Serious complications and recurrences after pelvic organ prolapse surgery for 2309 women in the VIGI-MESH registry.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of serious complications and reoperations for recurrence after surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and compare the three most common types of repair. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study using a registry. SETTING: Nineteen French surgical centres. POPULATION: A total of 2309 women participated between 2017 and 2019. METHODS: A multivariate analysis including an inverse probability of treatment weighting approach was used to obtain three comparable groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serious complications and subsequent reoperations for POP recurrence. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 17.6 months. Surgeries were native tissue vaginal repairs (n = 504), transvaginal mesh placements (n = 692) and laparoscopic sacropexies with mesh (n = 1113). Serious complications occurred among 52 women (2.3%), and reoperation for POP recurrence was required for 32 women (1.4%). At 1 year the cumulative weighted incidence of serious complications was 1.8% for native tissue vaginal repair, 3.9% for transvaginal mesh and 2.2% for sacropexy, and the rates for reoperation for recurrence of POP were 1.5, 0.7 and 1.1%, respectively. Compared with native tissue vaginal repair, the risk of serious complications was higher in the transvaginal mesh group (weighted hazard ratio, wHR 3.84, 95% CI 2.43-6.08) and the sacropexy group (wHR 2.48, 95% CI 1.45-4.23), whereas the risk of reoperation for prolapse recurrence was lower in both the transvaginal mesh (wHR 0.22, 95% CI 0.13-0.39) and sacropexy (wHR 0.29, 95% CI 0.18-0.47) groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that native tissue vaginal repairs have the lowest risk of serious complications but the highest risk of reoperation for recurrence. These results are useful for informing women and for shared decision making. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Laparoscopic sacropexy had fewer serious complications than transvaginal mesh and fewer reoperations for recurrence than vaginal repair.

[Pelvic fracture and urogenital dysfunction in women: A literature review]. / Fracture du pelvis et conséquences urogénitales chez la femme : revue de la littérature.

INTRODUCTION: The consequences of a pelvic fracture on pelvic statics and sexuality in women are often overlooked and relegated to secondary care. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a state of knowledge on disorders of pelvic statics and sexuality in patients with a history of pelvic fracture: incidence, risk factors, management. METHODS: Literature review on the Pubmed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane database using the following keywords and MeSH terms: pelvis floor dysfunction, urinary dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, pelvic organ prolapse, in association with the terms pelvic fracture, pelvic trauma. RESULTS: Among the 270 initial articles, 21 were selected. Finally, one retrospective cohort study has evaluated the impact of pelvic fracture on the onset of a genital prolapse, 2 comparative retrospective studies and one prospective study focused on the impact of pelvic fracture on lower urinary tract symptoms. One comprehensive review studied pelvic fracture and sexuality outcomes. The incidence of prolapse following pelvic fracture could not be identified. The incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms varies between 21 and 67% with a significant difference for urinary urgency without leakage (P=0.016) and SUI (P=0.004). The incidence of sexual disorders varies between 21 and 62% with a predominance of dyspareunia. The mechanism of the trauma is thought to be a contributing factor, as well as the damage of the pubic symphysis (RR 4.8 95% CI 2.0-11.2). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of urogenital, sexual and anorectal dysfunctions following trauma to the pelvis has so far been little explored in the literature. Future prospective studies are to be carried out to improve patient care.

[Impact of hysterectomy on urinary incontinence: A systematic review]. / Impact de l'hystérectomie sur l'incontinence urinaire : revue de la littérature.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of a hysterectomy on urinary incontinence is a controversial subject in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and incidence of urinary incontinence after a hysterectomy as well as associated risk factors such as the type of hysterectomy, the surgical approach, urodynamic criteria and uterine disease. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review in Pubmed database with the following keywords and MeSH term: hysterectomy, urinary incontinence. RESULTS: A total of 1340 articles were retrieved, 42 articles were selected for the final text analysis. The results of the different studies were heterogeneous. Hysterectomy seemed to increase the rate of sphincter deficiency (VLPP<60mmH2O for 20% of cases versus 1,7% without hysterectomy, P=0.003). The vaginal route could increase the incidence of UI with OR of 2.3 (95%CI 1.0-5.2). Subtotal hysterectomy appears to increase UI with a 0,74 RR for total hysterectomy (95%CI 0.58-0.94). A radical hysterectomy with nerve conservation would preserve urinary functions, unlike pelvic radiotherapy, which is responsible for irreversible nerve damage by demyelination and bladder fibrosis.

[Pelvic and perineal pain after genital prolapse: A literature review]. / Douleur pelvi-périnéales et prolapsus génital : revue de la littérature.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic and perineal pain after genital prolapse surgery is a serious and frequent post-operative complication which diagnosis and therapeutic management can be complex. MATERIALS ET METHODS: A literature review was carried out on the Pubmed database using the following words and MeSH : genital prolapse, pain, dyspareunia, genital prolapse and pain, genital prolapse and dyspareunia, genital prolapse and surgery, pain and surgery. RESULTS: Among the 133 articles found, 74 were selected. Post-operative chronic pelvic pain persisting more than 3 months after surgery according to the International Association for the Study of Pain. It can be nociceptive, neuropathic or dysfunctional. Its diagnosis is mainly clinical. Its incidence is estimated between 1% and 50% and the risk factors are young age, the presence of comorbidities, history of prolapse surgery, severe prolapse, preoperative pain, invasive surgical approach, simultaneous placement of several meshes, less operator experience, increased operative time and early post-operative pain. The vaginal approach can cause a change in compliance and vaginal length as well as injury to the pudendal, sciatic and obturator nerves and in some cases lead to myofascial pelvic pain syndrome, whereas the laparoscopic approach can lead to parietal nerve damage. Therapeutic management is multidisciplinary and complex. CONCLUSION: Pelvic pain after genital prolapse surgery is still obscure to this day.

[Uterine preservation or not during prolapse surgery: Review of the literature]. / Préserver ou non l'utérus en cas de chirurgie du prolapsus : revue de la littérature.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of hysterectomy in case of genital prolapse on the anatomical and functional results, and on per and post operative complications compared with uterine preservation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a review of the Pubmed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane literature using the following terms and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings of the National Library of Medicine): uterine prolapse; genital prolapse; prolapse surgery; vaginal prolapse surgery; abdominal prolapse surgery; hysterectomy; hysteropexy; sacrocolpopexy; surgical meshes; complications; sexuality; neoplasia; urinary; incontinence; cancer. RESULTS: Among the 168 abstracts studied, 63 publications were retained. Whatever performance of hysterectomy or not, anatomical and functional results were similar in abdominal surgery (sacrocolpopexy) (OR=2.21 [95% CI: 0.33-14.67]) or vaginal surgery (OR=1.07 [95% CI: 0.38-2.99]). There was no difference in terms of urinary symptoms or sexuality after surgery. Hysterectomy was associated to a higher morbidity (bleeding, prolonged operating time, longer hospital stay), to an increased risk of mesh exposure particularly in case of total hysterectomy (8.6%; 95% CI: 6.3-11). CONCLUSION: In the absence of evidence of superiority in terms of anatomical and functional outcomes, with an increased rate of complications, concomitant hysterectomy with prolapse surgery should probably not be performed routinely.

[Colpocleisis: guidelines for clinical practice]. / Chirurgie d'occlusion vaginale (colpocléisis) pour prolapsus génital : recommandations pour la pratique clinique.

OBJECTIVE: To provide clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) based on the best evidence available (level of evidence (LE)), concerning colpocleisis as a surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. METHODS: This article concern a systematically review of the literature concerning colpocleisis (obliterative surgery). RESULTS: At short term follow-up, colpocleisis is associated with an anatomical success rate of 98 % (LE3) and a subjective success rate of 93% (LE3). A decrease in genital, urinary and anorectal symptoms and an enhancement of quality of life are observed in most women following colpocleisis (LE4). At mid-term (1 to 3 years) follow-up, patients' satisfaction ("satisfied" or "very satisfied" ranges from 85 to 100% (LE3)). At long-term follow-up, regret rate (women who regret having had the surgery) is 5% (LE4). In women over 80 years old, colpocleisis is associated with a decrease in per-and post-operative complication rates when compare to other surgical techniques used for pelvic organ prolapse surgery (LE2). CONCLUSION: Colpocleisis is a valid surgical option for elderly patients with pelvic organ prolapse surgery, and who are definitely permanently sexually inactive (Grade C). © 2016 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

[Management of postpartum anal incontinence: A systematic review]. / Prise en charge de l'incontinence anale du post-partum: revue de la littérature.

AIM: To analyse the prevalence of postpartum anal incontinence, its risk factors, and its management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive systematic review of the literature on PubMed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane using: postpartum anal incontinence, postpartum fecal incontinence, perineal rehabilitation, anal surgery. RESULTS: The prevalence of postpartum anal incontinence varied from 4% (primipare) to 39% (multipare) at 6 weeks postpartum, whereas fecal incontinence can reach respectively 8 to 12% 6 years after delivery. Identified risk factors were: vaginal delivery (OR: 1.32 [95%CI: 1.04-1.68]) compared to cesarean section, instrumental extractions (OR: 1.47 [95%CI: 1.22-1.78]) compared to spontaneous vaginal delivery but it was only with forceps (OR: 1.50 [95%CI: 1.19-1.89]) and not with vaccum (OR: 1.31 [95%CI: 0.97-1.77]). Maternal age over 35 years (OR: 6 [95%CI: 1.85-19.45]), number of births (3 births: OR: 2.91 [95%CI: 1.32-6.41]) and the occurrence of anal-sphincter injury (OR: 2.3 [95%CI: 1.1-5]) were associated with an increased risk of anal incontinence regardless of the type of delivery compared to a group of women without anal incontinence. Perineal rehabilitation should be interpreted with caution because of the lack of randomized controlled trials. A reassessment at 6 months postpartum in order to propose a surgical treatment by sphincteroplasty could be considered if symptoms persist. The results of the sphincteroplasty were satisfactory but with a success rate fading in time (60 to 90% at 6 months against 50 to 40% at 5 and 10 years). CONCLUSION: Postpartum anal incontinence requires special care. Recommendations for the management of postpartum anal incontinence would be useful.

[Miduretral sling and sexuality: a systematic review]. / Impact des bandelettes sous-urétrales sur la sexualité : revue de la littérature.

PURPOSE: To assess influence of miduretral sling (MUS) on patient's sexuality. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review using Pubmed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane: "stress urinary incontinence", "sexual function", "anti-incontinence surgery", "minimaly invasive slings", "mid-urethral slings", "tension-free vaginal tape", "transobturator vaginal tape". Sixty-nine articles really dealt with the impact of MUS on sexuality. RESULTS: The data were expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR; 25th-75th percentile). After MUS surgery, 30% (21-37) patients had sexuality improvement, 8.5% (4.7-14) had sexuality impairment and 60% (53-73) didn't report change on their sexuality. CONCLUSION: MUS surgery didn't seem to impair significantly patient's sexuality.

Comparison of functional outcomes with purely laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy and robot-assisted sacrocolpopexy in obese women.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the functional outcomes and complication rates following laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LS) with those occurring in robot-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (RALSCP) in obese women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A comparative retrospective multicentre study was made, involving 39 obese women (BMI≥30 kg/m2) who underwent LS, and 17 obese women who underwent RASCLP. The operative parameters (length of operation, associated procedures, complication rate and length of hospitalization) and the objective and subjective results were evaluated at 12 months follow-up. RESULTS: The median (IQR) BMI was 30.5 kg/m2 (30-32) in the LS group vs 31.6 kg/m2 (30-34) in the RALSCP group (P=0.402). The anatomical results were comparable in both groups (LS vs RALSCP): post-operative stage of prolapse (POP-Q-ICS): stage 0-1: 34/39 (88%) vs 16/17 (94.1%), P=0.7; stage 2: 4/39 (10%) vs 0/17 (0%), P=0.7; stage 3-4: 1/39 (2%) vs 1/17 (5.9%), P=0.7. The complication rate was similar in both groups (LS vs RALSCP): bladder injury 2.5% (1/39) vs 0% (0/17), P=0.6, laparoconversion 5.1% (2/39) vs 5.9% (1/17), P=0.5. The overall reoperation rate was (LS vs RALSCP): 18% (7/39) vs 5.9% (1/17), P=0.4. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy and robot-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy have equal results in obese women. The complication rates and outcomes appear to be similar in both groups of obese women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

[Mid-uretral retropubic TVT sling procedure complicated by intraoperative cystotomy (bladder injury): Is it possible to avoid postoperative indwelling catheter?]. / Bandelette sous-urétrale TVT rétropubienne compliquée d'une plaie vésicale peropératoire : peut-on se passer du sondage urinaire postoperatoire ?

OBJECTIVE: Retropubic mid-uretral sling (MUS) procedure may be complicated by bladder injury (intraoperative cystotomy). There is no scientific consensus on the length of catheter drainage following bladder injury during MUS procedure: it varies from hours to days. We have made it our policy to immediately remove the catheter. The objective of the current study was to assess the results associated with immediate removal of catheter drainage following intraoperative bladder injury during retropubic MUS procedure. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study. Group 1 (cases): 8 women who have experienced bladder injury during retropubic MUS procedure and group 2 (controls): 32 women (ratio of controls to cases: 4:1). RESULTS: Mean (sd) age, BMI and MUCP were 62(13) vs. 59(10), 25(4) vs. 26(4) and 42(18) vs. 43(16), in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P=0.55, 0.56 and 0.92). Minimum follow-up duration was 12 months. None patient was lost to follow-up in group 1 (cases) and 2 patients were lost to follow-up in group 2 (controls) at 12 months follow-up. No rehospitalization or postoperative complication was noted in both groups. Immediate suprapubic postoperative pain exceeding 30/100 on VAS occurred in 1/8 (12%) and 3/32 (10%), in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P=1.00). Urinary stress incontinence cure rates were not significantly different between the two groups: 8/8 (100%) vs. 28/32 (87%), in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P=0.56). The level of satisfaction was comparable in both groups: PGI-I score was equal to 1(very satisfied) in 6/8 women (75%) and in 24/32 women (75%), in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P=1.00). De novo urgency was observed in 0/8 (0%) vs. 3/32 (10%), in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P=1.00). CONCLUSION: In the current short retrospective series, immediate removal of catheter drainage following intraoperative bladder injury during retropubic MUS procedure was not associated with an increased prevalence of complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

Management of Complications of Prosthetic Mid-urethral Tape Surgery for Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women.

OBJECTIVE: To propose guidelines for the management of complications of prosthetic mid-urethral tape surgery for stress urinary incontinence in women. METHODS: These guidelines are based on an exhaustive literature review on retropubic and trans-obturator mid-urethral tape complications. The expert panel rated the level of evidence of each study, summarized literature for the treatment of each complication, and proposed guidelines. RESULTS: Management of these complications is complex and the first treatment is crucial to offer the best functional result to the patient. We propose a standardized approach and guidelines for the management of complications to help physicians to early identify a surgical complication, offer adequate treatment for each complication and provide clear and appropriate information to patients. We detailed management of intraoperative complications as follows: bladder, urethral, vaginal, visceral, and vascular injury; short-term post-operative complications are the following: bleeding/hematoma, voiding dysfunction, pain, infection; and long-term post-operative complications are the following: chronic voiding dysfunction, de novo overactive bladder syndrome, chronic pain, dyspareunia, vaginal, bladder, and urethral tape erosion. CONCLUSION: These guidelines may help physicians to improve management of prosthetic mid-urethral sling complications that may occur following stress urinary incontinence surgery.

[Micturition and cognition]. / Cognition et miction.

PURPOSE: The physiopathology of the voiding and urinary continence was one of the hot topic of research these last few years. Unfortunately, anyone have already found a unique cause which could explain urinary incontinence (urge or stress). The concept of cognitive function highlights new ways of research to show the fundamental role of the cortex and the sub-cortex in these diseases. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review using Pubmed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane: "cognition, urinary tract, urinary continence, neuroimaging, IRMf, micturition, urge, brain factor and cognitive therapy". In all the articles, 72 really dealt with micturition and cognition. RESULTS: New imaging techniques allowed to show the relationship between the different brain area involved in the bladder control such as the periaqueductal gray, the hypothalamus, the insula, the anterior cingulated cortex and the prefrontal cortex. These cortical area are equally involved in cognition. An alteration of urinary continence implies a modification of activation of these cortical areas. CONCLUSION: A better knowledge of the cognitive side of micturition and urinary continence will allow to improve the treatment of their associated diseases.

[Influence of body mass index on the outcomes of robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy: a comparative retrospective study]. / Impact de l'indice de masse corporelle sur les résultats de la promontofixation robot-assistée : étude comparative rétrospective.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to assess the impact of body mass index (BMI) on a robot-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (RALS) to treat genital prolapse. METHODOLOGY: The study focused on a group of 56 women who went through a robot-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (RALS) between 2009 and 2013. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to their BMI (kg/m(2)): BMI<25 (n=28), 25≤BMI<30 (n=16), BMI≥30 (n=12). The operating parameters, results and short-term complications were analysed according to the patients' BMI. RESULTS: The median BMI was 22.5kg/m(2) in group 1, 26.1kg/m(2) in group 2, and 31.6kg/m(2) in group 3 (P<0.001). The operation time was respectively 250 minutes (130-380), 230 minutes (150-410) and 255 minutes (170-370), for groups 1, 2 and 3 (P=0.689). The 3 groups spent 4 days in the hospital (P=0.562). Only one laparotomy in group 3 was reported (P=0.214). The rate of early complications was similar in groups 1, 2 and 3 with 3/28, 0/16 and 0/12 respectively. Anatomical short-term results were identical in the 3 groups with a satisfactory anatomical correction in 100% of all cases (ICS POP-Q<2). CONCLUSION: In this small group, we observed that the BMI had no impact neither on the operation time nor on the rate of complication.

[Pelvic floor rehabilitation for female urinary incontinence: mechanisms of action]. / Mécanismes d'action de la rééducation périnéale pour l'incontinence urinaire de la femme.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the proven mechanisms of action of pelvic rehabilitation in women presenting with urinary incontinence. METHODS: Review of literature (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database) using following keywords: female; urinary incontinence; overactive bladder syndrome; stress urinary incontinence; bladder training; bladder diary; pelvic floor muscle training; pelvic floor rehabilitation; physiotherapy; cognitive therapies. Among 2906 articles (animal and anatomical studies have been excluded); 66 have been selected because they focused on the evaluation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of pelvic floor rehabilitation concerning female urinary incontinence. RESULTS: Studies on pelvic floor muscles training exercises showed a significant increase in the force of contraction of these muscles and it was correlated with improved scores of urinary incontinence and pad test (coefficient of correlation r ranged from 0.23 to 0.34) for women presenting with stress urinary incontinence. These studies have not observed an increase in the maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) or correction of urethral hypermobility related with the improvement of incontinence after rehabilitation sessions. Studies concerning pelvic floor stimulation observed an increase in the force of contraction of pelvic floor muscles after rehabilitation and a decrease in the intensity of detrusor contractions without changing the MUCP. There is very little data on the precise mechanisms of action of biofeedback and cognitive behavioral therapy. CONCLUSION: In studies that objectively evaluated the mechanisms of action of pelvic rehabilitation, it was observed that pelvic floor muscles voluntary exercises and electrostimulation resulted an increase in force of contraction of these muscles without changing the MUCP.

[Repeat mid-urethral sling procedure for recurrent female urinary stress incontinence after previous mid-urethral sling]. / Réintervention par bandelette sous-urétrale pour récidive d'incontinence urinaire d'effort féminine après une première bandelette sous-urétrale.

INTRODUCTION: There are few data concerning the results of the treatment of recurrent stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after redo mid-urethral sling (MUS) procedure. METHODS: Retrospective study concerning 34 patients presenting with recurrent SUI following the placement of a first MUS procedure and who have undergone a second MUS procedure. Results were evaluated objectively (cough stress test) and subjectively using international consultation on incontinence questionnaire-short form (ICIQ-SF). RESULTS: The surgical technique for the placement of the first MUS was a retropubic approach in seven (20.5%) cases and a transobturator approach in 27 (79.5%) cases. Concerning the redo MUS procedure, a retropubic procedure was performed in 25 (73.5%) patients and a transobturator procedure in nine (26.5%) patients. Among the 34 patients, 32 (94%) were re-examined at 2 months follow-up, and contacted through telephone after 1-year follow-up. Post-operatively, the cough stress test revealed no urine leakage in 27/32 (84%) patients. Median follow-up was 15.5 months. ICIQ-SF score was 0 (complete continence) in 19/32 (59%) patients; between 4 and 12 in 11/32 (34%) and between 13 and 20 in 2/32 (6%) patients. A bladder injury was diagnosed during the surgical procedure in two patients. A reintervention was required in 2/34 (5%) patients because of postoperative urinary retention or bladder outlet obstruction. A partial sling resection was required in 2/34 (5%) patients because of vaginal exposure of the synthetic sling. CONCLUSION: In this study, redo MUS procedure was associated with good functional results despite a high rate of complications.

Management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding: Clinical practice guidelines of the French National College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF).

OBJECTIVE: To provide French guidelines for the management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). DESIGN: A consensus committee of 26 experts was formed. A formal conflict-of-interest policy was developed at the beginning of the process and enforced throughout. The entire guidelines process was conducted independently of any industry funding (i.e. pharmaceutical or medical device companies). The authors were advised to follow the rules of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE®) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence. The potential drawbacks of making strong recommendations in the presence of low-quality evidence were emphasized. METHODS: The last guidelines from the Collège National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français on the management of women with AUB were published in 2008. The literature seems now sufficient for an update. The committee studied questions within 7 fields (diagnosis; adolescents; idiopathic AUB; endometrial hyperplasia and polyps; type 0-2 fibroids; type 3 or higher fibroids; and adenomyosis). Each question was formulated in a PICO (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) format and evidence profiles were compiled. The GRADE® methodology was applied to the literature review and the formulation of recommendations. RESULTS: The experts' synthesis work and the application of the GRADE method resulted in 36 recommendations. Among the formalized recommendations, 19 are strong and 17 weak. No response was found in the literature for 14 questions. We chose to abstain from recommendations rather than providing advice based solely on expert clinical experience. CONCLUSIONS: The 36 recommendations make it possible to specify the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for various clinical situations practitioners encounter, from the simplest to the most complex.

[Contribution of investigations to the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction in women]. / Apport des explorations complémentaires au cours du bilan d'une dysurie de la femme.

OBJECTIVE: To study the intrinsic diagnostic value of the exams performed to explore bladder outlet obstruction in women. METHODS: Review of literature (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database) using following keywords: female, bladder outlet obstruction, post-void residual, uroflowmetry, flow pattern, cystoscopy, MRI, retrograde cystography, bladder wall thickness, bladder trabeculation, urinary retention, voiding cystometry, pressure flow studies, electromyography. Among 2660 articles (animal and anatomical studies have been excluded), 40 have been selected because they focused on the evaluation of the intrinsic value of exams. RESULTS: The concomitant recording of bladder and abdominal pressure during voiding (pressure flow study) is useful to diagnose an hypocontractile detrusor, abdominal pressure efforts during voiding and obstruction (low voiding flow associated with a high bladder pressure). The reproducibility of pressure flow studies seems to be very good in the literature. Nomograms have been described to assess a possible obstruction, but some studies show no correlation between the severity of symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction and results on the main nomogram (nomogram of Blaivas). The measurement of the thickness of the bladder wall appears correctly correlated to the diagnosis of obstruction but measures vary significantly depending on the abdominal or vaginal ultrasonographic approach. CONCLUSION: In literature, only methods of measurement of maximum urinary flow rate and post-void residual volume have been extendedly studied.

[Obesity and urogynecology: a systematic review]. / Obésité et urogynécologie : revue de la littérature.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the specificity of the management of urogynecologic disorders in obese women. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE: obesity, genital prolapse, pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence, anal incontinence. RESULTS: The relative risk of urinary incontinence (UI) for morbidly obese women (BMI>40 kg/m(2)) is five times greater than a normal weight woman. A 10% weight loss reduced the frequency of urinary leakage by 50%. Beyond a BMI of 35 kg/m(2), the success rate of suburethral sling decreased to 50% with an increased risk of de novo urgenturies. Within this population of morbidly obese women, bariatric surgery was as successful as or more than surgery for incontinence. Patients with morbid obesity are three times as likely to experience anal incontinence, with a prevalence reaching 32%. The treatment of anal incontinence in obese patients is not clearly codified. The association between obesity and prolapse is very controversial according to the methodology used in the studies. Treatment of genital prolapse in obese women is little studied in the literature. Only sacrocolpopexy by laparotomy was studied. No more complications were found in this population. CONCLUSION: Now we have specific data concerning urogynecology in obese women to better manage these patients.

[Persistent genital arousal disorder: a systematic review]. / Le syndrome d'excitation génital permanent : revue de la littérature.

PURPOSE: Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is a newly recognized condition rarely reported. Its recognition is useful to avoid labelling women suffering from PGAD as "mad". METHODS: A comprehensive literature review using Pubmed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane: "persistant genital arousal", "restless genital syndrome", "persitant genital arousal syndrome" and "persistant sexual arousal syndrome". In the 300 articles, 37 really dealt with PGAD. RESULTS: PGAD prevalence seemed to be more common than suspected (1%). PGAD has officially been defined in terms of five diagnostic criteria. Patients were on average from 35 to 54 years old. Among them, 29.9% to 67% were menopausal. PGAD was highly associated with overactive bladder (OAB) (67%), restless legs syndrome (RLS) (67%) and pelvic varices (55%). Genital sensations were experienced as unwanted, intrusive, on the verge of an orgasm. The unwanted genital sensations were experienced at the clitoris, labia and vagina or a combination of these localizations in 78%, 28%, 55% and 44% women, respectively. There are many suspected etiologies. Clinical management is the need of an electric and multidisciplinary approach (history, examination, investigation as pelvic MRI, pelvic ultrasound, biological exam). Treatments were various including psychological therapies, psychotropic treatment (56% women reported a persistent reduction of symptom [50%-90%] with clonazepam), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)… CONCLUSION: This literature review provides readers with guidance on the management of PGAD.