced discrimination between emotional and bodily experiences in CP that is not restricted to pain-related emotional and sensory experiences and may be related to a fundamentally less differentiated interoception. PERSPECTIVES: This study shows that patients with chronic pain have a profoundly less differentiated perception and implicit conceptualization of emotional feelings and bodily states, which appears to be associated with altered interoception. These findings may provide new perspectives on why they often experience a stronger pain-affect coupling.

Promotional effect of platelet-rich plasma on hair follicle reconstitution in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) containing various growth factors has attracted attention in various medical fields. PRP has recently been used during hair transplantation to increase hair density. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of PRP on hair follicle (HF) reconstitution. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Freshly isolated epidermal cells and cultured dermal papilla cells (DPCs) were mixed with various concentrations of activated PRP and transferred to a grafting chamber that was implanted onto the dorsal skin of nude mice. The chambers were removed 1 week after grafting, and HF formation was monitored for 4 weeks. RESULTS: We observed a significant difference (p < .05) in the number of newly formed follicles in the area of reconstituted skin (344 ± 27 with 10% PRP vs 288 ± 35 without PRP). PRP also shortened the time of hair formation significantly; the first hairs were observed in 18 ± 1 days using 10% PRP, versus 20 ± 1 days without PRP. CONCLUSION: A considerable effect of PRP on the time of hair formation and the yield of HF reconstitution was observed in this study. Considering the limited evidence available to judge its efficacy, further studies are required to investigate the mechanism of action of PRP.

Poly[[diaqua-bis-{µ-4-[6-(4-carb-oxy-phen-yl)-4,4'-bipyridin-2-yl]benzoato-κ(2) O:N (1')}copper(II)] dimethyl-formamide tetra-solvate].

In the title compound, {[Cu(C24H15N2O4)2(H2O)2]·4C3H7NO} n , the Cu(II) ion, lying on an inversion center, is six-coordinated by two N atoms from two 4-[6-(4-carb-oxy-phen-yl)-4,4'-bipyridin-2-yl]benzoate (L) ligands, two deprotonated carboxyl-ate O atoms from two other symmetry-related L ligands and two water mol-ecules in a slightly distorted octa-hedral geometry. The Cu(II) atoms are linked by the bridging ligands into a layer parallel to (101). The presence of intra-layer O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions between the pyridine and benzene rings [centroid-centroid distances = 3.808 (2) and 3.927 (2) Å] stabilizes the layer. Further O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the layers and the dimethyl-formamide solvent mol-ecules.

A new ultra-wide-field fundus dataset to diabetic retinopathy grading using hybrid preprocessing methods.

Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is a common early diabetic complication and one of the main causes of blindness. In clinical diagnosis and treatment, regular screening with fundus imaging is an effective way to prevent the development of DR. However, the regular fundus images used in most DR screening work have a small imaging range, narrow field of vision, and can not contain more complete lesion information, which leads to less ideal automatic DR grading results. In order to improve the accuracy of DR grading, we establish a dataset containing 101 ultra-wide-field(UWF) DR fundus images and propose a deep learning(DL) automatic classification method based on a new preprocessing method. The emerging UWF fundus images have the advantages of a large imaging range and wide field of vision and contain more information about the lesions. In data preprocessing, we design a data denoising method for UWF images and use data enhancement methods to improve their contrast and brightness to improve the classification effect. In order to verify the efficiency of our dataset and the effectiveness of our preprocessing method, we design a series of experiments including a variety of DL classification models. The experimental results show that we can achieve high classification accuracy by using only the backbone model. The most basic ResNet50 model reaches an average of classification accuracy(ACA) 0.66, Macro F1 0.6559, and Kappa 0.58. The best-performing Swin-S model reaches ACA 0.72, Macro F1 0.7018, and Kappa 0.65. DR grading using UWF images can achieve higher accuracy and efficiency, which has practical significance and value in clinical applications.

Protein signatures for classification and prognosis of gastric cancer a signaling pathway-based approach.

Current methods have limited accuracy in predicting survival and stratifying patients with gastric cancer for appropriate treatment. We sought to identify protein signatures of gastric cancer for classification and prognostication. The Protein Pathway Array (initial study) and Western blot (confirmation) were used to assess the protein expression in a total of 199 fresh frozen gastric samples. There were 56 paired samples divided into a training set (n = 37) and a validation set (n = 19) for the identification of differentially expressed proteins between tumor and normal tissues. There were 56 tumor samples used to identify proteins correlating with tumor and nodal staging. All 93 tumor samples were used to identify candidate proteins for predicting survival. We confirmed the survival prediction of the candidate proteins by using an additional cohort of gastric cancer samples (n = 50). There were 22 proteins differentially expressed between normal and tumor tissues. Nine proteins were selected to build the predictor to classify normal and tumor samples. Ten proteins were differentially expressed among different T stages and four of these were associated with invasive behavior. An additional four proteins were associated with lymph node metastasis. Two proteins were identified as independent risk factors for overall survival. This study indicated that some dysregulated signaling proteins could be selected as useful biomarkers for tumor classification and predicting outcome in gastric cancer patients.

Identification of 5 microRNA biomarkers associated with the prognosis of uveal melanoma.

To uncover the role of microRNAs in the occurrence and development of uveal melanoma (UM), we used R language packages in this study to analyze the correlations between the expression of microRNA isoforms, their target genes, and the clinical data for UM patients retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We used Weighted Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) to divide the expression profiles of different microRNAs into 10 modules, among which blue and yellow modules were associated with UM survival. Hsa-miR-513a-5p, miR-506-3p, miR-508-3p, miR-140-3p, and miR-103a-2-5p were further identified as the top 5 node microRNAs based on the risk scores in both modules using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis. After combining these 5 microRNAs into an integrated risk signature, the prognostic performance of the risk signature was evaluated by area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve, and their association with UM clinical characteristics was further analyzed using multiple Cox regression. Our results showed that this risk signature was sensitivity and specificity, and could serve as an independent prognostic factor. In addition, Spearman correlation analysis showed that expression of almost all target mRNAs were significantly positively or negatively correlated with the associated microRNAs. The gene ontology (GO), pathways, and disease enrichment analyses also showed that these 5 microRNAs were closely related to the incidence and progression of tumor, indicating their potential for predicting the outcome of UM.

The Relationship between Perfectionism and Social Anxiety: A Moderated Mediation Model.

Social anxiety is one of the mental health problems associated with perfectionism. The present study investigated the possible mediation of perceived stress in the relationship between perfectionism and social anxiety, and whether this mediation depends on the level of trait mindfulness. A total of 425 college students (female: 82.9%; mean age: M = 19.90 ± 1.06 years old) completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS), the Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS), and the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). After controlling for age and gender, the moderated mediation analysis suggested that perfectionism significantly and positively predicted social anxiety and that perceived stress mediated the link between perfectionism and social anxiety. In addition, the indirect effect of perfectionism on social anxiety was moderated by trait mindfulness. Specifically, the indirect effect was weaker among the individuals with a high level of mindfulness compared to those with a low level of mindfulness. The findings of this study suggest that trait mindfulness significantly moderates the indirect effect of perfectionism on social anxiety via perceived stress.

The Trend of 2D Transistors toward Integrated Circuits: Scaling Down and New Mechanisms.

2D transition metal chalcogenide (TMDC) materials, such as MoS2 , have recently attracted considerable research interest in the context of their use in ultrascaled devices owing to their excellent electronic properties. Microprocessors and neural network circuits based on MoS2 have been developed at a large scale but still do not have an advantage over silicon in terms of their integrated density. In this study, the current structures, contact engineering, and doping methods for 2D TMDC materials for the scaling-down process and performance optimization are reviewed. Devices are introduced according to a new mechanism to provide the comprehensive prospects for the use of MoS2 beyond the traditional complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor in order to summarize obstacles to the goal of developing high-density and low-power integrated circuits (ICs). Finally, prospects for the use of MoS2 in large-scale ICs from the perspectives of the material, system performance, and application to nonlogic functionalities such as sensor circuits and analogous circuits, are briefly analyzed. The latter issue is along the direction of "more than Moore" research.

Paclitaxel-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticle delivery system to overcome multidrug resistance in ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to test the ability of paclitaxel-loaded poly(butylcyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticles to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) in human ovarian resistant cells (A2780/T) and investigate its possible mechanism. METHODS: We prepared paclitaxel-loaded PBCA nanoparticles by interfacial polymerization method. The physicochemistry of the nanoparticles was characterized. The cytotoxicity of paclitaxel-loaded PBCA nanoparticles was measured by MTT assay. Calcein-AM assay was used to analyze the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function, and the expression of MDR-1 mRNA in A2780/T cells treated with drug-loaded nanoparticles was defined by QRT-PCR. RESULTS: The nanoparticles were approximately spherical in shape with an average diameter of 224.5 ± 5.7 nm. The encapsulation efficiency was 99.23%. The in vitro drug release profile exhibited a biphasic pattern. The drug formulated in PBCA nanoparticles showed a greater cytotoxicity than paclitaxel against A2780/T cells. Paclitaxel-loaded PBCA as well as blank PBCA nanoparticles decreased P-gp function in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the efficacy of the drug-loaded nanoparticle system on overcoming MDR. There was no significant effect on inhibition to the expression of MDR1 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Paclitaxel-loaded PBCA nanoparticles can enhance cytotoxicity and overcome MDR through a mechanism of the inhibition of P-gp function caused by the nanoparticles system.

A Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Mindfulness and Meditation Research from 1900 to 2021.

This study comprehensively summarizes research in the field of meditation, especially mindfulness meditation from 1900 to 2021, by analyzing the knowledge map through CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. Using "mindfulness *" or "meditation *" as the topic, articles included in the Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index were searched in the web of science core database, resulting in the selection of 19,752 articles. Over half a century ago, Deikman published the field's first article in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease in 1963, and publications have soared in subsequent decades. The USA is in the core position in terms of global collaboration, total publication numbers, and total citations. The Mindfulness journal ranked first for the most published articles and citations. "The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being," written by Brown and Ryan, was the most cited article. Mindfulness, meditation, depression, intervention, stress reduction, stress, and anxiety are the top co-occurrence keywords. The timeline of cluster analysis discloses that before 2010, hypertension, cancer, mindfulness, generalized anxiety disorder, and other topics received great attention. In the decade since 2010, scholars have shown interest in meta-analysis, attention, and self-assessment, and keen attention to mindfulness-based interventions. These findings provide an important foundation to direct future research.