Percutaneous Closure of Atrial Septal Defects with the MemoPart Atrial Septal Occluder: The Early-Term Results of a Multicenter Study.

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunt that may lead to pulmonary hypertension over time. Secundum ASD closure with transcatheter technique is currently the preferred method. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical experience and early-term outcomes of patients treated with a MemoPart ASD occluder device between June 2013 and June 2019. Fifty-six patients (35 females) with a mean age of 9.4 ± 6.6 years (range: 2-44 years) were included in the study. The diameters of the devices used to close the ASDs were 7-28 mm. The ratio of the device/defect diameter was 1.14:1. Atrial septal defect closure was applied successfully in all patients. The MemoPart septal occluder is a safe and effective device for ASD closure. In wide ASDs and cases with more than one deficient rim, weak rims, or wide and complicated cases, it can be used carefully with sufficient experience.

The immediate haemodynamic response and right and left cardiac remodelling after percutaneous transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children: a longitudinal cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the immediate haemodynamic response and the timing of cardiac remodelling in paediatric secundum atrial septal defect patients who underwent percutaneous transcatheter closure. METHODS: In this longitudinal cohort study with 41 paediatric secundum ASD patients who underwent PTC with Amplatzer Occluder device were assessed for immediate post-interventional haemodynamic response measured by catheterisation and was evaluated for right and left cardiac remodelling during a follow-up period of 12 months by transthoracic echocardiography. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analyses of pre- and post-interventional invasive haemodynamic parameters of the patients, and pre- and post-interventional TTE data compared with the values of the control group consisted of 39 healthy children. RESULTS: The mean diameter of ASD was 13.9 ± 4.7 mm. PTC intervention in all patients completed with 100% success and 0% complication rates. All invasive haemodynamic data, except the ratio of pulmonary resistance to systemic resistance, significantly reduced after PTC (p < 0.05). TTE and PW Doppler revealed that right and left cardiac remodelling started as soon as the post-interventional 24th hour and completed in the 12th month. CONCLUSIONS: This study with a very high interventional success rate can be counted as the first example of research on the haemodynamic response and timing of cardiac remodelling after PTC of secundum ASD in children. We suggest that future multicentric studies with larger cohorts and a comprehensive methodology like ours with longer follow-up periods would better serve to further assess the cardiac remodelling in children after PTC of secundum ASD.

Is hypertension the fate of aortic coarctation patients treated with Cheatham Platinum (CP) stent?

AIM: The aim of this study is to address the presence of hypertension and risk for cardiovascular diseases in patients with Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA) who were treated with endovascular stent placement. METHODS: Twenty patients (mean age: 14.2 ± 3.9 years) who were treated with stent and 20 age- and sex-matched controls were included to the study. Structure and functions of left ventricle were assessed by echocardiography. Carotid intima media (CIM) thickness was measured by using sonography as a marker for detecting cardiovascular risk. As indirect marker of arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index were recorded by ambulatory blood pressure monitorization/arteriography device. RESULTS: By ambulatory blood pressure monitorization, 24 h and daytime systolic and mean arterial pressure values were found to be significantly higher in patient group. Based on percentile values, 15% and 5% of patients were pre-hypertensive and hypertensive, respectively. Pulse wave velocity and cardiac output values were found to be significantly higher than control group. CIM thickness was also found to be significantly higher in patient group when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown that hypertension incidence as demonstrated by ambulatory blood pressure monitorization and risk for cardiovascular diseases as indicated by CIM thickness and Pulse wave velocity were higher than those in healthy population even after CoA is corrected.

Percutaneous Ventricular Septal Defect Closure in Patients Under 1 Year of Age.

Untreated ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an important cause of congestive heart failure in early infancy. Growth is impaired in this population, and surgical closure is challenging because of congestion in the lungs, making infants prone to respiratory infection, and because of their poor nutritional status. The aim of this study is to share our experience with percutaneous VSD closure in patients under 1 year of age. Patients with hemodynamically significant left-to-right shunt, less than 1 year of age, and with VSD diameter ≤ 6 mm were retrospectively included in the study between December 2014 and January 2017. The median length of follow-up was 8.5 (4-14.2) months. Twelve patients from 2 to 12 months of age, with a median weight of 6.75 (5.4-8) kg, were included. The mean VSD diameter as measured by angiography from the left ventricle side was 4.7 ± 0.25 mm, and from the right ventricle side was 3.4 ± 1.1 mm. All were of a perimembranous type except three, which were muscular. All defects were closed with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder II (ADO II) or the ADO II-additional size. The mean fluoroscopy duration and total radiation dose were 22.6 ± 18.7 min and 1674 ± 851 cGy/min, respectively. No aortic regurgitation associated with device closure was seen in any of the patients. Complete atrioventricular block occurred in one patient 6 months after the procedure, and was treated with a permanent pacemaker. VSD closure is challenging, regardless of whether a surgical or percutaneous procedure is used. The risks are higher for children younger than 1 year with low body weight. Percutaneous closure, which carries similar risks but is less invasive than surgery, may be the preferred alternative in early infancy.

Mid-term results of percutaneous ventricular septal defect closure with Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II in children.

Aim The aim of this study was to share the mid-term results of percutaneous ventricular septal defect closure using Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II in children. BACKGROUND: Nowadays, percutaneous ventricular septal defect closure is accepted as an alternative to surgery, but so far no ideal device has been developed for this procedure. METHODS: In the study centre, between April, 2011 and October, 2016, the ventricular septal defect of 49 patients was closed percutaneously using the Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II device, and seven of them were <1 year old. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 86.8±52.6 months. The mean weight of the patients was 24.3±16 kg. The mean diameter of the defect was 3.7±1.4 mm. Mean fluoroscopy time and total procedure time were 37±19.3 and 74.1±27 minutes, respectively. The types of ventricular septal defects were muscular in six patients, and were perimembranous in the rest of them. We did not face any major complications during the procedure, but one patient was admitted with a complete atrioventricular block in the 6th month of follow-up. The total follow-up period was 66 months. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, our study includes the largest series of paediatric patients whose ventricular septal defect was closed using Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II percutaneously. When the complications during the 66-month follow-up period are taken into consideration, we can state that Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II is a safe and effective device, even in infants aged <1 year.

Percutaneous PDA Closure in Extremely Low Birth Weight Babies.

AIM: Patent Ductus Arteriosus is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in preterms. As birth weight decrease, risks increase. Main aim of our study is to emphasize the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous PDA closure even in extremely low birth infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our center between the dates June 2014-June 2016, PDA of 10 patients less than 1,000 gr were closed percutaneously. To the best of our knowledge this study includes the largest cohort of infants less than 1,000 g in the literature, that PDA of those were percutaneously closed. RESULTS: Symptomatic patients, less than 1,000 gr having PDA were included in the study. All have 3 times medical therapy for PDA closure but it did not work. PDA was decided to be contributor of this medical state of them. The mean patient age was 19.5 ± 7.2 days. The median weight was 950 (842-983) gr. Mean gestational age was: 26.3 ± 0.63 weeks. Mean PDA diameter was 1.9 ± 0.41 mm. Morphology of PDA:6 of them were conical and 4 of them were tubular. In all patients ADOII-AS device were used for PDA closure via venous route. No major complications were reported. Left pulmonary arterial stenosis was detected in 1 patient who was resolved in 6 months duration. CONCLUSION: We want to emphasize that in experienced centers percutaneous closure of PDA can be an alternative to surgery even in the extremely low birth weight babies.

Anti-inflammatory role of obestatin in autoimmune myocarditis.

Obestatin is a popular endogeneous peptide, known to have an autoimmune regulatory effect on energy metabolism and the gastrointestinal system. Studies regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of obestatin are scarce. The aim of this study was to show the anti-inflammatory effect of obestatin in an experimental model of autoimmune myocarditis in rats. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis was induced in Lewis rats by immunization with subcutaneous administration of porcine cardiac myosin, twice at 7-day intervals. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with obestatin (50 µg/kg) was started before the induction of myocarditis and continued for 3 weeks. The severity of myocarditis was evidenced by clinical, echocardiographic and histological findings. In addition, by-products of neutrophil activation, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured in serum. Obestatin significantly ameliorated the clinical and histopathological severity of autoimmune myocarditis. Therapeutic effects of obestatin in myocarditis were associated with reduced lipid peroxidation, suppression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and enhancement of glutathione synthesis, inhibition of serum inflammatory and activation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Histopathologically, the left ventricle was significantly dilated, and its wall thickened, along with widespread lymphocytic and histocytic infiltration. The myocardium was severely infiltrated with relatively large mononuclear cells. These histopathological changes were observed in lesser degrees in obestatin-treated rats. This study demonstrated a novel anti-inflammatory effect of obestatin in an experimental model of autoimmune myocarditis. Consequently, obestatin administration may represent a promising therapeutic approach for myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in the future.

Does N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide correlate with measured shunt fraction in children with septal defects?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in the assessment of shunt severity and invasive haemodynamic parameters in children with atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects. METHODS: This is a prospective, controlled (n:62), observational study. Correlation analysis was performed between N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels and various invasive haemodynamic measurements in 127 children (ventricular septal defect: 64; atrial septal defect: 63). A ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow (Qp/Qs⩾1.5) was considered to indicate a significant shunt. RESULTS: Statistically significant relationship was found between the mean N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide values of the patients, with Qp/Qs⩾1.5 in both defect types and control group. For ventricular septal defect, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level⩾113.5 pg/ml was associated with high specificity and sensitivity for determining the significant shunt. In addition, the cut-off point for determining the significant shunt for atrial septal defect was 57.9 pg/ml. Significant positive correlation was found between all invasive haemodynamic parameters and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels in patients with ventricular septal defects. Whereas significant positive correlation was found only between mean pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and systemic pressure to pulmonary pressure ratio and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels in patients with atrial septal defects. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that the N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurements could be used as a supporting parameter in determining significance of the shunt.

Is it safe to close ASD with the guidance of transthoraxic echocardiography in pediatric population "ten years' experience of a single center".

OBJECTIVE: Main purpose of this study is to emphasize the usage and safety of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure in appropriate pediatric cases. BACKGROUND: Nowadays, percutaneous closure is preferred as treatment modality for ASD in pediatric age group. METHODS: Between the dates December 2003-August 2013; 340 patients whose ASD were closed included in this study. Physical examination, electrocardiogram, TTE were done before the procedure, at the 24th hour, 1st and 6th month after the procedure. After the 6th month, routine control was done annually. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed in 184 cases with large, multifenestrated ASD and when TTE views were poor in quality. We selected the 201 patients whose ASD diameter between 10-20 mm and formed 2 homogeneous groups according to the type of echocardiography used (TEE or TTE) in order to compare the role of echocardiography. RESULTS: The demographic features of patients of 2 groups were similar. There was not any statistically difference between ASD, balloon sizing diameters between the groups. No statistically significant difference in the success, complication, and residual shunt rates was found between the groups. Procedure, fluoroscopy time, and amount were significantly higher in TEE group. When hemodynamic variables except pulmonary blood flow to systemic blood flow (Qp/Qs; right-left atrium mean pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and peak-mean pulmonary arterial pressure) were compared, there was not statistically difference. CONCLUSION: TEE is an invasive procedure and requires general anesthesia, therefore, it should not be done routinely in ASD but only in selected cases. If the size and the anatomy of ASD is appropriate, TTE should be preferred primarily in percutaneous ASD closure.

Incidence and clinical features of acute rheumatic fever in Kayseri, Central Anatolia, 1998-2011.

BACKGROUND: In developing countries, acute rheumatic fever is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in the paediatric and adolescent population. It is believed that vulnerability to developing acute rheumatic fever is associated with several factors such as socio-economic and living conditions. Aim Determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of acute rheumatic fever in the Central Anatolia region of Kayseri within the last 14 years, and to make a comparison of two 7-year periods. Material and methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 624 patients who were diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever at the Department of Pediatric Cardiology in the Medical Faculty of Erciyes University between January, 1998 and December, 2011. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 10.9±2.7 years. The female/male ratio was 1.4. When patients were categorised according to age groups, the largest group represented 376 patients (60.3%) aged between 10 and 14 years. The estimated incidence rate of acute rheumatic fever was 7.4/100,000 in the Central Anatolia region of Kayseri. Among the major findings, the most common included carditis at 54%, arthritis at 35%, Sydenham's chorea at 25%, and subcutaneous nodules at 0.5%, respectively. No significant difference was found between the first 7-year period and second 7-year period in distributions of age, gender, and major findings. CONCLUSION: Although there has been socio-economic development in Turkey in the recent years, the incidence of acute rheumatic fever is still high in the Central Anatolia region of Kayseri.

Importance of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in monitoring acute rheumatic carditis.

PURPOSE: To detect the relationship of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels with clinical and laboratory findings by measuring them at diagnosis, during, and after treatment in children with acute rheumatic carditis. METHOD: A total of 40 children including 20 acute rheumatic carditis patients aged between 5 and 16 years 20 healthy children as controls were included in the study. Blood was drawn from patients at diagnosis and in the first week, first month and third month after treatment in order to detect pro-brain natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rates. All patients underwent echocardiography. RESULTS: The N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels of children with acute rheumatic carditis were significantly higher than those of the control group at diagnosis and during treatment (p<0.05). Echocardiographic evaluation of acute rheumatic carditis patients revealed that the left atrium diameter continued to decrease during the study and that the mean left atrium diameters measured at diagnosis and in the first week were statistically higher than the mean left atrium diameters measured in the third month. There was significant correlation between left atrium diameters at diagnosis and in the first month and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels during the same periods in the patient group. CONCLUSION: Previous studies have used N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels as a marker of enlargement of the left atrium, whereas in this study we want to emphasise its role as a marker of inflammation. This increase was significantly correlated with enlargement in the left atrium. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels were found to be a valuable determinant in indicating cardiac inflammation and haemodynamics.

Plasma gelsolin as a biomarker of acute rheumatic carditis.

BACKGROUND: Acute rheumatic fever is an autoimmune, inflammatory, and multi-systemic disease secondary to pharyngitis and is caused by group A streptococcus. In developing countries, acute rheumatic fever is the most common cause of acquired heart disease. Gelsolin is a calcium-dependent, multi-functional actin-regulatory protein circulating in the plasma of healthy human beings. The correlation between blood gelsolin levels and inflammatory conditions suggests the potential benefit of gelsolin as a prognostic marker. The aim of the present study was to appraise the association of gelsolin and acute rheumatic carditis in childhood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma gelsolin levels were measured and echocardiographic examinations were performed in patients (n=37) with acute rheumatic carditis and compared with those of age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n=24). RESULTS: The plasma gelsolin levels in children with acute rheumatic carditis were significantly lower compared with controls (197±218 versus 322±255 mg/L, p=0.039). There was a significant correlation among gelsolin levels and the grade of mitral regurgitation (p=0.030), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (p=0.017), and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (p=0.028) at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of the gelsolin plasma isoform were decreased in patients with acute rheumatic carditis compared with healthy controls. Gelsolin may be used as a biochemical marker for acute rheumatic carditis.

Are endothelial microparticles early markers of pulmonary hypertension?

OBJECTIVE: To find out the relation between endothelial microparticles (EMPs), pulmonary arterial stiffness and thickness of pulmonary artery intima media to determine the prognosis of Eisenmenger syndrome and their correlation with echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters. METHODS: Sixteen patients with Eisenmenger syndrome and 37 control patients were included. Electron microparticles levels, angiographic and echocardiographic findings were compared. RESULTS: Thickness of pulmonary arterial intima media and systolic and diastolic diameters of pulmonary artery were found significant in the patient group. CD144 and CD146 EMP values of patient group were statistically high. However, there was not any significant difference in pulmonary arterial strain, elasticity and stiffness. Positive significant relationship was found between pulmonary artery intima media thickness and CD144 in patient group. But there was not any significance between CD 146 and pulmonary artery intimamedia thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Invasive methods remain as the gold standard for pulmonary hypertension diagnosis, follow-up and treatment, but it is risky and can even be fatal. Our study showed that EMPs, thickness of pulmonary artery intima media and pulmonary stiffness could be novel noninvasive modalities for the follow-up pulmonary hypertensive patients.

The role of N-terminal proBNP in the clinic scoring of heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy in children.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to show sensitivity and specificity of NT-ProBNP in demonstrating the degree of cardiac failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP). METHODS: From January 2006 to July 2012, thirty patients (2 - 168 months) who had DCMP with acute heart failure and 37 healthy children aged (1 - 168 months) were enrolled in this study. Clinical evaluation was done using a modified Ross scoring system. Ross scoring was done before and after treatment. Patients with a score of > 2 points were included in the study. Ross scoring, echocardiographic parameters, serum NT-ProBNP levels and cardiothoracic index (CTI) were measured before and on the 7th day of treatment. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to degree of heart failure. RESULTS: While the change in logNT-ProBNP in the patient group following one-week of treatment was significant (p < 0.05), there was no marked significance in the changes in EF, FS, LVEDD, LVMIz, and CTI. There was a statistically significant difference between logNT-ProBNP levels each Ross clinical group not only before treatment but also on assessment on the 7th day of treatment in the patient group (p < 0.001, Tukey's and Tamhane's T2 post-hoc tests). No significant difference was detected between EF, FS, LVEDDs, LVMIz, and CTI and the stages of acute cardiac failure. The NT-ProBNP levels of patients who became clinically asymptomatic after treatment but still had left ventricular systolic dysfunction were statistically significant when compared to the control group. The cut off value to distinguish healthy children from the patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction caused by cardiomyopathy was found as 174.3 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: NT-ProBNP levels are more effective than conventional echocardiographic parameters for clinical determination of the stage of cardiac failures in children with left ventricular systolic dysfunction due to DCMP. Therefore, it can be used for determining the treatment and management of such patients. Furthermore, the test is simple and beneficial, because of its availability in most clinical chemistry laboratories and its advantage of allowing frequent measurements and assessments.

Cheatham platinum stent implantation in children with coarctation of the aorta: single-centre short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term results from Turkey.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate patients who were treated by percutaneous stent implantation. METHODS: Patients with aortic coarctation (n = 35) who had been treated with 38 stents - 12 bare and 26 covered - were evaluated. The demographics and procedural and follow-up data were recorded from hospital registers and compared according to patient specifications, for example, weight and coarctation nature. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in all patients. There was a statistically significant difference between the patients with native coarctation (n = 17) and those with recurrent coarctation (n = 18) in terms of pre-procedural blood pressures, systolic gradients, coarctation diameters, and the ratio of the coarctation site diameter to the descending aorta diameter. Although all patients received antihypertensive drugs before the procedure, the drug was discontinued in 26 patients during follow-up (p < 0.001). Stent migration was observed in four patients with recurrent coarctation (11.4%), and peripheral arterial injury was seen in three patients (8.5%). The mean follow-up time was 34 ± 16 months. On average, 21 (6-42) months after the procedure, six patients underwent cardiac catheterisation. At least 2 years after the procedure, tomography was performed in 20 patients (57.2%). Patients who were evaluated by multi-slice computerised tomography revealed no pathologies. There was no statistically significant difference between the five patients weighing less than 20 kg and the other 30 patients in terms of demographic and procedural characteristics, procedure success and complication rates, and follow-up data. CONCLUSION: Stent implantation for aortic coarctation is a method yielding satisfactory results in reducing coarctation gradients, efficient enlargement of the lesion area, and resolution of hypertension for children, including those weighing less than 20 kg.

Transcatheter closure of ruptured sinus Valsalva aneurysm with retrograde approach.

A three-year-old girl with multiple heart malformations admitted to the pediatric cardiology unit because of excessive sweating and fatigue. Abnormal color Doppler flow was detected into the right atrium from the dilated coronary sinus on the echocardiographic examination, and ruptured sinus Valsalva aneurysm (SVA) was diagnosed. Although in most such cases, an antegrade transcatheter approach has been used, a retrograde approach can be used as a cost-effective treatment modality in those cases with selective high-risk surgery. In this report, we present a patient with ruptured SVA, which was closed via Amplatzer vascular plug-4 by retrograde approach.

Asymmetric crying face in a newborn with isotretinoin embryopathy.

We report a newborn with asymmetric crying face and other anomalies whose mother had taken isotretinoin during the first month of pregnancy. We hypothesize that asymmetric crying face is a finding of retinoic acid embryopathy and results from the intrauterine effects of retinoic acid on the development of the depressor anguli oris muscle or the mandibular branch of the facial nerve.

Aorta-right atrial tunnel closure using the transcatheter technique: a case of a 3-year-old child.

Aorta-right atrial tunnel is a rare congenital defect. If it is not treated, critical complications can occur. Surgical closure is the treatment of choice, but with increasing experience in transcatheter techniques and the introduction of new occluder devices the percutaneous technique is now a successful modality for closure. In this paper, we report the case of a 3-year-old child with aorta-right atrial tunnel whose defect was closed with the vascular plug 4 device.

Does transcatheter ventricular septal defect closure affect heart rate variability in children?

BACKGROUND: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a sign of the cardiac autonomic nervous system. Its evaluation in pediatric ventricular septal defect (VSD) cases before and after transcatheter closure contributes to an understanding of cardiac autonomic control. METHODS: Nineteen children with VSDs treated with transcatheter closure and 18 healthy children were enrolled in this study. A 24-h Holter rhythm monitor was applied to all patients before VSD closure and to those in the control group. Holter rhythm monitoring was repeated at three months in the patient group. HRV parameters were measured using the Cardio Scan Premier 12® program. Frequency-domain (total power; very-low-frequency, low-frequency (LF), and high-frequency (HF) indices; and the LF/HF ratio) and time-domain (standard deviation of all RR intervals (SDNN), standard deviation of 5-min averages of RR intervals (SDANN), the SDNN index, percentage of the difference between adjacent RR intervals, and the square root of the mean of the sum of square differences between adjacent filtered RR intervals) parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Before the procedure, SDNN, SDANN, and total power values were lower in the patient group than in the control group; other parameters were similar in the two groups. No significant difference in the SDNN, SDANN, or total power was detected between the patient and control groups in the third month, indicating that autonomic control of patients' hearts became normal during the third postoperative month. No correlation was detected between any hemodynamic parameters and any time-domain or frequency-domain parameters before closure. CONCLUSION: This study showed that transcatheter closure of VSDs changed HRV parameters in pediatric patients.

Role of sodium during formation of edema in children with nephrotic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of edema in nephrotic syndrome is not entirely understood. The aim of this study was to contribute to the discussion on edema pathogenesis in nephrotic syndrome by following changes in volume and sodium retention for the course of the disease in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). METHODS: Forty-one children with SSNS were included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups (group I: relapse-edematous; group II: relapse-edema free; group III: remission). We investigated the value of the significance and area of sodium retention and vasoactive hormones. In addition, we measured parameters such as inferior vena cava collapsibility index, left atrium diameter, and total body water (TBW) to determine the volume load and cause of edema in children with SSNS. RESULTS: TBW increased in the relapse-nephrotic syndrome group and the difference was statistically significant among groups (P < 0.001). However, inferior vena cava collapsibility index and left atrium diameter were not different among groups. Fractional sodium excretion was lower in children with relapse nephrotic syndrome (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Although TBW increases in children with SSNS, intravascular volume is normal. In addition, hypoalbuminemia and sodium retention of the proximal tubule cause edema in children with SSNS.