Investigation of the physical and psychosocial outcomes after living kidney donation - a multicenter cohort study (SoLKiD - Safety of Living Kidney Donors).

BACKGROUND: Over the last years, living kidney donation (LKD) has been established for patients with endstage renal failure as an alternative to post mortem donation, which is limited by organ scarcity and long lasting waiting periods. From an ethical perspective, the increase in LKD requires that donors' physical, psychological, and social harm has to be minimized as much as possible and the risk should not exceed the generally expected consequences of nephrectomy. Despite of numerous, mainly retrospective studies about the postoperative outcome of LKD over the last years from different countries, it becomes apparent that there is a lack of comprehensive prospective multicenter research in this field worldwide. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to examine the physical and psychosocial outcome of living kidney donors in a prospective design before and after transplantation in an interdisciplinary approach (surgery, nephrology, psychosocial medicine). METHODS/DESIGN: The goal of the study is to investigate such aspects as the impact of gender- and age-specific factors on LKD outcome, donor outcome in correlation to the health status of the recipient, the medical and psychosocial risk of a healthy subject undergoing the LKD procedure. The study is carried out as a nationwide multicenter study. All adult living kidney donors with sufficient knowledge in the German, Russian, or Turkish language, informed consent, and place of residence in Germany are included. In a naturalistic design (cohort study), clinical data and self-report measures (questionnaires) of 320 donors are collected before and 8 weeks, 6 and 12 months after donation. Primary outcome parameters are the kidney function (estimated GFR) and the quality of life (SF-36) of the donor. Secondary outcome parameters are data about physical (e.g., wound healing, blood pressure) and psychosocial (fatigue, depression, anxiety, somatization) outcome after donation. DISCUSSION: Previous studies on the postoperative outcome of living kidney donors have methodological limitations and/or were carried out in countries with different healthcare systems, e.g. United States, Norway, Canada, United Kingdom. Thus, results cannot be generalized and are not particularly applicable to the risks of mainly caucasian living kidney donors in the German healthcare system. The study design overcomes these disadvantages in that it provides a prospective multicenter design. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00006552 (22 September 2014).

A cross-cultural comparison of the development of the social smile: a longitudinal study of maternal and infant imitation in 6- and 12-week-old infants.

Social smiling is universally regarded as being an infant's first facial expression of pleasure. Underlying co-constructivist emotion theories are the assumptions that the emergence of social smiling is bound to experiences of face-to-face interactions with caregivers and the impact of two developmental mechanisms--maternal and infant imitation. We analyzed mother-infant interactions from two different socio-cultural contexts and hypothesized that cross-cultural differences in face-to-face interactions determine the occurrence of both of these mechanisms and of the frequency of social smiling by 12-week-old infants. Twenty mother-infant dyads from a socio-cultural community with many face-to-face interactions (German families, Münster) were compared with 24 mother-infant dyads from a socio-cultural community with few such interactions (rural Nso families, Cameroon) when the infants were aged 6 and 12 weeks. When infants were 6 weeks old, mothers and their infants from both cultural communities smiled at each other for similar (albeit very short) amounts of time and used imitated each other's smiling similarly rarely. In contrast, when infants were 12 weeks old, mothers and their infants from Münster smiled at and imitated each other more often than did Nso mothers and their infants.