The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents--ERICA: rationale, design and sample characteristics of a national survey examining cardiovascular risk factor profile in Brazilian adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym, "ERICA") is a multicenter, school-based country-wide cross-sectional study funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which aims at estimating the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, including those included in the definition of the metabolic syndrome, in a random sample of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in Brazilian cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Approximately 85,000 students were assessed in public and private schools. Brazil is a continental country with a heterogeneous population of 190 million living in its five main geographic regions (North, Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast). ERICA is a pioneering study that will assess the prevalence rates of cardiovascular risk factors in Brazilian adolescents using a sample with national and regional representativeness. This paper describes the rationale, design and procedures of ERICA. METHODS/DESIGN: Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire using an electronic device, in order to obtain information on demographic and lifestyle characteristics, including physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, sleeping hours, common mental disorders and reproductive and oral health. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall. Anthropometric measures (weight, height and waist circumference) and blood pressure were also be measured. Blood was collected from a subsample of approximately 44,000 adolescents for measurements of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin. DISCUSSION: The study findings will be instrumental to the development of public policies aiming at the prevention of obesity, atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes in an adolescent population.

Stroke in the rain forest: prevalence in a ribeirinha community and an urban population in the Brazilian Amazon.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to determine the cerebrovascular prevalence in a town in the Brazilian Amazon basin and compare the ribeirinhos (riparians) to the urban population in the same municipality. METHODS: From May to October 2011, 6,216 residents over 35 years of age in the town of Coari were interviewed using a screening questionnaire, the Stroke Symptom Questionnaire. Cerebrovascular prevalence rates (PRs) from the door-to-door surveillance were calculated according to the location of the home. RESULTS: Respondent totals were 4,897 in the urban area and 1,028 in the rural area. The crude prevalence of stroke was 6.3% in rural and 3.7% in urban areas with differences maintained after sex and age adjustment. Among stroke cases, the ribeirinhos were those with less access to medical care in comparison to the urban area (32.1 vs. 52.5%, p = 0.01), and a positive association between rural area and no medical care for stroke remained (PR, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.71), independently of age, sex, education and functional impairment. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first population-based cerebrovascular prevalence comparison between an urban and a rural population in the Amazon rain forest. The PRs were higher in the ribeirinha compared to the urban population in the same municipality.

Effectiveness of early childhood education interventions to improve complementary feeding practices in children 4 to 36 months of age: a systematic review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Healthy eating habits, which start with food introduction, can influence children's growth and development. Therefore, the educational actions carried out at school for children who are beginning to eat, involving families and school staff who attend daycare centers, can serve as strategies to improve complementary feeding practices. OBJECTIVE: This review will analyze the effectiveness of early childhood education interventions to improve complementary feeding practices in children aged 4 to 36 months. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The review will consider randomized clinical trials, cluster-randomized clinical trials, and controlled clinical trials that evaluate the effectiveness of early childhood education interventions involving children aged 4 to 36 months, their families, or school staff to improve complementary feeding. In their absence, observational cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies may be considered. METHODS: This review will be conducted in line with the JBI methodology for systematic reviews of effectiveness. The search for relevant studies will be conducted in PubMed, Embase (Ovid), BIREME, Scopus, the Cochrane Library (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), and the ProQuest Databases (ProQuest Central). No date or language limitation will be applied. Two independent reviewers will select studies by screening titles, abstracts, and keywords against the inclusion criteria. This will be followed by full-text screening. Two independent reviewers will then conduct the study method quality evaluation and data extraction. GRADEpro will be used to assess the certainty in the findings, which will be reported in a systematic review, and, if possible, grouped in a meta-analysis. REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42022384704.

[Patterns of food consumption in riverine communities in the mid-Solimões river region - Amazonas - Brazil]. / Padrões de consumo alimentar nas comunidades ribeirinhas da região do médio rio Solimões - Amazonas - Brasil.

This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 492 riverine residents in the rural area of Coari (AM) to identify food patterns in the mid-Solimões river region and associated factors. Food intake was evaluated using a brief Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. The association with socioeconomic variables was evaluated using generalized linear models. Four dietary patterns were identified: "vegetables" (vegetables, tubers, fruit); "Brazilian" (chicken, eggs, rice, beans); "traditional riverine" (fish, flour, milk); "meat and candies" (game and pork, candies). The "vegetable" pattern was associated with education (p = 0.001), number of rooms in the house (p = 0.005) and greater proximity to urban areas (p = 0.004). The "Brazilian" pattern was associated with the female sex (0.013), higher income (p < 0.001) and greater proximity to urban areas (p = 0.001). The "traditional riverine" pattern was associated with distance from the urban area (p < 0.001), and the "meat and candies" pattern was associated with age (p = 0.029), education (p < 0.001) and proximity to urban areas (p = 0.003). The extractive nature of riverine food intake is still present in more isolated communities, and consumption of other food items was associated with better social conditions.

Estudo transversal conduzido na zona rural de Coari (AM) com o objetivo de identificar padrões alimentares de 492 ribeirinhos da região do médio rio Solimões e fatores associados. Utilizou-se um questionário de frequência alimentar breve na avaliação do consumo alimentar. Padrões alimentares foram identificados a partir da análise de componentes principais, analisaram-se associações entre cada padrão e variáveis sociodemográficas utilizando-se modelos lineares generalizados. Identificaram-se quatro padrões alimentares: "vegetais" (vegetais, tubérculos, frutas); "brasileiro" (frango, ovos, arroz, feijão); "ribeirinho tradicional" (peixe, farinha, leite); "carnes e doces" (carnes de caça e de porco, doces). O padrão "vegetais" associou-se a escolaridade (p = 0,001), número de cômodos da residência (p = 0,005) e menor distância da área urbana (p = 0,004). O "brasileiro" associou-se a sexo feminino (p = 0,013), maior renda (p < 0,001) e menor distância da área urbana (p = 0,001). O padrão "ribeirinho tradicional" associou-se à distância da área urbana (p < 0,001), e o padrão "carnes e doces" a idade (p = 0,029), escolaridade (p < 0,001) e distância da área urbana (p = 0,003). O caráter extrativista da alimentação ribeirinha está presente nas comunidades mais isoladas, e o consumo de outros alimentos foi associado a melhores condições sociais.

Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA): factors associated with work in adolescence. / Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA): fatores associados ao trabalho na adolescência.

This study aimed to verify the association between work and sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and cardiovascular risk in Brazilian adolescents. Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) were analyzed, with a sample of 37,815 adolescents aged 12-17 years and morning shift students. Considering complex sampling, crude and adjusted Prevalence Ratios (PR) were calculated with interval estimates for variables by Poisson multiple regression model with robust variance estimate. The sociodemographic factors associated with work among Brazilian adolescents were male gender (PR 1.34), aged 15-17 years, with maternal schooling up to elementary school (PR 1.26), public school students (PR 1.63), and from the rural area (PR 1.90). Regarding lifestyle habits and social behavior, the association was significant in physically active (PR 1.19) and alcohol-consuming students (PR 1.35). In conclusion, work among Brazilian adolescent morning shift students is still strongly linked to social issues. Work was associated with alcohol consumption, and there was no association with metabolic markers.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar associação entre trabalho e fatores sociodemográficos, de condutas de saúde e de risco cardiovasculares em adolescentes brasileiros. Foram analisados dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), com amostra constituída de 37.815 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 17 anos, estudantes do turno matutino. Considerando a amostragem complexa, foram calculadas as Razões de Prevalências (RP) brutas e ajustadas com estimativas intervalares para as variáveis usando modelo de regressão múltipla de Poisson com estimativa robusta da variância. Os fatores sociodemográficos associados ao trabalho entre adolescentes brasileiros foram: sexo masculino (RP 1,34), idade entre 15 e 17 anos (RP 1,68), escolaridade materna até o fundamental (RP 1,26), de escola pública (RP 1,63) e da zona rural (RP 1,90). Em relação a hábitos de vida e comportamento social, a associação foi significativa em alunos ativos fisicamente (RP 1,19) e que consumiam álcool (RP 1,35). Em conclusão, o trabalho entre adolescentes brasileiros estudantes do turno matutino ainda está ligado fortemente às questões sociais. O trabalho foi associado ao consumo de álcool e não houve associação com marcadores metabólicos.

Methodological aspects of the anthropometric assessment in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey.

The article presents methodological aspects of anthropometric assessment of nutritional status in children under five years of age and their biological mothers. It discusses the strategies used for training and data collection in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). ENANI-2019 is a population-based household survey conducted in 123 municipalities in Brazil's 26 states and the Federal District. The anthropometric measurements were body mass and length/stature. The equipment was purchased according to its measurement capacity and precision, portability, and cost-benefit ratio after an extensive market search. The study used internationally established procedures described in manuals, videos, and support material developed for the study by a group of experts. The interviewers were trained to perform the anthropometric measurements and were assessed according to technical measurement error, which was considered adequate (0.30cm) for the children's length/stature measurements. Measurement errors were identified, and the interviewers were retrained when necessary. Of the 14,558 children in the sample, body mass and length/stature measurements were taken in duplicate in 13,835 and 13,693 children, respectively. The standardized methodological aspects will be helpful in future population studies and were essential for obtaining greater reliability in the data for generating current evidence on the anthropometric assessment of the nutritional status of Brazilian children under five years of age, allowing new perspectives for public policy development.

Dietary patterns of Brazilian adolescents according to geographic region: an analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA). / Padrões alimentares de adolescentes brasileiros por regiões geográficas: análise do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA).

The study aimed to identify the dietary patterns of Brazilian adolescents in each of Brazil's five major geographic regions and verify possible differences in adherence to dietary patterns according to age, sex, and type of school. Data were analyzed from 71,298 adolescents 12 to 17 years of age that participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional nationwide, multicenter, school-based survey. Food consumption data were obtained using a 24-hour food recall, and identification of dietary patterns used factor analysis. Associations between the adolescents' sociodemographic characteristics and dietary patterns were verified by linear regression analyses, stratified by age and adjusted for nutritional status, total energy intake, and physical activity. In the five geographic regions, three dietary patterns with similar characteristics were identified: traditional pattern, bread-and-coffee pattern, and unhealthy pattern. The North of Brazil showed a fourth dietary pattern characterized by typical regional foods, called the traditional-North pattern. In all five regions, male adolescents showed the highest adherence to the traditional pattern and the lowest adherence to the unhealthy pattern. Private school students showed higher adherence to the unhealthy pattern and lower adherence to the traditional pattern. The results suggest that in this sample of adolescents, males were associated with traditional Brazilian foods such as rice and beans, while higher socioeconomic status was associated with the consumption of unhealthy foods like sugary beverages and snacks.

O estudo teve como objetivo identificar os padrões alimentares de adolescentes brasileiros para cada uma das cinco regiões do país, e verificar se há diferença na adesão dos padrões alimentares de acordo com idade, sexo e tipo de escola. Foram analisados dados de 71.298 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos que participaram do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), pesquisa transversal, nacional, multicêntrica e de base escolar. Os dados de consumo alimentar foram obtidos por meio de recordatório alimentar de 24hs, e para a identificação dos padrões alimentares foi aplicada análise fatorial. A associação entre as características dos adolescentes e os padrões alimentares foi verificada por meio de análises de regressão linear, estratificadas por idade e ajustadas por estado nutricional, ingestão energética total e atividade física. Nas cinco regiões foram identificados três padrões alimentares com características similares: padrão tradicional, padrão pão e café e padrão não saudável. A Região Norte apresentou um quarto padrão alimentar caracterizado por alimentos típicos da região: padrão tradicional Norte. Em todas as regiões, os adolescentes do sexo masculino registraram maior adesão ao padrão tradicional e menor adesão ao padrão não saudável. entre os estudantes de escolas privadas foi observada maior adesão ao padrão não saudável e menor adesão ao padrão tradicional. Os resultados sugerem que, entre os adolescentes avaliados, ser do sexo masculino foi associado ao maior consumo de alimentos tradicionalmente brasileiros como o arroz e feijão, já o maior nível socioeconômico esteve associado ao consumo de alimentos não saudáveis como bebidas açucaradas e lanches.

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los patrones alimentarios de adolescentes brasileños para cada una de las cinco regiones del país, y verificar si existen diferencias en la adhesión a los patrones alimentarios, de acuerdo a la edad, sexo y tipo de escuela. Se analizaron datos de 71.298 adolescentes de 12 a 17 años que participaron en el Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), investigación transversal, nacional, multicéntrica y de base escolar. Los datos de consumo alimentario se obtuvieron mediante un recordatorio alimentario de 24h, y para la identificación de los patrones alimentarios se aplicó el análisis factorial. La asociación entre las características de los adolescentes y los patrones alimentarios se verificó mediante un análisis de regresión lineal, estratificado por edad y ajustado por estado nutricional, ingestión energética total y actividad física. En las cinco regiones se identificaron tres patrones alimentarios con características similares: patrón tradicional, patrón pan y café y patrón no saludable. La Región Norte presentó un cuarto patrón alimentario caracterizado por alimentos típicos de la región: patrón tradicional Norte. En todas las regiones, los adolescentes del sexo masculino registraron una mayor adhesión al patrón tradicional y menor adhesión al patrón no saludable. Entre los estudiantes de escuelas privadas se observó una mayor adhesión al patrón no saludable y menor adhesión al patrón tradicional. Los resultados sugieren que, entre los adolescentes evaluados, ser de sexo masculino se asoció a un mayor consumo de alimentos tradicionalmente brasileños como el arroz y frijoles, por otra parte, un mayor nivel socioeconómico estuvo asociado al consumo de alimentos no saludables como bebidas azucaradas y aperitivos.

Padrões de consumo alimentar nas comunidades ribeirinhas da região do médio rio Solimões - Amazonas - Brasil / Patterns of food consumption in riverine communities in the mid-Solimões river region - Amazonas - Brazil

Resumo Estudo transversal conduzido na zona rural de Coari (AM) com o objetivo de identificar padrões alimentares de 492 ribeirinhos da região do médio rio Solimões e fatores associados. Utilizou-se um questionário de frequência alimentar breve na avaliação do consumo alimentar. Padrões alimentares foram identificados a partir da análise de componentes principais, analisaram-se associações entre cada padrão e variáveis sociodemográficas utilizando-se modelos lineares generalizados. Identificaram-se quatro padrões alimentares: "vegetais" (vegetais, tubérculos, frutas); "brasileiro" (frango, ovos, arroz, feijão); "ribeirinho tradicional" (peixe, farinha, leite); "carnes e doces" (carnes de caça e de porco, doces). O padrão "vegetais" associou-se a escolaridade (p = 0,001), número de cômodos da residência (p = 0,005) e menor distância da área urbana (p = 0,004). O "brasileiro" associou-se a sexo feminino (p = 0,013), maior renda (p < 0,001) e menor distância da área urbana (p = 0,001). O padrão "ribeirinho tradicional" associou-se à distância da área urbana (p < 0,001), e o padrão "carnes e doces" a idade (p = 0,029), escolaridade (p < 0,001) e distância da área urbana (p = 0,003). O caráter extrativista da alimentação ribeirinha está presente nas comunidades mais isoladas, e o consumo de outros alimentos foi associado a melhores condições sociais.

Abstract This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 492 riverine residents in the rural area of Coari (AM) to identify food patterns in the mid-Solimões river region and associated factors. Food intake was evaluated using a brief Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. The association with socioeconomic variables was evaluated using generalized linear models. Four dietary patterns were identified: "vegetables" (vegetables, tubers, fruit); "Brazilian" (chicken, eggs, rice, beans); "traditional riverine" (fish, flour, milk); "meat and candies" (game and pork, candies). The "vegetable" pattern was associated with education (p = 0.001), number of rooms in the house (p = 0.005) and greater proximity to urban areas (p = 0.004). The "Brazilian" pattern was associated with the female sex (0.013), higher income (p < 0.001) and greater proximity to urban areas (p = 0.001). The "traditional riverine" pattern was associated with distance from the urban area (p < 0.001), and the "meat and candies" pattern was associated with age (p = 0.029), education (p < 0.001) and proximity to urban areas (p = 0.003). The extractive nature of riverine food intake is still present in more isolated communities, and consumption of other food items was associated with better social conditions.

ERICA: prevalence of healthy eating habits among Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of eating habits considered healthy in adolescents according to sex, age, education level of the mother, school type, session of study, and geographic region. METHODS The assessed data come from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, national and school-based study. Adolescents of 1,247 schools of 124 Brazilian municipalities were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire with a section on aspects related to eating behaviors. The following eating behaviors were considered healthy: consuming breakfast, drinking water, and having meals accompanied by parents or legal guardians. All prevalence estimates were presented proportionally, with their respective 95% confidence intervals. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the differences in healthy eating habits prevalences according to other variables. The module survey of the Stata program version 13.0 was used to analyze complex data. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents (72.9% of the eligible students). Of these, 55.2% were female, average age being 14.6 years (SD = 1.6). Among Brazilian adolescents, approximately half of them showed healthy eating habits when consuming breakfast, drinking five or more glasses of water a day, and having meals with parents or legal guardians. All analyzed healthy eating habits showed statistically significant differences by sex, age, type of school, session of study, or geographic region . CONCLUSIONS We suggest that specific actions of intersectoral approach are implemented for the dissemination of the benefits of healthy eating habits. Older female adolescents (15 to 17 years old) who studied in public schools, resided in the Southeast region, and whose mothers had lower education levels, should be the focus of these actions since they present lower frequencies concerning the evaluated healthy habits.

Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA): fatores associados ao trabalho na adolescência / Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA): factors associated with work in adolescence

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar associação entre trabalho e fatores sociodemográficos, de condutas de saúde e de risco cardiovasculares em adolescentes brasileiros. Foram analisados dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), com amostra constituída de 37.815 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 17 anos, estudantes do turno matutino. Considerando a amostragem complexa, foram calculadas as Razões de Prevalências (RP) brutas e ajustadas com estimativas intervalares para as variáveis usando modelo de regressão múltipla de Poisson com estimativa robusta da variância. Os fatores sociodemográficos associados ao trabalho entre adolescentes brasileiros foram: sexo masculino (RP 1,34), idade entre 15 e 17 anos (RP 1,68), escolaridade materna até o fundamental (RP 1,26), de escola pública (RP 1,63) e da zona rural (RP 1,90). Em relação a hábitos de vida e comportamento social, a associação foi significativa em alunos ativos fisicamente (RP 1,19) e que consumiam álcool (RP 1,35). Em conclusão, o trabalho entre adolescentes brasileiros estudantes do turno matutino ainda está ligado fortemente às questões sociais. O trabalho foi associado ao consumo de álcool e não houve associação com marcadores metabólicos.

Abstract This study aimed to verify the association between work and sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and cardiovascular risk in Brazilian adolescents. Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) were analyzed, with a sample of 37,815 adolescents aged 12-17 years and morning shift students. Considering complex sampling, crude and adjusted Prevalence Ratios (PR) were calculated with interval estimates for variables by Poisson multiple regression model with robust variance estimate. The sociodemographic factors associated with work among Brazilian adolescents were male gender (PR 1.34), aged 15-17 years, with maternal schooling up to elementary school (PR 1.26), public school students (PR 1.63), and from the rural area (PR 1.90). Regarding lifestyle habits and social behavior, the association was significant in physically active (PR 1.19) and alcohol-consuming students (PR 1.35). In conclusion, work among Brazilian adolescent morning shift students is still strongly linked to social issues. Work was associated with alcohol consumption, and there was no association with metabolic markers.

ERICA: prevalences of hypertension and obesity in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and obesity and the population attributable fraction of hypertension that is due to obesity in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS Data from participants in the Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which was the first national school-based, cross-section study performed in Brazil were evaluated. The sample was divided into 32 geographical strata and clusters from 32 schools and classes, with regional and national representation. Obesity was classified using the body mass index according to age and sex. Arterial hypertension was defined when the average systolic or diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the reference curve. Prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of arterial hypertension and obesity, both on a national basis and in the macro-regions of Brazil, were estimated by sex and age group, as were the fractions of hypertension attributable to obesity in the population. RESULTS We evaluated 73,399 students, 55.4% female, with an average age of 14.7 years (SD = 1.6). The prevalence of hypertension was 9.6% (95%CI 9.0-10.3); with the lowest being in the North, 8.4% (95%CI 7.7-9.2) and Northeast regions, 8.4% (95%CI 7.6-9.2), and the highest being in the South, 12.5% (95%CI 11.0-14.2). The prevalence of obesity was 8.4% (95%CI 7.9-8.9), which was lower in the North region and higher in the South region. The prevalences of arterial hypertension and obesity were higher in males. Obese adolescents presented a higher prevalence of hypertension, 28.4% (95%CI 25.5-31.2), than overweight adolescents, 15.4% (95%CI 17.0-13.8), or eutrophic adolescents, 6.3% (95%CI 5.6-7.0). The fraction of hypertension attributable to obesity was 17.8%. CONCLUSIONS ERICA was the first nationally representative Brazilian study providing prevalence estimates of hypertension in adolescents. Regional and sex differences were observed. The study indicates that the control of obesity would lower the prevalence of hypertension among Brazilian adolescents by 1/5.

ERICA: prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We evaluated 37,504 adolescents who were participants in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, school-based, national study. The adolescents, aged from 12 to 17 years, lived in cities with populations greater than 100,000 inhabitants. The sample was stratified and clustered into schools and classes. The criteria set out by the International Diabetes Federation were used to define metabolic syndrome. Prevalences of metabolic syndrome were estimated according to sex, age group, school type and nutritional status. RESULTS Of the 37,504 adolescents who were evaluated: 50.2% were female; 54.3% were aged from 15 to 17 years, and 73.3% were from public schools. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 2.6% (95%CI 2.3-2.9), slightly higher in males and in those aged from 15 to 17 years in most macro-regions. The prevalence was the highest in residents from the South macro-region, in the younger female adolescents and in the older male adolescents. The prevalence was higher in public schools (2.8% [95%CI 2.4-3.2]), when compared with private schools (1.9% [95%CI 1.4-2.4]) and higher in obese adolescents when compared with nonobese ones. The most common combinations of components, referring to 3/4 of combinations, were: enlarged waist circumference (WC), low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) and high blood pressure; followed by enlarged WC, low HDL-c and high triglycerides; and enlarged WC, low HDL-c, high triglycerides and blood pressure. Low HDL was the second most frequent component, but the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome (26.8%) was observed in the presence of high triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS ERICA is the first Brazilian nation-wide study to present the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and describe the role of its components. Despite the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome being low, the high prevalences of some components and participation of others in the syndrome composition shows the importance of early diagnosis of this changes, even if not grouped within the metabolic syndrome.

Padrões alimentares de adolescentes brasileiros por regiões geográficas: análise do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA) / Patrones alimentarios de adolescentes brasileños por regiones geográficas: análisis del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA) / Dietary patterns of Brazilian adolescents according to geographic region: an analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA)

O estudo teve como objetivo identificar os padrões alimentares de adolescentes brasileiros para cada uma das cinco regiões do país, e verificar se há diferença na adesão dos padrões alimentares de acordo com idade, sexo e tipo de escola. Foram analisados dados de 71.298 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos que participaram do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), pesquisa transversal, nacional, multicêntrica e de base escolar. Os dados de consumo alimentar foram obtidos por meio de recordatório alimentar de 24hs, e para a identificação dos padrões alimentares foi aplicada análise fatorial. A associação entre as características dos adolescentes e os padrões alimentares foi verificada por meio de análises de regressão linear, estratificadas por idade e ajustadas por estado nutricional, ingestão energética total e atividade física. Nas cinco regiões foram identificados três padrões alimentares com características similares: padrão tradicional, padrão pão e café e padrão não saudável. A Região Norte apresentou um quarto padrão alimentar caracterizado por alimentos típicos da região: padrão tradicional Norte. Em todas as regiões, os adolescentes do sexo masculino registraram maior adesão ao padrão tradicional e menor adesão ao padrão não saudável. entre os estudantes de escolas privadas foi observada maior adesão ao padrão não saudável e menor adesão ao padrão tradicional. Os resultados sugerem que, entre os adolescentes avaliados, ser do sexo masculino foi associado ao maior consumo de alimentos tradicionalmente brasileiros como o arroz e feijão, já o maior nível socioeconômico esteve associado ao consumo de alimentos não saudáveis como bebidas açucaradas e lanches.

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los patrones alimentarios de adolescentes brasileños para cada una de las cinco regiones del país, y verificar si existen diferencias en la adhesión a los patrones alimentarios, de acuerdo a la edad, sexo y tipo de escuela. Se analizaron datos de 71.298 adolescentes de 12 a 17 años que participaron en el Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), investigación transversal, nacional, multicéntrica y de base escolar. Los datos de consumo alimentario se obtuvieron mediante un recordatorio alimentario de 24h, y para la identificación de los patrones alimentarios se aplicó el análisis factorial. La asociación entre las características de los adolescentes y los patrones alimentarios se verificó mediante un análisis de regresión lineal, estratificado por edad y ajustado por estado nutricional, ingestión energética total y actividad física. En las cinco regiones se identificaron tres patrones alimentarios con características similares: patrón tradicional, patrón pan y café y patrón no saludable. La Región Norte presentó un cuarto patrón alimentario caracterizado por alimentos típicos de la región: patrón tradicional Norte. En todas las regiones, los adolescentes del sexo masculino registraron una mayor adhesión al patrón tradicional y menor adhesión al patrón no saludable. Entre los estudiantes de escuelas privadas se observó una mayor adhesión al patrón no saludable y menor adhesión al patrón tradicional. Los resultados sugieren que, entre los adolescentes evaluados, ser de sexo masculino se asoció a un mayor consumo de alimentos tradicionalmente brasileños como el arroz y frijoles, por otra parte, un mayor nivel socioeconómico estuvo asociado al consumo de alimentos no saludables como bebidas azucaradas y aperitivos.

The study aimed to identify the dietary patterns of Brazilian adolescents in each of Brazil's five major geographic regions and verify possible differences in adherence to dietary patterns according to age, sex, and type of school. Data were analyzed from 71,298 adolescents 12 to 17 years of age that participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional nationwide, multicenter, school-based survey. Food consumption data were obtained using a 24-hour food recall, and identification of dietary patterns used factor analysis. Associations between the adolescents' sociodemographic characteristics and dietary patterns were verified by linear regression analyses, stratified by age and adjusted for nutritional status, total energy intake, and physical activity. In the five geographic regions, three dietary patterns with similar characteristics were identified: traditional pattern, bread-and-coffee pattern, and unhealthy pattern. The North of Brazil showed a fourth dietary pattern characterized by typical regional foods, called the traditional-North pattern. In all five regions, male adolescents showed the highest adherence to the traditional pattern and the lowest adherence to the unhealthy pattern. Private school students showed higher adherence to the unhealthy pattern and lower adherence to the traditional pattern. The results suggest that in this sample of adolescents, males were associated with traditional Brazilian foods such as rice and beans, while higher socioeconomic status was associated with the consumption of unhealthy foods like sugary beverages and snacks.

Validity of informed birth weight. Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA) - Rio de Janeiro / Validade da informação sobre peso ao nascer. Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA) - Rio de Janeiro

Abstract Objectives: to verify the agreement between birth weight information referred by the guardians of the adolescents who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym ERICA) and the birth weight data of the adolescents identified in the National Information System on Live Births (Portuguese acronym Sinasc). Methods: probabilistic record linkage of 1,668 records was conducted between the ERICA databases and the Sinasc databases from 1996 to 2002, both from the state of Rio de Janeiro. The agreement between the informed birth weight and the one registered in Sinasc was estimated by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), BlandAltman plot, Cohen's Kappa index, and Gwet's agreement coefficient. Results: the ICC was = 0.89; CI95% =0.880.90 and the higher the mother's educational level was, the higher it became. There was also an elevated agreement between the birth weight classification in the low (< 2,500 g), adequate (2,500 to 3,999 g) and elevated (≥ 4,000 g) birth weight categories, Gwet's Agreement Coefficient = 0.91; CI95%= 0.890.92. Conclusions: the results showed satisfying agreement between the birth weight referred by the parent/guardian of the adolescents, and the ones registered in SINASC, this agreement being directly proportional to the mother's educational level.

Resumo Objetivos: verificar a concordância entre a informação de peso ao nascer referida pelos responsáveis dos adolescentes que participaram do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA) e os dados de peso ao nascer dos adolescentes identificados no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc). Métodos: realizouse o relacionamento probabilístico de 1.668 registros entre as bases de dados do ERICA e as do Sinasc de 1996 a 2002, ambas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A concordância entre o peso ao nascer informado e o registrado no Sinasc foi estimada pelos coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (CCI), gráfico de Bland e Altman, Kappa de Cohen, coeficiente de BrennanPrediger e coeficiente de concordância de Gwet. Resultados: o CCI foi = 0,89; IC95%= 0,880,90 e foi maior com o aumento da escolaridade da mãe. Também houve concordância elevada entre as classificações de peso ao nascer nas categorias peso ao nascer baixo (< 2.500 g), adequado (2.500 a 3.999 g) e elevado (≥4.000 g), coeficiente de Gwet = 0,91; IC95%= 0,890,92. Conclusões: houve uma boa concordância entre o peso ao nascer referido pelos responsáveis de adolescentes do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e os registrados no Sinasc, sendo essa concordância diretamente relacionada à escolaridade da mãe.

ERICA: prevalence of healthy eating habits among Brazilian adolescents / ERICA: prevalência de comportamentos alimentares saudáveis em adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of eating habits considered healthy in adolescents according to sex, age, education level of the mother, school type, session of study, and geographic region. METHODS The assessed data come from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, national and school-based study. Adolescents of 1,247 schools of 124 Brazilian municipalities were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire with a section on aspects related to eating behaviors. The following eating behaviors were considered healthy: consuming breakfast, drinking water, and having meals accompanied by parents or legal guardians. All prevalence estimates were presented proportionally, with their respective 95% confidence intervals. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the differences in healthy eating habits prevalences according to other variables. The module survey of the Stata program version 13.0 was used to analyze complex data. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents (72.9% of the eligible students). Of these, 55.2% were female, average age being 14.6 years (SD = 1.6). Among Brazilian adolescents, approximately half of them showed healthy eating habits when consuming breakfast, drinking five or more glasses of water a day, and having meals with parents or legal guardians. All analyzed healthy eating habits showed statistically significant differences by sex, age, type of school, session of study, or geographic region . CONCLUSIONS We suggest that specific actions of intersectoral approach are implemented for the dissemination of the benefits of healthy eating habits. Older female adolescents (15 to 17 years old) who studied in public schools, resided in the Southeast region, and whose mothers had lower education levels, should be the focus of these actions since they present lower frequencies concerning the evaluated healthy habits.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a prevalência de comportamentos alimentares considerados saudáveis em adolescentes brasileiros, segundo sexo, idade, escolaridade da mãe, tipo de escola, turno de estudo e região geográfica. MÉTODOS Os dados analisados provêm do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), estudo transversal, nacional e de base escolar. Foram avaliados adolescentes de 1.247 escolas em 124 municípios brasileiros, utilizando questionário autopreenchível que incluía um bloco sobre aspectos relacionados ao comportamento alimentar. Foram considerados saudáveis os seguintes comportamentos alimentares: consumo de café da manhã, ingestão de água e realização de refeições com os pais ou responsáveis. As estimativas das prevalências foram apresentadas em proporções, com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. O teste Qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar a diferença das prevalências dos comportamentos alimentares saudáveis de acordo com as demais variáveis. Utilizou-se o módulosurvey do programa Stata versão 13,0 para análise de dados de amostra complexa. RESULTADOS Foram avaliados 74.589 adolescentes (72,9% dos alunos elegíveis). Desses, 55,2% eram do sexo feminino e a média de idade foi de 14,6 anos (DP = 1,6). Entre os adolescentes brasileiros, aproximadamente metade apresentou comportamentos alimentares saudáveis quanto ao consumo de café da manhã, realização de refeições com os pais ou responsáveis e ingestão de cinco ou mais copos de água por dia. Todos os comportamentos alimentares saudáveis analisados apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa por sexo, idade, tipo de escola, turno de estudo ou região geográfica. CONCLUSÕES Sugere-se que ações específicas, de abordagem intersetorial, sejam implementadas para a disseminação dos benefícios dos comportamentos alimentares saudáveis. Adolescentes do sexo feminino, mais velhos (15 a 17 anos), cujas mães têm escolaridade mais baixa, alunos de escolas públicas e da região Sudeste, deveriam ser o foco dessas ações já que são os que apresentam menores frequências dos comportamentos saudáveis analisados.

Estado nutricional e consumo de energia e nutrientes de pré-escolares que frequentam creches no município de Manaus, Amazonas: existem diferenças entre creches públicas e privadas? / Nutritional status and energy and nutrients intake of children attending day-care centers in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil: are there differences between public and private day-care centers? / Estado nutricional y consumo de energía y nutrientes de pre-escolares que frecuentan guarderías en el municipio de Manaus, Amazonas (Brasil): ¿existen diferencias entre guarderías públicas y privadas?

Verificar o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar de crianças assistidas em creches públicas e privadas no município de Manaus, Amazonas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas crianças entre 24 e 72 meses de duas creches públicas (n=217) e duas creches privadas (n=91) de Manaus. O estado nutricional foi classificado pelos índices peso para idade, peso para estatura, estatura para idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC) para idade, em valores de escores Z. O consumo alimentar na creche foi avaliado pelo método da pesagem direta individual dos alimentos e, no domicílio, pelo registro alimentar de um dia aplicado aos responsáveis. Estimou-se a frequência de crianças com ingestão de nutrientes acima ou abaixo dos pontos de corte de Estimated Average Intake (EAR) ou Adequate Intake (AI). RESULTADOS: Verificou-se maior frequência de crianças com excesso de peso nas creches privadas segundo os índices peso para estatura e IMC para idade. As crianças das instituições públicas, quando comparadas àquelas das privadas, consumiram mais gorduras poli-insaturadas, trans, ácido graxo ômega-6, vitamina C e sódio, e menos zinco. Em ambos os tipos de creches observaram-se consumo elevado de energia e proporção elevada de crianças com consumo de vitaminas A e C, zinco e sódio acima do limite superior tolerável de ingestão. A proporção de crianças com inadequação de consumo de cálcio foi maior nas creches públicas do que nas privadas (27,6 versus 7,9 por cento; p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de energia e de sódio foi elevado em ambos os tipos de creche e o consumo de cálcio, insuficiente, principalmente nas creches públicas. Recomenda-se melhor monitoramento da dieta infantil para prevenção de doenças futuras.

To assess the nutritional status and dietary intakes of children attending public and private day care centers in Manaus, Brazil. METHODS: The study assessed children aged 24 to 72 months, enrolled at two public (n=217) and two private (n=91) day care centers in Manaus. Nutritional status was classified according to Z scores for weight-for-age, weight-for-height, height-for-age and BMI-for-age. Dietary intakes were measured using the direct food-weighing method for 1 day. A 1-day dietary recall was administered to parents to assess dietary intakes outside the day care centers. The frequencies of children with nutrient intakes above and below the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) or Adequate Intake (AI) cutoffs were calculated. RESULTS: There proportion of overweight children was higher at the private day care centers, according to both weight-for-height and BMI-for-age indexes. Children from the public day care centers had higher intakes of polyunsaturated fat, trans fat, omega-6, vitamin C and sodium, and lower zinc intake when compared to those at private centers. Elevated energy intake and a high proportion of children with vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc and sodium intakes over the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels were observed at both types of day care center. There was a higher proportion of children with inadequate calcium intake at the public centers (27.6 vs. 7.9 percent, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Energy and sodium intakes were above recommended levels at both types of day care center. Calcium intakes were below recommended, especially at the public day care centers. Children's diets should be monitored more closely to prevent diseases later in life.

Verificar el estado nutricional y el consumo alimentar de niños asistidos en guarderías públicas y privadas en el municipio de Manaus, Amazonas (Brasil). MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron niños entre 24 y 72 meses de dos guarderías públicas (n=217) y dos guarderías privadas (n=91) de Manaus. El estado nutricional fue clasificado por los índices peso para la edad, peso para la estatura, estatura para la edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC) para edad, en valores de escores Z. El consumo alimentar en la guardería fue evaluado por el método de pesaje directo individual de los alimentos y, en el domicilio, por el registro alimentar de un día aplicado a los responsables. Se estimó la frecuencia de niños con ingestión de nutrientes por encima o por debajo de los puntos de corte de Estimated Average Intake (EAR) o Adequate Intake (AI). RESULTADOS: Se verificó mayor frecuencia de niños con exceso de peso en las guarderías privadas, por los índices de peso para estatura e IMC para edad. Los niños de las instituciones públicas, cuando comparados a aquellos de las privadas, consumieron más grasas poliinsaturadas, trans, ácido graso omega-6, vitamina C y sodio, y menos zinc. En ambos tipos de guarderías, se observaron consumo elevado de energía y proporción elevada de niños con consumo de vitaminas A y C, zinc y sodio por encima del límite superior tolerable de ingestión. La proporción de niños con inadecuación de consumo de calcio fue mayor en las guarderías públicas que en las privadas (27,6 versus 7,9 por ciento; p<0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: El consumo de energía y de sodio fue elevado en ambos tipos de guardería, y el consumo de calcio, insuficiente, principalmente en las guarderías públicas. Se recomienda mejor monitoración de la dieta infantil para prevención de enfermedades futuras.