Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 38
Filtrar
Más filtros

Tipo del documento
Intervalo de año de publicación
1.
Nature ; 600(7889): 478-483, 2021 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34880497

RESUMEN

Policy-makers are increasingly turning to behavioural science for insights about how to improve citizens' decisions and outcomes1. Typically, different scientists test different intervention ideas in different samples using different outcomes over different time intervals2. The lack of comparability of such individual investigations limits their potential to inform policy. Here, to address this limitation and accelerate the pace of discovery, we introduce the megastudy-a massive field experiment in which the effects of many different interventions are compared in the same population on the same objectively measured outcome for the same duration. In a megastudy targeting physical exercise among 61,293 members of an American fitness chain, 30 scientists from 15 different US universities worked in small independent teams to design a total of 54 different four-week digital programmes (or interventions) encouraging exercise. We show that 45% of these interventions significantly increased weekly gym visits by 9% to 27%; the top-performing intervention offered microrewards for returning to the gym after a missed workout. Only 8% of interventions induced behaviour change that was significant and measurable after the four-week intervention. Conditioning on the 45% of interventions that increased exercise during the intervention, we detected carry-over effects that were proportionally similar to those measured in previous research3-6. Forecasts by impartial judges failed to predict which interventions would be most effective, underscoring the value of testing many ideas at once and, therefore, the potential for megastudies to improve the evidentiary value of behavioural science.


Asunto(s)
Ciencias de la Conducta/métodos , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/métodos , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Proyectos de Investigación , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Motivación , Análisis de Regresión , Recompensa , Factores de Tiempo , Estados Unidos , Universidades
2.
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci ; 20(2): 387-407, 2020 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32133586

RESUMEN

When confronted with unwanted negative emotions, individuals use a variety of cognitive strategies for regulating these emotions. The brain mechanisms underlying these emotion regulation strategies have not been fully characterized, and it is not yet clear whether these mechanisms vary as a function of emotion intensity. To address these issues, 30 community participants (17 females, 13 males, Mage = 24.3 years) completed a picture-viewing emotion regulation task with neutral viewing, reacting to negative stimuli, cognitive reappraisal, attentional deployment, and self-distancing conditions. Brain and behavioral data were simultaneously collected in a 3T GE MRI scanner. Findings indicated that prefrontal regions were engaged by all three regulation strategies, but reappraisal showed the least amount of increase in activity as a function of intensity. Overall, these results suggest that there are both brain and behavioral effects of intensity and that intensity is useful for probing strategy-specific effects and the relationships between the strategies. Furthermore, while these three strategies showed significant overlap, there also were specific strategy-intensity interactions, such as frontoparietal control regions being preferentially activated by reappraisal and self-distancing. Conversely, self-referential and attentional regions were preferentially recruited by self-distancing and distraction as intensity increased. Overall, these findings are consistent with the notion that there is a continuum of cognitive emotion regulation along which all three of these strategies lie.


Asunto(s)
Atención/fisiología , Encéfalo/fisiología , Cognición/fisiología , Regulación Emocional/fisiología , Emociones/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Mapeo Encefálico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven
3.
Cogn Emot ; 34(2): 242-261, 2020 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31057047

RESUMEN

Emotion regulation choices are known to be profoundly consequential across affective, cognitive, and social domains. Prior studies have identified two important external factors of emotion regulation choice: stimulus intensity and reappraisal affordances. However, whether there are other external factors of emotion regulation choice and how these factors contribute to emotion regulation choice when considered simultaneously is not yet clear. The current studies addressed these gaps by examining the relations between emotion regulation choice (distraction vs. reappraisal) and self-reported stimulus intensity, reappraisal affordances, and several other factors including discrete emotions and distraction affordances. Across three studies using different databases of standardised images to enhance generalizability, our results showed that in the context of our experiments, reappraisal affordances were strongly associated with emotion regulation choice (greater reappraisal affordances predicted higher use of reappraisal). Further, stimulus intensity was independently associated with emotion regulation choice in each study. Our results also demonstrated that the discrete emotion of disgust (but not other discrete emotions) is a previously unidentified external factor of emotion regulation choice. We discuss the implications of the current findings.


Asunto(s)
Asco , Regulación Emocional , Emociones , Adulto , Anciano , Conducta de Elección , Bases de Datos Factuales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estimulación Luminosa , Autoinforme , Adulto Joven
4.
Cogn Emot ; 34(4): 848-857, 2020 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31701806

RESUMEN

For some American voters, the news of Mr. Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election caused recurrent emotions that were negative, persistent, and intense enough to elicit repeated attempts at emotion regulation. This afforded a rare opportunity to analyse the regulation of recurrent emotions in a natural, non-laboratory context. The regulation of recurrent emotion involves additional considerations relative to single-instance emotion, such as representations of past and future encounters with the emotion-eliciting variables, ongoing consequences of each regulatory episode, and a tendency to repeatedly deploy emotion regulation strategies that one is most familiar with in the context of the particular recurrent emotion. Despite the ubiquitous nature of recurrent emotions, its associated regulatory processes have been infrequently examined and are not well-understood. Over eight days (11/10/16-11/18/16), we administered four surveys to 202 participants who voted against Mr. Trump. We examined the determinants and outcomes of regulatory strategies in the context of recurrent emotion. We found that (1) reappraisal (compared to distraction and acceptance) was associated with greater decline in emotion intensity, (2) high-intensity emotions were more likely to be distracted, whereas low-intensity emotions were more likely to be reappraised, and (3) strategy variability was associated with greater affective adaptation.


Asunto(s)
Regulación Emocional , Política , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven
5.
Cogn Emot ; 32(5): 963-971, 2018 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28862078

RESUMEN

Which emotion regulation strategy one uses in a given context can have profound affective, cognitive, and social consequences. It is therefore important to understand the determinants of emotion regulation choice. Many prior studies have examined person-specific, internal determinants of emotion regulation choice. Recently, it has become clear that external variables that are properties of the stimulus can also influence emotion regulation choice. In the present research, we consider whether reappraisal affordances, defined as the opportunities for re-interpretation of a stimulus that are inherent in that stimulus, can shape individuals' emotion regulation choices. We show that reappraisal affordances have stability across people and across time (Study 1), and are confounded with emotional intensity for a standardised set of picture stimuli (Study 2). Since emotional intensity has been shown to drive emotion regulation choice, we construct a context in which emotional intensity is separable from reappraisal affordances (Study 3) and use this context to show that reappraisal affordances powerfully influence emotion regulation choice even when emotional intensity and discrete emotions are taken into account (Study 4).


Asunto(s)
Conducta de Elección/fisiología , Emociones/fisiología , Autocontrol/psicología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estimulación Luminosa/métodos , Adulto Joven
6.
Behav Brain Sci ; 40: e268, 2017 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29342701

RESUMEN

Lake et al. propose that people rely on "start-up software," "causal models," and "intuitive theories" built using compositional representations to learn new tasks more efficiently than some deep neural network models. We highlight the many drawbacks of a commitment to compositional representations and describe our continuing effort to explore how the ability to build on prior knowledge and to learn new tasks efficiently could arise through learning in deep neural networks.


Asunto(s)
Aprendizaje , Pensamiento , Modelos Teóricos , Redes Neurales de la Computación
7.
Annu Rev Clin Psychol ; 11: 379-405, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25581242

RESUMEN

Emotional problems figure prominently in many clinical conditions. Recent efforts to explain and treat these conditions have emphasized the role of emotion dysregulation. However, emotional problems are not always the result of emotion dysregulation, and even when emotional problems do arise from emotion dysregulation, it is necessary to specify precisely what type of emotion dysregulation might be operative. In this review, we present an extended process model of emotion regulation, and we use this model to describe key points at which emotion-regulation difficulties can lead to various forms of psychopathology. These difficulties are associated with (a) identification of the need to regulate emotions, (b) selection among available regulatory options, (c) implementation of a selected regulatory tactic, and (d) monitoring of implemented emotion regulation across time. Implications and future directions for basic research, assessment, and intervention are discussed.


Asunto(s)
Emociones , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Inteligencia Emocional , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Modelos Psicológicos , Psicopatología
8.
BMC Ophthalmol ; 15: 72, 2015 Jul 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26152124

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Intracameral cefuroxime is recommended as prophylaxis against postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) following cataract surgery. Aprokam is the only licensed product for prophylaxis of POE, although unlicensed intracameral cefuroxime may be administered using pre-filled syringes (PFS), either prepared in hospital by reconstituting cefuroxime via serial dilution (prepared PFS), or commercially purchased (purchased PFS). This study aimed to estimate the potential budget impact of using Aprokam over unlicensed cefuroxime for intracameral administration. METHODS: A budget impact model (BIM) was developed from UK NHS hospital perspective to estimate the economic impact of adopting Aprokam compared with purchased PFS or prepared PFS for the prophylaxis of POE following cataract surgery over a 5-year time horizon. The BIM incorporated direct costs only, associated with the acquisition, delivery, storage, preparation, and administration of cefuroxime. Resource utilisation costs were also incorporated; resource utilisation was sourced from a panel survey of hospital pharmacists, surgeons, and theatre nurses who are involved in the delivery, storage, preparation, quality assurance, or administration of cefuroxime formulations. Unit costs were sourced from NHS sources; drug acquisition costs were sourced from BNF. The model base case used a hypothetical cohort comprising of 1000 surgeries in the first year and followed a 5.2 % annual increase each year. RESULTS: The model predicts Aprokam is cost saving compared with purchased PFS, with a modest increase compared prepared PFS over 5 years. There are total savings of £ 3490 with Aprokam compared with purchased PFS, driven by savings in staff costs that offset greater drug acquisition costs. Compared with prepared PFS, there are greater drug acquisition costs which drive an increased total cost over 5 years of £ 13,177 with Aprokam, although there are substantial savings in staff costs as well as consumables and equipment costs. CONCLUSIONS: The lower direct costs of using Aprokam compared with purchased PFS presents a strong argument for the adoption of Aprokam where purchased PFS is administered. The additional benefits of Aprokam include increased liability coverage and possible reduction in dilution errors and contaminations; as such, in hospitals where unlicensed prepared PFS is used, modest additional resources should be allocated to adoption of Aprokam.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/economía , Profilaxis Antibiótica/economía , Extracción de Catarata , Cefuroxima/economía , Endoftalmitis/prevención & control , Modelos Económicos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Cámara Anterior/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Presupuestos , Cefuroxima/uso terapéutico , Ahorro de Costo , Composición de Medicamentos/economía , Costos de los Medicamentos , Endoftalmitis/economía , Endoftalmitis/etiología , Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo/economía , Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo/etiología , Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo/prevención & control , Humanos , Inyecciones Intraoculares , Programas Nacionales de Salud/economía , Uso Fuera de lo Indicado , Equivalencia Terapéutica , Reino Unido
9.
J Exp Psychol Gen ; 153(4): 1066-1075, 2024 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38330366

RESUMEN

A Large Language Model (LLM) is an artificial intelligence system trained on vast amounts of natural language data, enabling it to generate human-like responses to written or spoken language input. Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (GPT)-3.5 is an example of an LLM that supports a conversational agent called ChatGPT. In this work, we used a series of novel prompts to determine whether ChatGPT shows heuristics and other context-sensitive responses. We also tested the same prompts on human participants. Across four studies, we found that ChatGPT was influenced by random anchors in making estimates (anchoring, Study 1); it judged the likelihood of two events occurring together to be higher than the likelihood of either event occurring alone, and it was influenced by anecdotal information (representativeness and availability heuristic, Study 2); it found an item to be more efficacious when its features were presented positively rather than negatively-even though both presentations contained statistically equivalent information (framing effect, Study 3); and it valued an owned item more than a newly found item even though the two items were objectively identical (endowment effect, Study 4). In each study, human participants showed similar effects. Heuristics and context-sensitive responses in humans are thought to be driven by cognitive and affective processes such as loss aversion and effort reduction. The fact that an LLM-which lacks these processes-also shows such responses invites consideration of the possibility that language is sufficiently rich to carry these effects and may play a role in generating these effects in humans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).


Asunto(s)
Inteligencia Artificial , Heurística , Humanos , Lenguaje , Comunicación , Afecto
10.
Psychol Sci ; 24(9): 1763-9, 2013 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23873580

RESUMEN

Medical noncompliance is a major public-health problem. One potential source of this noncompliance is patient inertia. It has been hypothesized that one cause of patient inertia might be the status quo bias-which is the tendency to select the default choice among a set of options. To test this hypothesis, we created a laboratory analogue of the decision context that frequently occurs in situations involving patient inertia, and we examined whether participants would stay with a default option even when it was clearly inferior to other available options. Specifically, in Studies 1 and 2, participants were given the option to reduce their anxiety while waiting for an electric shock. When doing nothing was the status quo option, participants frequently did not select the option that would reduce their anxiety. In Study 3, we demonstrated a simple way to overcome status quo bias in a context relevant to patient inertia.


Asunto(s)
Actitud Frente a la Salud , Conducta de Elección/fisiología , Toma de Decisiones/fisiología , Cooperación del Paciente/psicología , Sesgo , Emociones/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudiantes/psicología
11.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) ; 76(9): 2122-2138, 2023 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36301176

RESUMEN

In many decision-making contexts, people often persist with their previous selections. This predisposition to choose to maintain a current (or previous) choice is referred to as the status quo bias (SQB). In this work, we propose that increased attention towards the status quo option-enabled by its visual salience-is a previously underappreciated driver of SQB. We base this hypothesis on three propositions: (1) the status quo bias option is often more visually salient relative to the non-status quo options on offer, (2) greater visual salience of an option biases attention towards that option, and (3) increased attention towards an option leads to that option being selected at greater rates. We examined the attention hypothesis among 6,854 participants in four studies. Studies 1 and 2 showed that increasing the visual salience of a non-status quo option (i.e., the type of visual salience often garnered by the status quo option) increased the selection rate of that option. Study 3 directly tested the hypothesis by lessening the visual salience of the status quo option. Doing so eliminated SQB. Study 4 replicated and extended the findings of Study 3 in a real-world decision context. Collectively, these studies suggest that the selection of the status quo may often be related to its salience relative to other available options.


Asunto(s)
Sesgo Atencional , Toma de Decisiones , Humanos , Sesgo
12.
J Exp Psychol Gen ; 152(6): 1622-1638, 2023 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36877459

RESUMEN

Racial stereotypes exert pernicious effects on decision-making and behavior, yet little is known about how stereotypes disrupt people's ability to learn new associations. The current research interrogates a fundamental question about the boundary conditions of probabilistic learning by examining whether and how learning is influenced by preexisting associations. Across three experiments, participants learned the probabilistic outcomes of different card combinations based on feedback in either a social (e.g., forecasting crime) or nonsocial (e.g., forecasting weather) learning context. During learning, participants were presented with either task-irrelevant social (i.e., Black or White faces) or nonsocial (i.e., darker or lighter clouds) stimuli that were stereotypically congruent or incongruent with the learning context. Participants exhibited learning disruptions in the social compared to nonsocial learning context, despite repeated instructions that the stimuli were unrelated to the outcome (Studies 1 and 2). We also found no differences in learning disruptions when participants learned in the presence of negatively (Black and criminal) or positively valenced stereotypes (Black and athletic; Study 3). Finally, we tested whether learning decrements were due to "first-order" stereotype application or inhibition at the trial level, or due to "second-order" cognitive load disruptions that accumulate across trials due to fears of appearing prejudiced (aggregated analysis). We found no evidence of first-order disruptions and instead found evidence for second-order disruptions: participants who were more internally motivated to respond without prejudice, and thus more likely to self-monitor their responses, learned less accurately over time. We discuss the implications of the influence of stereotypes on learning and memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).


Asunto(s)
Aprendizaje , Prejuicio , Humanos , Estereotipo , Inhibición Psicológica , Miedo
13.
Lung Cancer ; 181: 107260, 2023 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37285629

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: The KRAS G12C mutation has recently become a druggable target in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this observational study, we present real-world clinicopathological characteristics, treatment patterns, and survival outcomes data in patients with KRAS mutation-positive advanced NSCLC (aNSCLC), including those with KRAS G12C and KRAS non-G12C mutations, who received docetaxel as standard-of-care treatment in the second-line and beyond (2L+). METHODS: US-based electronic health record-derived de-identified databases were used to assess clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes in adult aNSCLC patients with KRAS mutations treated with 2L+ docetaxel between January 1, 2011, and March 31, 2021. The primary endpoints were median real-world overall survival OS (rwOS) and median real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS), which were estimated in 2L, third-line, fourth-line, and 2L+ analysis sets among patients who had a 6-month minimum opportunity for follow-up and were not taking a clinical trial drug. RESULTS: Of the 677 patients with KRAS-mutant aNSCLC (KRAS mutant cohort) treated with 2L+ docetaxel, 295 (43.6%) had KRAS G12C mutation (KRAS G12C cohort) and 382 (56.4%) had KRAS non-G12C mutation (KRAS non-G12C cohort). Across all cohorts, approximately 47%, 35%, 14-15%, and 6-9% of patients received 2L, third-line, fourth-line, and fifth- or later-line docetaxel, respectively. In the KRAS G12C cohort, ∼68% of patients were treated with a PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor prior to 2L+ docetaxel. Most 2L+ docetaxel regimens in the KRAS G12C cohort were combinations (59.5%), primarily with ramucirumab (45.2%). In the KRAS G12C cohort, the median rwOS and median rwPFS after 2L+ docetaxel were 6.0 (95% CI, 4.9-7.1) and 3.4 (95% CI, 2.7-4.2) months, respectively, with similar trends observed in other cohorts and lines of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Real-world outcomes were poor in patients with KRAS G12C-mutated aNSCLC treated with 2L+ docetaxel. Targeted and more efficacious treatment options in these patients are warranted.


Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Adulto , Humanos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Docetaxel/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Taxoides , Mutación
14.
Psychol Sci ; 22(11): 1391-6, 2011 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21960251

RESUMEN

Despite centuries of speculation about how to manage negative emotions, little is actually known about which emotion-regulation strategies people choose to use when confronted with negative situations of varying intensity. On the basis of a new process conception of emotion regulation, we hypothesized that in low-intensity negative situations, people would show a relative preference to choose to regulate emotions by engagement reappraisal, which allows emotional processing. However, we expected people in high-intensity negative situations to show a relative preference to choose to regulate emotions by disengagement distraction, which blocks emotional processing at an early stage before it gathers force. In three experiments, we created emotional contexts that varied in intensity, using either emotional pictures (Experiments 1 and 2) or unpredictable electric stimulation (Experiment 3). In response to these emotional contexts, participants chose between using either reappraisal or distraction as an emotion-regulation strategy. Results in all experiments supported our hypothesis. This pattern in the choice of emotion-regulation strategies has important implications for the understanding of healthy adaptation.


Asunto(s)
Conducta de Elección/fisiología , Emociones/fisiología , Adulto , Estimulación Eléctrica , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas Psicológicas , Adulto Joven
15.
Int J Soc Psychiatry ; 67(8): 1035-1045, 2021 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34348491

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: More than forty million people suffer from depression in India. A lack of awareness, stigma related to mental health issues, and limited accessibility to treatment services magnify the profound personal and societal impact of depression. Given the rise of smartphones in India, mobile technology can help alleviate some of these depression-related challenges. AIMS AND METHOD: The aim of this paper is to investigate the essential features of an India targeted depression smartphone app. We conducted an online survey to profile the needs of individuals with depression in India, which varied based on variables such as socioeconomic background, age, level of awareness toward depression, and the extent of exposure to mental health stigma. We also conducted a systematic evaluation of depression apps currently available to Indian users to investigate the user needs that these apps met and the needs that they failed to meet. Based on our findings, we made a set of recommendations related to the essential features of a future app targeted at managing depression in India. RESULTS: Presently available depression apps fall short in providing some significant features such as local language options, content in audio and video formats, and user location matched resources. These gaps make these apps less than fully relevant to a diverse set of Indian users. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to provide depression-related information in a targeted manner depending upon each user's particular needs and context. Potential customizations, such as offering content in local languages and flexible formats (e.g. audio, video, and text); and providing user-relevant diagnostic tools and location matched treatment resources can help improve the suitability of the app for diverse users.


Asunto(s)
Aplicaciones Móviles , Depresión/terapia , Humanos , India , Salud Mental , Teléfono Inteligente
16.
J Med Econ ; 24(1): 983-992, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34325606

RESUMEN

AIM: Skeletal-related events (SREs) are major bone complications that frequently occur in patients with solid tumors (ST) and bone metastases, and in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). SREs include pathological fracture, spinal cord compression, radiation to bone, and surgery to bone. Limited data are available regarding the burden of SREs in Latin America. We built an economic model to quantify the current and future economic burden of SREs among adults in four Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review with a systematic search strategy was conducted to parameterize the economic burden of illness (BOI) model. Economic analyses were conducted using a prevalence-based model. Aggregate SRE costs obtained from country-specific sources were used. We also included patient productivity losses. Costs were expressed in 2020 USD for the total annual burden, annual burden per 1,000 at risk, and projected five-year burden. RESULTS: The estimated total number of SREs was 251,503 in 2020, amounting to a total annual cost of USD 1.4 billion. The total projected five-year cost was USD 6.9 billion. Annual costs were highest in Brazil (USD 779.1 million), followed by Mexico (USD 281.8 million), Argentina (USD 174.6 million), and Colombia (USD 120.1 million). The average financial burden per 1,000 at risk was greatest in Brazil (USD 3.6 million), followed by Mexico (USD 3.4 million), Colombia (USD 2.9 million), and Argentina (USD 2.7 million). CONCLUSION: Despite recommendations by medical societies for the use of bone-targeted agents in patients with solid tumors and bone metastasis or with multiple myeloma and bone lesions, a large proportion of patients at risk of experiencing SREs are not treated. Early detection of bone metastases and SREs and the use of the most effective preventative treatments are needed to decrease the clinical and economic burden of SREs in Latin America.


Asunto(s)
Costos de la Atención en Salud , Adulto , Argentina , Brasil/epidemiología , Colombia/epidemiología , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiología , México/epidemiología
17.
Psychol Rev ; 127(2): 153-185, 2020 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31524426

RESUMEN

Prominent theories of value-based decision making have assumed that choices are made via the maximization of some objective function (e.g., expected value) and that the process of decision making is serial and unfolds across modular subprocesses (e.g., perception, valuation, and action selection). However, the influence of a large number of contextual variables that are not related to expected value in any direct way and the ubiquitous reciprocity among variables thought to belong to different subprocesses suggest that these assumptions may not always hold. Here, we propose an interactive activation framework for value-based decision making that does not assume that objective function maximization is the only consideration affecting choice or that processing is modular or serial. Our framework holds that processing takes place via the interactive propagation of activation in a set of simple, interconnected processing elements. We use our framework to simulate a broad range of well-known empirical phenomena-primarily focusing on decision contexts that feature nonoptimal decision making and/or interactive (i.e., not serial or modular) processing. Our approach is constrained at Marr's (1982) algorithmic and implementational levels rather than focusing strictly on considerations of optimality at the computational theory level. It invites consideration of the possibility that choice is emergent and that its computation is distributed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).


Asunto(s)
Simulación por Computador , Toma de Decisiones , Modelos Teóricos , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Humanos
18.
Emotion ; 20(6): 939-950, 2020 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31192660

RESUMEN

Cognitive reappraisal is an emotion regulation strategy that involves reinterpreting the meaning of an event or its outcome to change its emotional trajectory. In this study, we examined how cognitive reappraisal affects both emotional experience and memory outcomes. We also examined whether these outcomes are modulated by participants' self-reported success at generating reappraisals. To do this, we asked participants to use situation-focused reappraisals to decrease their emotional response to some negative images and to passively view other negative images while facial electromyography (EMG) was recorded. After each trial, participants rated the image's emotional valence and arousal. During reappraisal trials, participants also self-reported their success in generating a reappraisal. One week later, memory was assessed with a surprise free recall test followed by a recognition test. Compared with images that were passively viewed, participants (N = 42) rated the successfully reappraised images as lower in arousal and less negative in valence. Meanwhile, there was an emotional cost associated with failures to generate reappraisals; participants rated these images as higher in arousal and more negative in valence. No similar effects emerged for the EMG ratings. In contrast to these emotional outcomes, a different pattern emerged for the memory outcomes. Instructions to reappraise led to enhanced recall and recognition and to greater memory confidence regardless of whether or not participants successfully generated the reappraisals. Taken together, these results suggest that trying, but failing, to generate a situation-focused cognitive reappraisal may be detrimental. In these situations, people feel worse but remember the situation well. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).


Asunto(s)
Emociones/fisiología , Memoria/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven
19.
J Health Econ Outcomes Res ; 6(2): 20-31, 2019.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32685577

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of ribociclib plus letrozole versus palbociclib plus letrozole in post-menopausal women with hormone receptor positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth receptor 2 negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer from a UK payer perspective. METHODS: A cohort-based partitioned survival model was developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of ribociclib plus letrozole versus palbociclib plus letrozole in post-menopausal women with HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer over a lifetime horizon. The analysis was carried out from a National Health Services and Personal Social Services perspective, and results are presented in incremental costs per quality adjusted life years. Clinical data from three randomized controlled trials (MONALEESA-2, PALOMA-1 and PALOMA-2 studies) were used, and supplemented with available real world evidence. Costs categories comprised of drug acquisition, medical management, and treatment of adverse events. Healthcare resource utilization data were identified from literature and unit costs sourced from secondary sources. Utility values were derived from MONALEESA-2 study and were supported with values identified from literature. Both deterministic and probabilistic analyses were carried out to assess uncertainty. RESULTS: In the base case, treatment with ribociclib plus letrozole increased mean progression free survival (PFS) by 4.1 months and overall survival by 5.0 months compared to palbociclib plus letrozole. Further, treatment with ribociclib plus letrozole resulted in cost-savings of £8464 and incremental QALYs of 0.261, demonstrating that treatment with ribociclib plus letrozole is dominant to treatment with palbociclib plus letrozole. The probabilistic analysis also yielded mean cost-savings of £7914 and mean QALY gain of 0.273. At willingness-to-pay threshold of £30 000 per QALY, treatment with ribociclib plus letrozole had a 92% probability of being cost-effective compared to palbociclib and letrozole. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the analysis demonstrate that ribociclib plus letrozole treatment is both cost-saving and a cost-effective option amongst the available cyclin dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors for the treatment of post-menopausal women with advanced breast cancer. The biggest driver of the cost savings were the lower acquisition costs of ribociclib.

20.
Emotion ; 19(6): 964-981, 2019 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30234328

RESUMEN

Research shows that cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation (ER) strategy that often has clear benefits. Yet, surprisingly, recent findings demonstrate that people use cognitive reappraisal less frequently than might be expected (Suri, Whittaker, & Gross, 2015). We employ cognitive energetics theory (CET) to explain this puzzling behavior. CET posits that the likelihood of launching any cognitive process is a function of two opposing forces: the driving force (i.e., the motivation to launch the process) and the restraining force (i.e., task difficulty). We thus hypothesized that people choose to use cognitive reappraisal relatively rarely because of the difficulty of implementing it. We also postulated that the decision to reappraise (or not) does not simply depend on stimuli emotional intensity because the latter is associated with both the driving and the restraining forces. In support of our hypotheses, we found that when the images' emotional intensity posed difficulty for reappraisal (i.e., highly intense images), reducing this difficulty by asking participants to merely predict others' (Study 1) or their own choices (Study 2) increased reappraisal choice. Finally, in Study 3, we show that a relatively easy to implement reappraisal strategy was chosen more often than the more difficult one for high (but not low) intensity images. These findings illustrate the relevance of a CET-based motivational analysis to emotion regulation choice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).


Asunto(s)
Cognición/fisiología , Emociones/fisiología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino
SELECCIÓN DE REFERENCIAS
DETALLE DE LA BÚSQUEDA