RESUMEN
Genetic variation among individual humans occurs on many different scales, ranging from gross alterations in the human karyotype to single nucleotide changes. Here we explore variation on an intermediate scale--particularly insertions, deletions and inversions affecting from a few thousand to a few million base pairs. We employed a clone-based method to interrogate this intermediate structural variation in eight individuals of diverse geographic ancestry. Our analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the normal pattern of structural variation present in these genomes, refining the location of 1,695 structural variants. We find that 50% were seen in more than one individual and that nearly half lay outside regions of the genome previously described as structurally variant. We discover 525 new insertion sequences that are not present in the human reference genome and show that many of these are variable in copy number between individuals. Complete sequencing of 261 structural variants reveals considerable locus complexity and provides insights into the different mutational processes that have shaped the human genome. These data provide the first high-resolution sequence map of human structural variation--a standard for genotyping platforms and a prelude to future individual genome sequencing projects.
Asunto(s)
Variación Genética/genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Mapeo Físico de Cromosoma , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Inversión Cromosómica/genética , Eucromatina/genética , Eliminación de Gen , Geografía , Haplotipos , Humanos , Mutagénesis Insercional/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Grupos Raciales/genética , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
Describing the 'ORFeome' of an organism, including all major isoforms, is essential for a system-level understanding of any species; however, conventional cloning and sequencing approaches are prohibitively costly and labor-intensive. We describe a potentially genome-wide methodology for efficiently capturing new coding isoforms using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR recombinational cloning, 'deep-well' pooling and a next-generation sequencing platform. This ORFeome discovery pipeline will be applicable to any eukaryotic species with a sequenced genome.
Asunto(s)
Clonación Molecular/métodos , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Análisis de Secuencia/métodos , Empalme Alternativo , Animales , ADN Complementario/genética , Etiquetas de Secuencia Expresada , Femenino , Genómica/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Embarazo , ARN/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
Forward genetic mutational studies, adaptive evolution, and phenotypic screening are powerful tools for creating new variant organisms with desirable traits. However, mutations generated in the process cannot be easily identified with traditional genetic tools. We show that new high-throughput, massively parallel sequencing technologies can completely and accurately characterize a mutant genome relative to a previously sequenced parental (reference) strain. We studied a mutant strain of Pichia stipitis, a yeast capable of converting xylose to ethanol. This unusually efficient mutant strain was developed through repeated rounds of chemical mutagenesis, strain selection, transformation, and genetic manipulation over a period of seven years. We resequenced this strain on three different sequencing platforms. Surprisingly, we found fewer than a dozen mutations in open reading frames. All three sequencing technologies were able to identify each single nucleotide mutation given at least 10-15-fold nominal sequence coverage. Our results show that detecting mutations in evolved and engineered organisms is rapid and cost-effective at the whole-genome level using new sequencing technologies. Identification of specific mutations in strains with altered phenotypes will add insight into specific gene functions and guide further metabolic engineering efforts.
Asunto(s)
Análisis Mutacional de ADN/métodos , Genoma Fúngico , Mutación , Pichia/genética , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
The genome of the japonica subspecies of rice, an important cereal and model monocot, was sequenced and assembled by whole-genome shotgun sequencing. The assembled sequence covers 93% of the 420-megabase genome. Gene predictions on the assembled sequence suggest that the genome contains 32,000 to 50,000 genes. Homologs of 98% of the known maize, wheat, and barley proteins are found in rice. Synteny and gene homology between rice and the other cereal genomes are extensive, whereas synteny with Arabidopsis is limited. Assignment of candidate rice orthologs to Arabidopsis genes is possible in many cases. The rice genome sequence provides a foundation for the improvement of cereals, our most important crops.