Cochlear implant cost analysis in adults: a European narrative review.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to provide an updated European narrative review spanning the last decade, focusing on the cost-effectiveness of cochlear implants (CIs) for adults with severe to profound post-lingual hearing loss. METHODS: This review encompasses both prospective and retrospective approaches, as well as cross-sectional and longitudinal trials conducted on CIs in adults. All studies related to European countries (Austria, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK and Poland) were conducted in English and were published between 2012 and June 2023. RESULTS: Nine studies were included in the analysis. The patients' ages ranged from 18 years to over 67 years, with sample sizes ranging from 20 to 100 patients; two of these studies were focused on single-sided deafness in adults. The Markov model was identified as the most commonly utilized analysis method. CONCLUSIONS: This review identified a general consensus on CI cost-effectiveness, despite substantial variability among countries in factors such as observation time horizons, cost-effectiveness thresholds, methods of cost collection, discount rates, CI eligibility criteria and country-specific health systems. Generally, CIs yield positive societal benefits for working-age individuals, potentially less for seniors. Early unilateral CI enhances cost-effectiveness, highlighting the importance of prompt candidate identification. A consistent undersupply of CIs relative to the percentage of potential recipients emerged across countries. Therefore, further investigation into subcategories such as single-sided deafness is warranted, along with country-specific cost analyses. Emphasizing the significance of detailed information on health systems and associated costs and benefits is crucial for facilitating comparisons across different settings.

MRI and frozen section evaluation of mylohyoid muscle in determining surgical approach for T2-T3 floor of the mouth cancer.

PURPOSE: The choice of surgical approach for floor of the mouth (FOM) cancer, particularly for intermediate-stage tumors (cT2-cT3), remains controversial. This study aims to evaluate a method considering mylohyoid muscle (MM) invasion as a determinant for surgical approach selection, utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) preoperatively and frozen section (FS) analysis intraoperatively. METHODS: This observational retrospective cohort study analyzed patients undergoing surgical resection of cT2 and cT3 FOM squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) between January 2013 and June 2023. MM infiltration assessed by preoperative MRI determined the surgical approach: clear infiltration led to compartmental surgery (CS), while doubtful or absent infiltration led to transoral surgery (TOS). Conversion from TOS to CS occurred intraoperatively based on macroscopic evidence or positive FS. Data collected included demographic, clinical, surgical, and pathological variables. Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Among 44 patients included, majority had cT2 tumors (59.1%). MM resection was necessary in 22.7% of cases. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) did not significantly differ between TOS and CS groups. Radiological depth of invasion (rDOI) < 10 mm is correlated with MM preservation in 89% of cases, while rDOI > 10 mm is correlated with MM resection only in 23.8% of cases. Pathological depth of invasion (pDOI) discrepancies were observed in the two groups: in CS group is shown a higher pDOI (> 10 mm) confirmation (90%). Surgical complications and functional outcomes differed between TOS and CS groups. CONCLUSION: Considering MM invasion for surgical approach selection in cT2-cT3 FOM tumors appears oncologically safe, with better functional outcomes in muscle preservation. Preoperative MRI for MM assessment combined with intraoperative FS analysis provides reliable guidance for surgical decision-making.

Blood Markers Predicting Clinically Occult Lymph Node Metastasis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of cervical lymph node metastases is an unfavorable prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and a potential cause of treatment failure. Occult lymph node metastasis occurs in approximately 15-20% of HNSCC patients with a clinically negative neck (cN0), greatly impacting on their prognosis. The present study aimed to investigate the role of pre-treatment peripheral blood markers in predicting clinically occult cervical lymph node metastasis. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective study was performed in a cohort of 472 patients diagnosed with cN0 HNSCC who underwent up-front surgery. Baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic inflammatory marker (SIM), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) were calculated from available blood parameters. RESULTS: Oro-hypopharyngeal and oral cancers, locally advanced stage, moderately (G2), and poorly (G3) differentiated grade were associated with an increased risk of pathological lymph node involvement. NLR, LMR, PLR, SIM, and SII were significantly associated at multivariable analysis. NLR >2.12 was the most reliable at predicting occult lymph node metastasis (OR = 5.22; 95% CI: 2.14-12.75). We describe a predictive score integrating cancer site, local stage, and NLR which is effective at predicting positive lymph node pathological status. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides evidence that pre-treatment peripheral blood markers, in particular NLR, represent reliable predictors of clinically occult cervical lymph node metastasis in cN0 HNSCC. Therefore, the present study provides a novel useful predictive score for directing the elective management of the neck in patients with cN0 HNSCC.

Impact of time-to-surgery on survival and quality of life in oral cancer.

PURPOSE: To investigate the association between time-to-surgery (TTS) and overall survival (OS), disease specific survival (DSS) and quality of life (QoL) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 116 patients with OSCC candidate to surgery were examined. TTS intervals starting from diagnosis (TTS-clinical-based) and from histological reports (TTS-biopsy-based) were calculated. The effects of TTS intervals and prognostic factors on 5-year OS and DSS were explored. RESULTS: In our cohort advanced T-categories OSCCs with TTS < 30 days showed a trend to have higher DSS rate (p = 0.049). Patients with TTS-clinical-based < 30 days showed better postoperative QoL. Positive surgical margins, nodal involvement (pN+), DOI >10 mm, invasive surgery and extra-capsular extension in pN+ were found to be significantly associated with a poor OS and DSS. CONCLUSIONS: TTS ≥ 30 days can adversely affect DSS, especially in the advanced T categories. Short TTS intervals resulted associated with a better postoperative QoL.

Is there a role for tumor volume in prediction of prognosis for oral cancer?

PURPOSE: New prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) (tumor-, host-, and environment-related) have been introduced recently to complete those traditionally considered. Among them, tumor volume (TV) could be the most interesting and applicable in clinical practice, considering the routine use of computed tomography in tumor staging. In this retrospective study we aimed to investigate whether a correlation exists among these new prognostic factors and survival outcomes. METERIALS AND METHODS: We collected data about 140 patients affected by OSCC who underwent primary surgery. Prognostic factors were collected and Overall Survival (OS), Disease Specific Survival (DSS) and Disease Free Survival (DFS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method; the Log-Rank test (Mantel-Cox) and Cox regression models were applied to investigate predictors of survival. RESULTS: The 5-year OS, DSS and DFS were 73.6 %, 89.2 % and 75.2 % respectively. Nodal metastasis (pN+), relapse and American Society of Anesthesiologists ASA-II were found independent prognostic factors for OS, and significantly associated to worst DSS (p < 0.001). TV significantly correlated with higher relapse occurrence (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, lymph-node status, ASA classification and relapse significantly influenced DSS on univariate analysis. TV could represent an interesting additional parameter, since it significantly influenced DFS. However, prospective studies with standardized TV measurements and a greater number of patients are needed to validate this result.

Recovery from olfactory and gustatory dysfunction following COVID-19 acquired during Omicron BA.1 wave in Italy.

BACKGROUND: Despite alterations in the sense of smell and taste have dominated the symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the prevalence and the severity of self-reporting COVID-19 associated olfactory and gustatory dysfunction has dropped significantly with the advent of the Omicron BA.1 subvariant. However, data on the evolution of Omicron-related chemosensory impairment are still lacking. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and the recovery rate of self-reported chemosensory dysfunction 6-month after SARS-CoV-2 infection acquired during the predominance of the Omicron BA.1 subvariant in Italy. METHODS: Prospective observational study based on the sino-nasal outcome tool 22 (SNOT-22), item "sense of smell or taste" and additional outcomes conducted in University hospitals and tertiary referral centers in Italy. RESULTS: Of 338 patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 completing the baseline survey, 294 (87.0 %) responded to the 6-month follow-up interview. Among them, 101 (34.4 %) and 4 (1.4 %) reported an altered sense of smell or taste at baseline and at 6 months, respectively. Among the 101 patients with COVID-19-associated smell or taste dysfunction during the acute phase of the disease, 97 (96.0 %) reported complete resolution at 6 months. The duration of smell or taste impairment was significantly shorter in vaccinated patients (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with that observed in subjects infected during the first wave of the pandemic, the recovery rate from chemosensory dysfunctions reported in the present series of patients infected during the predominance of the Omicron BA.1 subvariant was more favorable with a shorter duration being positively influenced by vaccination.

Orthonasal and retronasal odor identification in patients with parosmia.

OBJECTIVE: To compare retronasal and orthonasal perception in parosmic COVID-19 patients, in order to determine whether COVID-19 has a differential effect on these functions. METHODS: Using the Sniffin Sticks test battery orthonasal function was examined for odor threshold, discrimination and identification. Retronasal function was assessed using 20 tasteless aromatized powders. Gustatory function was measured using the Taste Strips test. RESULTS: This study included 177 patients (127 women, 50 men; mean age 45 years), of whom 127 (72%) were hyposmic and 50 (28%) normosmic. Compared to patients without parosmia, parosmic patients performed worse in odor identification for both orthonasal (F = 4.94, p = 0.03) and retronasal tests (F = 11.95, p < 0.01). However, an interaction effect between route of odor identification (orthonasal or retronasal) and parosmia status was found (F = 4.67, p = 0.03): patients with parosmia had relatively lower retronasal scores than patients without parosmia. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that COVID-19 may affect the olfactory mucosa differently along the anterior-posterior axis, thereby possibly contributing to the pathophysiology of parosmia. Patients with parosmia also exhibit a higher degree of impairment when odors are presented through the retronasal route during eating and drinking.

Oral splint therapy in patients with Menière's disease and temporomandibular disorder: a long-term, controlled study.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of oral splint therapy on audio-vestibular symptoms in patients with Menière's disease (MD) and temporomandibular disorder (TMD). METHODS: Retrospective case-control study. Treatment group: 37 patients with MD and TMD who received gnatological treatment. CONTROL GROUP: 26 patients with MD and TMD who had never received gnatological treatment. The number of vertigo spells in 6 months (primary endpoint), pure-tone audiometry average (PTA), MD stage, functional level, Dizziness handicap Index (DHI), Tinnitus handicap Index (THI) and Aural Fullness Scale (AFS) were compared at baseline and after 24 months according to groups. Analysis of Covariance was used to determine the treatment effect. RESULTS: Groups were comparable for demographic, clinical data, baseline PTAs and the number of vertigo spells. Analysis of covariance showed a significant effect of gnathological treatment on number of vertigo spells ([Formula: see text] = 0.258, p < 0.001), PTA ([Formula: see text] = 0.201, p < 0.001), MD stage ([Formula: see text] = 0.224, p < 0.001), functional level ([Formula: see text] = 0.424, p < 0.001), DHI ([Formula: see text] = 0.421, p < 0.001), THI ([Formula: see text] = 0.183, p < 0.001), but not for AFS ([Formula: see text] = 0.005, p = 0.582). The treatment group showed vertigo control of class A in 86.5% and class B in 13.5% of patients. In the control group, vertigo control was of class A in 19.2% of patients and class B in 11.5%, class C in 30.8%, class D in 11.5%, class E in 19.2% and class F in 7.7%. Classes of vertigo control differed significantly (X2 test, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Oral splint therapy could represent a viable treatment in patients with TMD and uncontrolled MD disease. The effects are maintained at least after 2 years.

Evaluating long-term smell or taste dysfunction in mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients: a 3-year follow-up study.

INTRODUCTION: No studies have reported data on 3-year prevalence and recovery rates of self-reported COVID-19-related olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to estimate the 3-year prevalence and recovery rate of self-reported COVID-19-related chemosensory dysfunction in a cohort of patients with antecedent mild COVID-19. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study, measuring the prevalence of altered sense of smell or taste at follow-up and their variation from baseline, on adult patients consecutively assessed at Treviso and Trieste University Hospitals, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by polymerase chain reaction during March 2020. RESULTS: Overall, out of 403 respondents, 267 patients (66.3%) reported an altered sense of smell or taste (SNOT-22 > 0) at baseline, while 56 (13.9%), 29 (7.2%), and 21 (5.2%) reported such alterations at 6-24 months, 2 years, and 3 years, respectively. Among the 267 patients with COVID-19-associated smell or taste dysfunction at baseline, 246 (92.1%) reported complete resolution at 3 years. Of the patients who still experienced smell or taste dysfunction 2 years after COVID-19, 27.6% and 37.9% recovered completely and partially, respectively, at the 3-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Among subjects with antecedent mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, the 3-year prevalence and recovery rate of COVID-19-related alteration in sense of smell or taste was 5% and 92%, respectively. In approximately two-thirds of patients experiencing chemosensory dysfunction still 2 years after COVID-19, it is still possible to observe a delayed complete or partial recovery after a period of 3 years, while the remaining one-third of individuals continues to have unchanged persistent chemosensory alteration.

COVID-19-Related Quantitative and Qualitative Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction: Long-Term Prevalence and Recovery Rate.

INTRODUCTION: No studies have reported data on 2-year prevalence and recovery rates of self-reported COVID-19-related quantitative and qualitative olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to estimate the 2-year prevalence and recovery rate of self-reported COVID-19-related olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in a cohort of patients with antecedent mild-to-moderate disease. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study, measuring the prevalence of altered sense of smell or taste at follow-up and their variation from baseline, on adult patients consecutively assessed at Trieste University Hospital, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by polymerase chain reaction during March 2020. RESULTS: Overall, 174 (68.8%), 53 (20.9%), and 36 (14.2%) of 253 responders reported an altered sense of smell or taste (SNOT-22 >0) at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months, respectively. Among the 174 patients who have complained a COVID-19-associated olfactory or gustatory dysfunction at baseline, 138 (79.3%) reported complete resolution of smell or taste impairment with 17 subjects (9.8%) recovering after more than 1 year after the initial infection, 33 (19.0%) reported a decrease in the severity, and only 3 (1.7%) reported that the symptom was unchanged at the 24-month interview. Twenty subjects (7.9%) complained of at least one qualitative long-term symptom. CONCLUSION: Two years after the infection, most patients experience a favourable evolution of COVID-19-related olfactory or gustatory dysfunction. A late recovery was observed in 10% of subjects.

Supporting Cells of the Human Olfactory Epithelium Co-Express the Lipid Scramblase TMEM16F and ACE2 and May Cause Smell Loss by SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Induced Syncytia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Quantitative and qualitative alterations in the sense of smell are well established symptoms of COVID-19. Some reports have shown that non-neuronal supporting (also named sustentacular) cells of the human olfactory epithelium co-express ACE2 and TMPRSS2 necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In COVID-19, syncytia were found in many tissues but were not investigated in the olfactory epithelium. Some studies have shown that syncytia in some tissues are formed when SARS-CoV-2 Spike expressed at the surface of an infected cell binds to ACE2 on another cell, followed by activation of the scramblase TMEM16F (also named ANO6) which exposes phosphatidylserine to the external side of the membrane. Furthermore, niclosamide, an approved antihelminthic drug, inhibits Spike-induced syncytia by blocking TMEM16F activity. The aim of this study was to investigate if proteins involved in Spike-induced syncytia formation, i.e., ACE2 and TMEM16F, are expressed in the human olfactory epithelium. METHODS: We analysed a publicly available single-cell RNA-seq dataset from human nasal epithelium and performed immunohistochemistry in human nasal tissues from biopsies. RESULTS: We found that ACE2 and TMEM16F are co-expressed both at RNA and protein levels in non-neuronal supporting cells of the human olfactory epithelium. CONCLUSION: Our results provide the first evidence that TMEM16F is expressed in human olfactory supporting cells and indicate that syncytia formation, that could be blocked by niclosamide, is one of the pathogenic mechanisms worth investigating in COVID-19 smell loss.

Different inflammatory blood markers correlate with specific outcomes in incident HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory blood markers have been associated with oncological outcomes in several cancers, but evidence for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is scanty. Therefore, this study aims at investigating the association between five different inflammatory blood markers and several oncological outcomes. METHODS: This multi-centre retrospective analysis included 925 consecutive patients with primary HPV-negative HNSCC (median age: 68 years) diagnosed between April 2004 and June 2018, whose pre-treatment blood parameters were available. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic inflammatory marker (SIM), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) were calculated; their associations with local, regional, and distant failure, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) was calculated. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 53 months. All five indexes were significantly associated with OS; the highest accuracy in predicting patients' survival was found for SIM (10-year OS = 53.2% for SIM < 1.40 and 40.9% for SIM ≥ 2.46; c-index = 0.569) and LMR (10-year OS = 60.4% for LMR ≥ 3.76 and 40.5% for LMR < 2.92; c-index = 0.568). While LMR showed the strongest association with local failure (HR = 2.16; 95% CI:1.22-3.84), PLR showed the strongest association with regional (HR = 1.98; 95% CI:1.24-3.15) and distant failure (HR = 1.67; 95% CI:1.08-2.58). CONCLUSION: Different inflammatory blood markers may be useful to identify patients at risk of local, regional, or distant recurrences who may benefit from treatment intensification or intensive surveillance programs.

The CO2 waveguide laser with flexible fiber in transoral resection of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a retrospective cohort study on postoperative and quality of life outcomes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the CO2 waveguide laser (WG CO2 laser) with flexible fiber (Lumenis Ltd., Yokneam, Israel) in the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers, specifically focusing on postoperative outcomes, pain, and quality of life (QoL). Eighty-one patients, 43 women and 38 men, with oral or oropharyngeal cancer who consecutively underwent transoral resection by WG CO2 laser from August 2015 to April 2020 were retrospectively enrolled. Resections were performed in super pulsed mode with a power setting ranging between 3 and 10 W. Data about frozen sections, reconstruction, complication rate, length of hospital stay, tracheostomy rate and time to decannulation, nasogastric feeding tube rate and time to oral feeding, pain, and QoL were reviewed. Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation. Concordance between intraoperative frozen section examination and definitive histology was calculated using Cohen's K test of agreement. The mean length of hospital stay was 13 days. The feeding tube rate was 81%; the tracheostomy rate was 35%; the feeding tube was left in place for 8 days on average, and the time to decannulation was 9 days. The only complication was a postoperative bleeding in 4 patients. The median postoperative pain score measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5 was 0 and there was a constant decrease in painkiller use over the days. The overall mean composite QoL score was 77 ± 14, with excellent results in saliva, taste, pain, and speech domains. Frozen section evaluation had a specificity of 99% and a negative predictive value of 98%. WG CO2 laser is a good and safe tool for transoral tailored resection of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. It ensures a good overall QoL and guarantees fast recovery and a very low postoperative pain.

The role of NBI with flexible video-endoscope in the follow-up of head and neck cancer patients: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: Narrow band imaging (NBI) enhances mucosal vasculature and could help in the identification of recurrences. We assessed the effectiveness of NBI with flexible video-endoscope in the early detection of recurrence after treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, its diagnostic advantage over high-definition white-light (HD WL) endoscopy, also in relation to recurrence site, and the influence of previous radiotherapy (RT) or chemotherapy (CT). Moreover, we investigated the association between index tumor site and the risk of developing recurrence, and the relation between index tumor site and recurrence site. METHODS: From January 2018 to November 2020, 160 patients previously treated with surgery and/or RT ± CT were evaluated using NBI with flexible video-endoscope. Sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated for NBI and HD WL, and compared using the McNemar test. The Fisher exact test was used to compare the other associations investigated. RESULTS: The difference between NBI and HD WL sensitivity was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The NBI diagnostic advantage was 62.5%, highest in the hypopharynx (p = 0.05), and was not influenced by previous RT or CT (p = 0.49). Index tumor site statistically related with recurrence site (p < 0.001), but not with the risk of developing recurrence (p = 0.81). CONCLUSION: NBI with flexible video-endoscope could represent a valid option to detect recurrence early during the follow-up, especially in a difficult-to-visualize site such as the hypopharynx.

Relevance of perimarginal nodes for head and neck cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of metastasis in the perimarginal nodes (PMNs) (also known as perifacial, preglandular and retroglandual nodes) in head and neck cancer. METHODS: We recruited 136 patients affected by cancers of the oral cavity, lip, oropharynx, skin and by cáncer of unknown primary (CUP), who were candidates for level IB dissection. PMNs were identified and sent separately for histological analysis. Correlation between metastasis to the PMNs and characteristics of the primary tumour were reported. RESULTS: The incidence of metastasis was 17% from oral cancer, 50% from lip cancer and 12.5% from skin cancer. No metastases were reported for oropharynx cancer or CUP. The only factor that correlated with the incidence of metastases was origin of the tumour from the upper part of oral cavity. CONCLUSION: PMNs represent a frequent site of metastasis in oral and lip cancers. In cancer of the oropharynx, their involvement has not been not reported, while their role in skin cancers remains to be clarified.

Self-reported smell and taste recovery in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a one-year prospective study.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to estimate the 1 year prevalence and recovery rate of self-reported chemosensory dysfunction in a series of subjects with previous mild-to-moderate symptomatic COVID-19. METHODS: Prospective study based on the SNOT-22, item "sense of smell or taste" and additional outcomes. RESULTS: 268/315 patients (85.1%) completing the survey at baseline also completed the follow-up interview. The 12 months prevalence of self-reported COVID-19 associated chemosensory dysfunction was 21.3% (95% CI 16.5-26.7%). Of the 187 patients who complained of COVID-19 associated chemosensory dysfunction at baseline, 130 (69.5%; 95% CI 62.4-76.0%) reported complete resolution of smell or taste impairment, 41 (21.9%) reported a decrease in the severity, and 16 (8.6%) reported the symptom was unchanged or worse 1 year after onset. The risk of persistence was higher for patients reporting a baseline SNOT-22 score ≥ 4 (OR = 3.32; 95% CI 1.32-8.36) as well as for those requiring ≥ 22 days for a negative swab (OR = 2.18; 95% CI 1.12-4.27). CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of patients with previous mild-to-moderate symptomatic COVID-19 characterized by new onset of chemosensory dysfunction still complained on altered sense of smell or taste 1 year after the onset.

Six-Month Psychophysical Evaluation of Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with COVID-19.

This study prospectively assessed the 6-month prevalence of self-reported and psychophysically measured olfactory dysfunction in subjects with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Self-reported smell or taste impairment was prospectively evaluated by SNOT-22 at diagnosis, 4-week, 8-week, and 6-month. At 6 months from the diagnosis, psychophysical evaluation of olfactory function was also performed using the 34-item culturally adapted University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (CA-UPSIT). 145 completed both the 6-month subjective and psychophysical olfactory evaluation. According to CA-UPSIT, 87 subjects (60.0%) exhibited some smell dysfunction, with 10 patients being anosmic (6.9%) and seven being severely microsmic (4.8%). At the time CA-UPSIT was administered, a weak correlation was observed between the self-reported alteration of the sense of smell or taste and olfactory test scores (Spearman's r = -0.26). Among 112 patients who self-reported normal sense of smell at last follow-up, CA-UPSIT revealed normal smell in 46 (41.1%), mild microsmia in 46 (41.1%), moderate microsmia in 11 (9.8%), severe microsmia in 3 (2.3%), and anosmia in 6 (5.4%) patients; however, of those patients self-reporting normal smell but who were found to have hypofunction on testing, 62 out of 66 had a self-reported reduction in sense of smell or taste at an earlier time point. Despite most patients report a subjectively normal sense of smell, we observed a high percentage of persistent smell dysfunction at 6 months from the diagnosis of syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, with 11.7% of patients being anosmic or severely microsmic. These data highlight a significant long-term rate of smell alteration in patients with previous SARS-COV-2 infection.

The risk of recurrence in surgically treated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: a conditional probability approach.

BACKGROUND: Over 50% of patients with head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) experience locoregional recurrence, which is associated with poor outcome. In the course of follow-up for patients surviving primary surgery for HNSCC, one might ask: What is the probability of recurrence in one year considering that the cancer has not yet recurred to date? MATERIALS AND METHODS: To answer this question, 979 patients surgically treated for HNSCC (i.e. cancer of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx) between March 2004 and June 2018 were enrolled in a multicenter retrospective cohort study, followed up for death and recurrence over a 5 year period. The conditional probability of recurrence in 12 months - i.e. the probability of recurrence in the next 12 months given that, to date, the patient has not recurred - was derived from the cumulative incidence function (Aalen-Johansen method). RESULTS: Overall, the probability of recurrence was the highest during the first (17.3%) and the second years (9.6%) after surgery, declining thereafter to less than 5.0% a year thereafter. The probability of recurrence was significantly higher for stage III-IV HNSCCs than for stage I-II HNSCCs in the first year after surgery (20.4% versus 10.0%; p < 0.01), but not thereafter. This difference was most pronounced for oral cavity cancers. No significant differences were observed across different tumor sites. CONCLUSION: This dynamic evaluation of recurrence risk in patients surgically treated for HNSCC provides helpful and clinically meaningful information, which can be useful to patients in planning their future life, and to clinicians in tailoring post-treatment surveillance according to a more personalized risk stratification.

Advanced lung cancer inflammation index and its prognostic value in HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a multicentre study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of pre-treatment advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) in patients with HPV-negative HNSCC undergoing up-front surgical treatment. METHODS: The present multi-centre, retrospective study was performed in a consecutive cohort of patients who underwent upfront surgery with or without adjuvant (chemo)-radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Patients were stratified by ALI, and survival outcomes were compared between groups. In addition, the prognostic value of ALI was compared with two other indices, the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and systemic inflammatory index (SIM). RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-three patients met the inclusion criteria (151 male and 72 female). Overall and progression-free survival were significantly predicted by ALI < 20.4 (HR 3.23, CI 1.51-6.90 for PFS and HR 3.41, CI 1.47-7.91 for OS). Similarly, PNI < 40.5 (HR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.31-4.51 for PFS and HR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.19-4.82 for OS) and SIM > 2.5 (HR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.23-5.10 for PFS and HR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.19-5.67 for OS) were found to be significant predictors. Among the three indices, ALI < 20.4 identified the patients with the worst 5-year outcomes. Moreover, patients with a combination of low PNI and low ALI resulted to be a better predictor of progression (HR = 5.26, 95% CI: 2.01-13.73) and death (HR = 5.68, 95% CI: 1.92-16.79) than low ALI and low PNI considered alone. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the use of pre-treatment ALI, an easily measurable inflammatory/nutritional index, in daily clinical practice to improve prognostic stratification in surgically treated HPV-negative HNSCC.

Disposable chlorine dioxide wipes for high-level disinfection in the ENT department: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngoscope reprocessing methods should be effective, rapid and reproducible with moderate cost. Tristel Trio Wipes system (TTWS) is a manual reprocessing method based on chlorine dioxide that has lately emerged in ENT department. This review aims to collect evidence on this system. METHODS: The PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched for all the studies on TTWS or one of its components. Data were grouped according to the study type. RESULTS: Ten articles were included in the review. TTWS ensured high-level disinfection in laboratory and clinical setting. Although the limitations of the manual systems, TTWS proved to be faster than automated endoscope reprocessing (AER) and safe for patients and health-care workers. TTWS represented cheaper system than AER or sheaths in low- and medium-volume centers. CONCLUSION: TTWS could be a valid, safe and fast HLD method for nasopharyngoscopes, with reasonable costs for medium-low reprocessing volumes.