The Novel Function of Unsymmetrical Chiral CCN Pincer Nickel Complexes as Chemotherapeutic Agents Targeting Prostate Cancer Cells.

We report that the pincer nickel complexes display prostate cancer antitumor properties through inhibition of cell proliferation. Notably, they display better antitumor properties than cisplatin. Mechanistic studies reveal that these pincer nickel complexes trigger cell apoptosis, most likely due to cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, these complexes also inhibit androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) signaling, which are critical for prostate cancer survival and progression. Our study reveals a novel function of pincer nickel complexes as potential therapeutic drugs in prostate cancer.

Potential Biomolecules Capable of Assessing Risk of Osteoporotic Fracture: A Scoping Review.

Osteoporosis as a systemic chronic skeletal disease is characterized by low bone mineral density and increased risk to osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis is prevalent in the middle-aged and elderly population, especially in the postmenopausal women. With population aging, osteoporosis has become a world-wide serious public health problem. Early recognition of the high-risk population followed by timely and efficient intervention and/or treatment is important for preventing osteoporotic fractures. In light of the high heritability and complex pathogenesis of osteoporosis, comprehensive consideration of vital biological/biochemical factors is necessary for accurate risk evaluation of fractures. For this purpose, we review recent research progress on molecules which can be applied to assess risk for osteoporotic fractures. Future integrative analyses and systematic evaluation of these molecules may facilitate developing novel methodologies and/or test strategies, i.e., biochips, for early recognition of osteoporosis, hence contributing to preventing osteoporotic fractures.

Modeling and prediction of the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 based on the SINDy-LM method.

The transmission dynamics of COVID-19 is investigated in this study. A SINDy-LM modeling method that can effectively balance model complexity and prediction accuracy is proposed based on data-driven technique. First, the Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamical systems (SINDy) method is used to discover and describe the nonlinear functional relationship between the dynamic terms in the model in accordance with the observation data of the COVID-19 epidemic. Moreover, the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is utilized to optimize the obtained model for improving the accuracy of the SINDy algorithm. Second, the obtained model, which is consistent with the logistic model in mathematical form with small errors and high robustness, is leveraged to review the epidemic situation in China. Otherwise, the evolution of the epidemic in Australia and Egypt is predicted, which demonstrates that this method has universality for constructing the global COVID-19 model. The proposed model is also compared with the extreme learning machine (ELM), which shows that the prediction accuracy of the SINDy-LM method outperforms that of the ELM method and the generated model has higher sparsity.

DUSP14 knockout accelerates cardiac ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury through activating NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways modulated by ROS generation.

Inflammation and oxidative stress are significantly involved in the progression of a variety of diseases, including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR). In the present study, we hypothesized a protective role of dual-specificity phosphatase 14 (DUSP14) in myocardial IR, as well as the underlying molecular mechanism. The results indicated that DUSP14 was down-regulated following cardiac IR injury. Subsequently, the wild type (WT) and DUSP14-knockout (KO) mice were included to further reveal the potential role of DUSP14 in cardiac IR injury progression. DUSP14-KO mice exhibited increased infarction area and elevated apoptosis, as evidenced by the increased TUNEL-positive cells in ischemia heart following reperfusion compared to WT mice. Further, DUSP14-KO significantly aggregated cardiac dysfunction of mice after IR injury. Cardiac IR injury to DUSP14-KO mice led to markedly increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in the heart in comparison to WT mice. Meanwhile, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p38, ERK1/2 and JNK, were significantly activated by DUSO14-KO in mice after IR injury. Compared to WT mice, DUSP14-KO mice showed markedly increased oxidative stress markers in cardiac tissues, including malondialdehyde (MDA), NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX4) and p47, while decreased activities or expressions of anti-oxidants, such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathion reductases (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1). DUSP14-knockdown (KD) in primary cardiomyocytes using its specific siRNA sequence elevated hypoxia and reoxygenation (HR)-induced activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Intriguingly, pre-treatment of ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), markedly abolished DUSP14-KD-augmented NF-κB and MAPKs activation in HR-stimulated primary cardiomyocytes. Together, the results above indicated that DUSP14 might be served as a positive regulator to attenuate cardiac IR injury. Suppressing DUSP14 exacerbated cardiac injury through activating NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways regulated by ROS production. Thus, DUSP14 could be a valuable target for developing treatments for myocardial IR injury.

Thrombectomy Using "Clamping Embolus with Semi-Retrieval" Technique in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Embolization of thrombus fragments in new or downstream vascular territories is a potential adverse event in neurothrombectomy, requiring additional repeated thrombectomy attempts. This study aims to describe technical results of the thrombectomy with clamping embolus technique (TCET) method in acute ischemic stroke. This study also aims to evaluate the efficiency of mechanical thrombectomy by TCET, and to compare it with conventional stent retriever thrombectomy (CSRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 52 consecutive patients treated between January 2015 and October 2016 for intracranial large vessel occlusion by stent retriever thrombectomy. Recanalization rates, procedure durations, and thrombectomy attempts were compared between the TCET and the CSRT groups. RESULTS: Successful recanalization (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction [TICI] 2b or 3) with TCET was achieved in 91.7% (22 of 24) versus 92.9% (26 of 28) in the CSRT group (P = .921). To preserve the restored patency of severely affected atherosclerotic intracranial vessels, 7 and 8 patients received angioplasty or stenting in the TCET and CSRT groups, respectively. In embolic cases, the number of thrombectomy attempts with TCET was significantly lower than that obtained with CSRT (1.7 ± .2 versus 2.6 ± .5, respectively; P = .001); the one-pass thrombectomy rate was significantly higher in the TCET group than in the CSRT-treated patients (58.8% versus 25.0%, respectively; P = .014). Procedure duration was significantly shorter by TCET than by CSRT (35.8 ± 5.8 minutes versus 55.5 ± 7.2 minutes, respectively; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: The efficiency of mechanical thrombectomy by TCET in acute ischemic stroke might be improved compared with CSRT.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of novel kyotorphin-nitroxide hybrid molecules.

Mitochondrial oxidative damage contributes to a wide range of pathologies, including ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage should possess therapeutic relevance. In the present study, we have designed and synthesized a series of novel kyotorphin-nitroxide hybrid molecules, and examined their free radical scavenging activities, in addition to their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. We have further characterized these compounds in a simulated I/R cellular model. Our findings suggest that the protective effects of kyotorphin-nitroxides partially reside in maintaining optimal mitochondrial function.

[Screening and identification of apolipoprotein A-I as a potential marker for hepatoblastoma in children].

OBJECTIVE: To screen and identify serum biomarkers for childhood hepatoblastoma (HB). METHODS: The serum samples from 30 children with hepatoblastoma (HB), 20 children with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and 20 normal children were treated with magnetic bead-based weak cation exchange chromatography. The platform of surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) was used to eliminate the interference of inflammatory factors and to screen out the differentially expressed proteins in serum between tumor group and normal group. After the purification and separation of target proteins were performed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry was used to determine their amino acid sequences. The SwissProt database was searched for matched proteins. Finally, real-time PCR and ELISA were used to verify and measure the expression of target proteins. RESULTS: After SELDI-TOF-MS was used for screening and elimination of the interference of inflammatory factors, a differentially expression protein with a mass-to-charge ratio of 9 348 Da was found in serum between HB group and normal group, and the HB group had significantly lower expression of this protein than the normal group (p<0.05). This protein was identified as apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-I). Real-time PCR and ELISA verified the low mRNA and protein expression of Apo A-I in serum in the HB group and high expression in serum in the normal group. CONCLUSIONS: Apo A-I can be used as a non-inflammatory protein marker for HB and has a certain value in the early diagnosis of HB.

A meta-analysis of robotic versus laparoscopic colectomy.

BACKGROUND: Robotics, as an innovation of minimally invasive surgical methods, is developing rapidly for colectomy. But there is still no consensus on its comparative merit compared with laparoscopic resections. We conducted this meta-analysis that included randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized controlled trials of robotic colectomy (RC) versus laparoscopic colectomy (LC) to evaluate whether the safety and efficacy of RC are equivalent to those of LC. METHODS: A search of five databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ovid, and Web of Science), gray literature, hand searches, reference, and forward citation were performed for studies that compared clinical or oncologic outcomes of LC with RC. Clinical outcomes evaluated were conversion rates, operation times, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, and complications. Oncologic outcome evaluated was the number of lymph nodes collected. RESULTS: A total of 14 studies were identified that included 125,989 patients in total, 4934 in the robotic cohort and 121,055 in the laparoscopic cohort. Meta-analysis suggested that there was a significantly longer hospital stay in the laparoscopic group (mean difference [MD] -0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.02 to -0.27; P = 0.0008). Robotic surgery was associated with a significantly lower complication rate (odds ratio 0.78; 95% CI 0.72-0.85; P ＜ 0.00001) and a significantly shorter time to recovery of bowel function (MD -0.58; 95% CI -0.96 to -0.20; P = 0.003). There were statistically significant differences in estimated blood loss (MD -19.24; 95% CI -29.38 to -9.09; P = 0.0002) and intraoperative conversion to open (odds ratio 0.56; 95% CI 0.44-0.72; P < 0.00001), but not clinical relevant. There were no significant differences in the number of lymph nodes extracted between the two groups. However, operating time (MD 49.25; 95% CI 36.78-61.72; P < 0.00001) was longer for RC than for LC. CONCLUSIONS: RC can be performed safely and effectively with the number of lymph nodes extracted similar to LC. In addition, it can provide potential advantages of a shorter hospital stay, a shorter time to recovery of bowel function, and lower occurrence of postoperative complications. These findings seem to support the use of robotics for the minimally invasive surgical management of colectomy. However, RC had longer operating time. Future studies involving RC should focus on minimizing duration of operation.

Albumin Supplement Affects the Metabolism and Metabolism-Related Drug-Drug Interaction of Fenoprofen Enantiomers.

The influence of albumin towards the metabolism behavior of fenoprofen enantiomers and relevant drug-drug interaction was investigated in the present study. The metabolic behavior of fenoprofen enantiomers was compared in a phase II metabolic incubation system with and without bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA supplement increased the binding affinity parameter (Km) of (R)-fenoprofen towards human liver microsomes (HLMs) from 148.3 to 214.4 µM. In contrast, BSA supplement decreased the Km of (S)-fenoprofen towards HLMs from 218.2 to 123.5 µM. For maximum reaction velocity (Vmax), the addition of BSA increased the Vmax of (R)-fenoprofen from 1.3 to 1.6 nmol/min/mg protein. In the contrast, BSA supplement decreased the Vmax value from 3.3 to 1.5 nmol/min/mg protein. Andrographolide-fenoprofen interaction was used as an example to investigate the influence of BSA supplement towards fenoprofen-relevant drug-drug interaction. The addition of 0.2% BSA in the incubation system significantly decreased the inhibition potential of andrographolide towards (R)-fenoprofen metabolism (P < 0.001). Different from (R)-fenoprofen, the addition of BSA significantly increased the inhibition potential of andrographolide towards the metabolism of (S)-fenoprofen. BSA supplement also changed the inhibition kinetic type and parameter of andrographolide towards the metabolism of (S)-fenoprofen. In conclusion, albumin supplement changes the metabolic behavior of fenoprofen enantiomers and the fenoprofen-andrographolide interaction.

Right hemicolectomy and multivisceral resection of right colon cancer: A report of 21 cases.

The long- and short-term outcomes in 21 patients with right colon cancer after right hemicolectomy and multivisceral resection surgery were investigated. Short-term therapeutic effects and long-term survival rate were retrospectively analyzed in patients with right colon cancer. These individuals underwent right hemicolectomy in combination with multivisceral resections including pancreatic head, duodenum, kidney, liver, gallbladder, and abdominal wall at the Department of General Surgery in the Henan Tumor Hospital between January 2003 and August 2014. The patients had an average age of 58.9 years (range: 39-78). Three patients had metastatic invasion only to the duodenum; meanwhile 18 patients had invasion to the duodenum and other adjacent organs. The median survival time was 41 months (95% CI: 6.972-75.028) with one death in the perioperative period. No patients lost follow-up. One-, 3-, and 5-year survival rate was 75%, 56%, and 43%, respectively. It was concluded that indications for surgery should be tightly controlled. Favorable clinical outcomes of right hemicolectomy and multivisceral resection surgery were demonstrated for patients with right colon cancer at the T4 stage.

Massive hemoptysis from pulmonary ligament artery supplying abnormal basal segments of the lower lobe.

BACKGROUND: Non-bronchial systemic arteries can be a significant source of massive hemoptysis in patients with marked pleural involvement. However, in some cases without pleural involvement, the pulmonary ligament artery (PLA) can also enter the abnormal lung parenchyma and be responsible for hemoptysis. PURPOSE: To discuss the factors influencing the development of a blood supply from the PLA in patients with hemoptysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-five consecutive patients who underwent bronchial artery embolization (BAE) for massive hemoptysis were evaluated between January 2006 and December 2011 retrospectively. Selective arteriography showed an enlarged and tortuous PLA in five patients. CT was done to determine the site and extent of the underlying diseases before BAE in all patients. Angiographic and CT images were analyzed to determine if there was a relationship between PLA supply and location of the underlying disease or mediastinal pleural involvement. RESULTS: The underlying lesions of six patients involved the basal segments of the lower lobe without marked mediastinal pleural thickening or adhesion, but diaphragmatic and lateral pleural thickening was observed in one case. Of these six patients, the PLA supplied blood to the lesions related to the hemoptysis in five patients. No patient with massive hemoptysis whose underlying lesions involved other segments of lung had a PLA supplying the lesions. CONCLUSION: Even though pleural involvement is absent, underlying lesions involving the basal segments of the lower lobe could be a good indicator that the PLA is the cause of bleeding in patients with massive hemoptysis.

Isomeric 3- and 4-chloro-N-[1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethylidene]aniline.

The title isomers, namely 3-chloro-N-[1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethylidene]aniline, (I), and 4-chloro-N-[1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethylidene]aniline, (II), both C12H11ClN2, differ in the position of the chlorine substitution. Both compounds have the basic iminopyrrole structure, which shows a planar backbone with similar features. The dihedral angle formed by the planes of the pyrrole and benzene rings is 75.65 (7)° for (I) and 86.56 (8)° for (II). The H atom bound to the pyrrole N atom is positionally disordered and partial protonation occurs at the imino N atom in (I), while this phenomenon is absent from the structure of (II). Packing interactions for both compounds include intermolecular N-H···N hydrogen bonds and C-H···π interactions, forming centrosymmetric dimers for both (I) and (II).

3,4-Dimethyl-N-[1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethylidene]aniline and the 1-(1-thiophen-2-yl) analogue.

The title compounds, 3,4-dimethyl-N-[1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethylidene]aniline, C14H16N2, (I), and its analogue 3,4-dimethyl-N-[1-(1-thiophen-2-yl)ethylidene]aniline, C14H15NS, (II), both have basic heterocyclic imino structures showing a planar backbone with similar features, but differing in the heteroatoms of the five-membered heterocyclic rings, i.e. N in (I) and S in (II). The dihedral angles formed by the five-membered and benzene rings are 81.78 (8) and 75.89 (7)° for (I) and (II), respectively. In (I), centrosymmetric iminopyrrole dimers are assembled by means of two inverted N-H···N hydrogen bonds and two inverted C-H···π interactions. In (II), however, molecules are linked by nonclassical C-H···N hydrogen bonds in which the molecules act as both hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, resulting in one-dimensional supramolecular chains.

Bis{2-[(phenylimino)ethyl]-1H-pyrrol-1-ido-κ²N,N'}nickel(II): a supramolecular structure formed by C-H∙∙∙π hydrogen bonds.

In the title compound, [Ni(C12H11N2)2], the NiII cation lies on an inversion centre and has a square-planar coordination geometry. This transition metal complex is composed of two deprotonated N,N'-bidentate 2-[(phenylimino)ethyl]-1H-pyrrol-1-ide ligands around a central NiII cation, with the pyrrolide rings and imine groups lying trans to each other. The Ni-N bond lengths range from 1.894 (3) to 1.939 (2) Å and the bite angle is 83.13 (11)°. The Ni-N(pyrrolide) bond is substantially shorter than the Ni-N(imino) bond. The planes of the phenyl rings make a dihedral angle of 78.79 (9)° with respect to the central NiN4 plane. The molecules are linked into simple chains by an intermolecular C-H∙∙∙π interaction involving a phenyl ß-C atom as donor. Intramolecular C-H∙∙∙π interactions are also present.

[Expression and promoter methylation of SIX2 gene in peripheral blood of pediatric patients with nephroblastoma].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the transcriptional expression and promoter methylation status of SIX2 gene in peripheral blood of pediatric children with nephroblastoma and discuss their clinicopathological correlations. METHODS: Approved by the hospital ethics committee, peripheral blood samples were collected from 45 children with Wilms' tumor(case group) at the Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University from October 2008 to January 2012. And another 15 pediatric cases gender-and-age matched, were selected as the control group (excluding cancer and other malignant diseases). The real-time quantitative (qRT)-PCR and methylation-specific PCR (MSP) were used to detect the mRNA expression level and methylation status of SIX2 gene.t or χ(2) test were used. Then analyzed their clinicopathological correlations in the case group and how SIX2 gene methylation affected its transcription. RESULTS: Relative quantity(RQ) of SIX2 mRNA in the case group was higher than that of the control group (1.93 ± 1.10 vs 0.57 ± 0.39, t = 5.354, P = 0.000). There were 8 SIX2 gene methylation-positive cases in the case group versus 12 cases in the control group. And the methylation positive ratio was extremely lower in the case group (χ(2) = 19.600, P = 0.000). RQ values in the case group was associated with tumor size, clinical stage, pathological type, lymph node metastasis, treatment and outcome (all P < 0.05). RQ values in the methylated group was lower than that of the unmethylated group both in case and control group (1.35 ± 0.44 vs 1.95 ± 1.15, 0.43 ± 0.29 vs 1.13 ± 0.20, t = 2.459 and 3.896, P = 0.020 and 0.002) . RQ values of case group was higher than that of the control group in methylated group (t = 5.624, P = 0.000) . No statistical significance existed in RQ values between the case and control groups of unmethylated group (t = 1.222, P = 0.229) . CONCLUSIONS: A close correlation between SIX2 low methylation and high mRNA expression in blood suggests that aberrant promoter methylation is possibly one of gene expression regulations, and may be correlated with the occurrence and development of Wilms' tumor. And SIX2 gene in methylated Wilms' tumor may play the role of oncogenes. A negative correlation exists between the overexpression in transcriptional level and its methylation status.

[Identification and expression of cytochrome C in tumor-bearing mice model with neuroblastoma].

OBJECTIVE: To screen, identify and verify the serum specific protein of neuroblastoma in a tumor-bearing murine model and speculate about the source of cytochrome C. METHODS: NB cells (KP-N-NS) were inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice. And the sera samples of tumor-bearing mice (observation group, n = 14) and controls (control group, n = 25) were collected at 4 weeks to screen for and identify differentially expressed proteins. The method of surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) was employed to screen the serum specific protein of neuroblastoma between two groups. Then serum protein targets were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by LC-MS/MS (LTQ). RESULTS: By comparing protein peaks among two sera groups, we identified the peak (11 609) showing significant differential expression between two groups. The expression of peak (11 609) was 3338.4 ± 1410.9 in observation group and 59.8 ± 40.7 in control group. This peak was identified as murine cytochrome C. CONCLUSION: Cytochrome C is a serum specific protein for neuroblastoma tumor and it comes from the apoptosis of non-tumor cells.

[Relationship between mRNA expression and promoter methylation status of p73 gene in peripheral blood among children with Wilms' tumor].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mRNA expression and promoter methylation status of p73 gene in the peripheral blood of children with Wilms' tumor (WT), and their relationship. METHODS: Forty-five children with WT were selected as the case group, and 15 sex- and age- matched children (without malignancies) who visited the hospital for physical examination or other reasons were selected as the control group. Peripheral blood was collected from both groups. Real-time quantitative PCR and methylation-specific PCR were used to determine the mRNA expression level and promoter methylation status of p73 gene. Their relationship with clinicopathological features and the effect of promoter methylation on mRNA expression of p73 gene were analyzed in the case group. RESULTS: The relative quantity (RQ) of p73 mRNA in the case group was significantly higher than in the control group (3.2 ± 0.9 vs 1.6 ± 1.1; P<0.01). The positive rate of p73 gene promoter methylation in the case group was significantly lower than in the control group (20% vs 73%; P<0.01). In the case group, the RQ of p73 mRNA was significantly higher in children with methylated p73 gene promoter than in those with unmethylated p73 gene promoter (P<0.01). In children with methylated p73 gene promoter, the RQ of p73 mRNA was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (P<0.01). In children with unmethylated p73 gene promoter, there was no significant difference in RQ of p73 mRNA between the case and control groups (P=0.810). CONCLUSIONS: Aberrant promoter methylation of p73 gene in peripheral blood is one of the gene expression regulations in children with WT, and it is related to the onset and development of WT. The p73 gene may play a role as oncogene in WT patients with p73 gene promoter methylation and mRNA overexpression is associated with promoter methylation status of p73 gene.

Development of lignocellulosic biorefineries for the sustainable production of biofuels: Towards circular bioeconomy.

The idea of environment friendly and affordable renewable energy resources has prompted the industry to focus on the set up of biorefineries for sustainable bioeconomy. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is considered as an abundantly available renewable feedstock for the production of biofuels which can potentially reduce the dependence on petrochemical refineries. By utilizing various conversion technologies, an integrated biorefinery platform of LCB can be created, embracing the idea of the 'circular bioeconomy'. The development of effective pretreatment methods and biocatalytic systems by various bioengineering and machine learning approaches could reduce the bioprocessing costs, thereby making biomass-based biorefinery more sustainable. This review summarizes the development and advances in the lignocellulosic biorefineries from the LCB to the final product stage using various different state-of-the-art approaches for the progress of circular bioeconomy. The life cycle assessment which generates knowledge on the environmental impacts related to biofuel production chains is also summarized.

Personalised neoantigen-based therapy in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has become one of the most common tumours with high morbidity, mortality and distinctive evolution mechanism. The neoantigens arising from the somatic mutations have become considerable treatment targets in the management of CRC. As cancer-specific aberrant peptides, neoantigens can trigger the robust host immune response and exert anti-tumour effects while minimising the emergence of adverse events commonly associated with alternative therapeutic regimens. In this review, we summarised the mechanism, generation, identification and prognostic significance of neoantigens, as well as therapeutic strategies challenges of neoantigen-based therapy in CRC. The evidence suggests that the establishment of personalised neoantigen-based therapy holds great promise as an effective treatment approach for patients with CRC.

2,5-Dimethyl-N-[1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethyl-idene]aniline.

In the title compound, C(14)H(16)N(2), the pyrrole and benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 72.37 (8)°. In the crystal, centrosymmetrically related mol-ecules are assembled into dimers by by pairs of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, generating rings of R(2) (2)(10) graph-set motif. C-H⋯π inter-actions also occur.