RESUMEN
The Dpp signaling, as one of the branches within the TGF-ß superfamily, plays a crucial role in regulating various biological processes in insects. However, its impact on female reproduction through vitellogenesis remains unclear. In this study, the expression profiles implied that the Dpp signaling genes, including Dpp, Punt, Mad, and Medea, were up-regulated during reproductive development in the ovary of Colaphellus bowringi. Knockdown of these five Dpp signaling genes revealed significant effects of Dpp, Tkv, Mad, and Medea on ovarian development through vitellogenesis in the fat body. Our finding further indicated that Dpp signaling influences the expression of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) receptor and responsive genes in the fat body. Additionally, knockdown of 20E receptor EcR resulted in similar phenotypes as observed in the Dpp pathway genes knockdown, implying a regulatory role for Dpp signaling via EcR in vitellogenesis. Furthermore, knocking down Dpp, Tkv, and EcR in female adults led to a reduction in total dry weight and protein content, as well as the expression of mTOR, a factor linked to protein intake. These results suggest that the Dpp signaling pathway modulates vitellogenesis by impacting the AA/TOR-mediated 20E pathway in the fat body, providing novel insights into the network governing insect reproduction and offering potential targets for controlling female pest reproduction.
Asunto(s)
Brassica , Escarabajos , Animales , Femenino , Escarabajos/genética , Escarabajos/metabolismo , Ecdisterona/metabolismo , Brassica/metabolismo , Vitelogénesis , Transducción de Señal , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/genética , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Insectos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Monoterpenes are widely used in cosmetics, food, medicine, agriculture and other fields. With the development of synthetic biology, it is considered as a potential way to create microbial cell factories to produce monoterpenes. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce monoterpenes has been a research hotspot in synthetic biology. In S. cerevisiae, the production of geranyl pyrophosphate(GPP) and farnesyl pyrophosphate(FPP) is catalyzed by a bifunctional enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase(encoded by ERG20 gene) which is inclined to synthesize FPP essential for yeast growth. Therefore, reasonable control of FPP synthesis is the basis for efficient monoterpene synthesis in yeast cell factories. In order to achieve dynamic control from GPP to FPP biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae, we obtained a novel chassis strain HP001-pERG1-ERG20 by replacing the ERG20 promoter of the chassis strain HP001 with the promoter of cyclosqualene cyclase(ERG1) gene. Further, we reconstructed the metabolic pathway by using GPP and neryl diphosphate(NPP), cis-GPP as substrates in HP001-pERG1-ERG20. The yield of GPP-derived linalool increased by 42.5% to 7.6 mg·L~(-1), and that of NPP-derived nerol increased by 1 436.4% to 8.3 mg·L~(-1). This study provides a basis for the production of monoterpenes by microbial fermentation.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Fermentación , Geraniltranstransferasa/genética , Monoterpenos/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismoRESUMEN
The bioactivity-guided isolation on the Scutellaria barbata extract resulted in the purification of four undescribed neo-clerodane diterpenoids, scuttenlines A-D (1-4), alone with 20 known diterpenoids (5-24). The chemical structures of them were elaborated by extensive spectroscopic means, including 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-MS. The anti-inflammatory potential ability of 1-24 was screened in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse RAW 264.7 cells. Scuttenline C (IC50 =1.9â µM) and 18 (IC50 =3.7â µM) exhibited potent activity to inhibit NO production.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Diterpenos de Tipo Clerodano/farmacología , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Scutellaria/química , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Diterpenos de Tipo Clerodano/química , Diterpenos de Tipo Clerodano/aislamiento & purificación , Lipopolisacáridos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Ratones , Conformación Molecular , Óxido Nítrico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Células RAW 264.7RESUMEN
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), characterized by the extravasation of blood into the subarachnoid space caused by an intracranial aneurysm rupture, may lead to neurocognitive impairments and permanent disability and usually carries poor outcome. Dental or gingiva-derived stem cells have been shown to contribute to immune modulation and neuroregeneration, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) secrete certain factor(s) that can ameliorate the neural damage and other manifestations in a rat aSAH model. Twenty-four hours after the induction of aSAH, microthrombosis, cortical vasoconstriction, and the decrease in microcirculation and tissue oxygen pressure were detected. Intrathecal administration of DPSC-derived conditioned media (DPSC-CM) ameliorated aSAH-induced vasoconstriction, neuroinflammation, and improved the oxygenation in the injured brain. Rotarod test revealed that the aSAH-induced cognitive and motor impairments were significantly improved by this DPSC-CM administration. Cytokine array indicated the major constituent of DPSC-CM was predominantly insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Immunohistochemistry staining of injured brain tissue revealed the robust increase in Iba1-positive cells that were also ameliorated by DPSC-CM administration. Antibody-mediated neutralization of IGF-1 moderately deteriorated the rescuing effect of DPSC-CM on microcirculation, Iba1-positive cells in the injured brain area, and the cognitive/motor impairments. Taken together, the DPSC-derived secretory factors showed prominent therapeutic potential for aSAH. This therapeutic efficacy may include improvement of microcirculation, alleviation of neuroinflammation, and microglial activation; partially through IGF-1-dependent mechanisms.
Asunto(s)
Isquemia Encefálica/tratamiento farmacológico , Medios de Cultivo Condicionados/farmacología , Trastornos Neurocognitivos/tratamiento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Trastornos Psicomotores/tratamiento farmacológico , Hemorragia Subaracnoidea/tratamiento farmacológico , Trombosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Isquemia Encefálica/genética , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/fisiopatología , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/genética , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/metabolismo , Medios de Cultivo Condicionados/química , Pulpa Dental/citología , Pulpa Dental/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Expresión Génica , Inyecciones Espinales , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Masculino , Microcirculación/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/genética , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Trastornos Neurocognitivos/genética , Trastornos Neurocognitivos/metabolismo , Trastornos Neurocognitivos/fisiopatología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos Psicomotores/genética , Trastornos Psicomotores/metabolismo , Trastornos Psicomotores/fisiopatología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Prueba de Desempeño de Rotación con Aceleración Constante , Células Madre/química , Células Madre/citología , Células Madre/metabolismo , Hemorragia Subaracnoidea/genética , Hemorragia Subaracnoidea/metabolismo , Hemorragia Subaracnoidea/fisiopatología , Trombosis/genética , Trombosis/metabolismo , Trombosis/fisiopatología , Vasoconstricción/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Inula japonica. Methods: Silica gel, Sephadex LH-20,MCI and semipreparative HPLC were used to isolate and purify the constituents of Inula japonica,and the chemical structures were elucidated by chemical properties, MS and NMR analysis. Results: 14 compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as ivangustin( 1),1-acetoxy-6α-hydroxyeriolanolide( 2), 1ß-hydroxyalantolactone( 3),tomentosin( 4),11,13-dihydroinuchinenolide B( 5), britanlin A( 6),vomifoliol( 7), 17-hydroxy-16α-ent-kauran-19-oic acid( 8), 12-hydroxygeranylgeraniol ( 9), dihydroquercetin( 10), kaempferol( 11), quercetin( 12), dihydroconiferyl alcohol( 13) and fareanol( 14). Conclusion: Compounds 5,6,9,13 and 14 are isolated from this plant for the first time.
Asunto(s)
Inula , Diterpenos de Tipo Kaurano , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Quempferoles , Lactonas , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , SesquiterpenosRESUMEN
Five selective 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11ß-HSD1) competitive inhibitors, hupehenols A-E (1-5), were isolated from Viburnum hupehense. The structure elucidation indicated that compounds 1-5 are new 20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27-octanordammarane triterpenoids. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analysis. Hupehenols A-E (1-5) showed inhibition against human 11ß-HSD1, with hupehenols B (2) and E (5) having IC50 values of 15.3 and 34.0 nM, respectively. Moreover, hupehenols C (3) and D (4) are highly selective inhibitors of human 11ß-HSD1 when compared to murine 11ß-HSD1.
Asunto(s)
11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Deshidrogenasa de Tipo 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/aislamiento & purificación , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Triterpenos/farmacología , Viburnum/química , Animales , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Humanos , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triterpenos/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Reproductive diapause serves as a valuable strategy enabling insects to survive unfavorable seasonal conditions. However, forcing insects into diapause when the environment is conducive to their well-being can cause them to miss out on seasonal opportunities for reproduction. This outcome not only reduces insect populations but also minimizes crop losses caused by insect feeding. Therefore, altering the timing of diapause initiation presents a potential strategy for managing pests. In this study, we examined the possible role of the Insulin Receptor 1 (InR1) in controlling reproductive diapause entry in the male cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi. RESULTS: Compared to short-day (SD) conditions, long-day (LD) conditions led to reproductive diapause of C. bowringi males, characterized by arrested gonad development, increased Triglyceride (TG) accumulation, and upregulated expression of diapause protein 1 and genes associated with lipogenesis and stress tolerance. Upon employing RNA interference to knock down InR1 under SD conditions, males destined for reproduction were compelled into diapause, evidenced by arrested gonadal development, accumulation of TG, and elevated expression of diapause-related genes. Intriguingly, despite the common association of the absence of juvenile hormone (JH) with reproductive diapause in females, the knockdown of InR1 in males did not significant affect the expression of JH biosynthesis and JH response gene. CONCLUSION: The study highlight InR1 is a key factor involved in regulating male reproductive diapause in C. bowringi. Consequently, targeting insulin signaling could be a viable approach to perturb diapause timing, offering a promising strategy for managing pests with reproductive diapause capabilities. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Escarabajos , Diapausa de Insecto , Receptor de Insulina , Reproducción , Animales , Masculino , Escarabajos/fisiología , Escarabajos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Escarabajos/genética , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Receptor de Insulina/genética , Proteínas de Insectos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Insectos/genética , Fotoperiodo , FemeninoRESUMEN
Two new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), androforin A and hyperandrone A, together with twelve known compounds, were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum androsaemum. Their structures were established by detailed spectral analysis. In the cytotoxic assay, 1,4-O-diferuloylsecoisolariciresinol showed activities comparable with those of cisplatin, and acetyloleanolic acid exhibited moderate inhibitory effects against HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7, and SW480 cancer cell lines.
Asunto(s)
Hypericum/química , Floroglucinol/análogos & derivados , Floroglucinol/química , Compuestos Policíclicos/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células HL-60 , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Espectrometría de Masas , Conformación Molecular , Floroglucinol/aislamiento & purificación , Floroglucinol/toxicidadRESUMEN
An unusual oxindole alkaloid inner salt, macrophyllionium (1), and a pair of new tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids, macrophyllines A (2) and B (3), together with six known alkaloids, were isolated from the aerial parts of Uncaria macrophylla. Corynantheidine (8) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against HL-60 and SW480 cells with IC(50) values of 13.96 and 23.28 µM, respectively. Dihydrocorynantheine (9) exhibited significant vasodilating activity against phenylephrine-induced contraction in rat thoracic aorta rings (IC(50) = 6.73 µg/mL). In addition, compounds 2, 6, and 9 showed weak inhibitory action on KCl-induced contraction.
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/aislamiento & purificación , Alcaloides Indólicos/aislamiento & purificación , Indoles/aislamiento & purificación , Uncaria/química , Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides/farmacología , Animales , Aorta Torácica/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Células HL-60 , Humanos , Alcaloides Indólicos/química , Alcaloides Indólicos/farmacología , Indoles/química , Indoles/farmacología , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Masculino , Estructura Molecular , Oxindoles , Fenilefrina/farmacología , Cloruro de Potasio/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Estereoisomerismo , Vasodilatación/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Two new oleanane triterpenoids (1-2) and one new vibsane-type diterpenoid (3), together with 7 known compounds (4-10), were isolated from the leaves of Viburnum chingii. The structures of compounds 1-3 were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR technique. Cytotoxicity of compounds 1-10 were tested against HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, SK-BR-3, and PANC-1 cell lines. Compound 3 showed significant cytotoxicity against HL-60, SK-BR-3, and PANC-1 cell lines.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Diterpenos/química , Ácido Oleanólico/química , Triterpenos/química , Viburnum/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/toxicidad , Línea Celular Tumoral , Diterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Diterpenos/farmacología , Diterpenos/toxicidad , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Conformación Molecular , Ácido Oleanólico/aislamiento & purificación , Ácido Oleanólico/farmacología , Ácido Oleanólico/toxicidad , Hojas de la Planta/química , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Triterpenos/toxicidadRESUMEN
Four new acylphloroglucinols with an unusual 6/6/5 spirocyclic skeleton, hyperbeanols A-D (1-4), were isolated from the methanol extract of Hypericum beanii along with 16 known compounds. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analysis. Hyperbeanols A-C were three stereoisomers different only at the relative configuration of C-4 and C-13, which were distinguished by the nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) spectroscopic data in combination with the single X-ray analysis of hyperbeanol A (1). The cytotoxic activity of hyperbeanols A-D against the cancer cell lines SK-BR-3, HL-60, SMMC-7721, PANC-1, MCF-7, and K562 was also evaluated.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Hypericum/química , Floroglucinol/análogos & derivados , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Células HL-60 , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Floroglucinol/química , Floroglucinol/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , EstereoisomerismoRESUMEN
Phytochemical investigation on the methanol extract of Brainea insignis led to the isolation of 16 phenolic compounds, including an unusual flavanol coupled with phenylpropyl and shikimic acid units, brainicin (1), and a new flavonol acylglycosides brainoside B (2). The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1-5 were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects. However, none of the compounds showed significant cytotoxic activity against the HL-60, A549, SMMC-7721, MCF-7, SW480 cell lines (IC(50) > 40 microM).
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Citotoxinas/química , Citotoxinas/farmacología , Helechos/química , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Línea Celular Tumoral , Citotoxinas/aislamiento & purificación , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Two new C(30)-epimeric polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), named uralodins B and C (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum henryi subsp. uraloides together with two new chromone glucosides, urachromones A and B (3 and 4, resp.), as well as 16 known compounds. Their structures were established by extensive NMR techniques and MS analysis. The epimers 1 and 2 always behaved like a single compound when examined by TLC, and were separated by HPLC. Their configuration was distinguished by comparative analysis of the NMR data with known analogues together with the ROESY experiment. All the isolated PPAPs were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against HepG2, SGC7901, HL-60, and K562 cell lines. Compound 1 showed modest cytotoxic activities against SGC7901 and HL-60 cell lines, and 2 showed modest cytotoxic activities against HepG2, SGC7901, HL-60, and K562 cell lines.
Asunto(s)
Cromonas/química , Glucósidos/química , Hypericum/química , Floroglucinol/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Glucósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Glucósidos/toxicidad , Células HL-60 , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Células K562 , Conformación Molecular , Floroglucinol/aislamiento & purificación , Floroglucinol/toxicidadRESUMEN
It has been clearly confirmed that radiation therapy (RT) after breast conserving surgery (BCS) is an effective treatment modality comparable to mastectomy for early breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to further evaluate the accuracy of 3D surface imaging system (Sentinel) for breast cancer patients received BCS. The optical surface scans and CBCT scans were acquired before and immediately after couch movement correction. The deviation of the CBCT scans from the reference planning CT was considered an estimate for the residual errors for patient setup correction. The planning target volume (PTV) margins for treatment sessions was calculated according to the setup errors. We obtained a total of 245 sets of data collected from 49 breast cancer patients. Compared with Sentinel setup errors, the residual setup errors as determined by the CBCT scans after couch movement correction were reduced in the six directions. The PTV margins derived from the CBCT residual errors were all less than 5 mm in X, Y, and Z directions. Our results suggested that Optical surface imaging can be applied in positioning for breast cancer patient accurately without unnecessary imaging dose.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Mama/radioterapia , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Rayos Láser , Adulto , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/diagnóstico por imagen , Carcinoma Intraductal no Infiltrante/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Planificación de la Radioterapia Asistida por Computador , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Two new sesquiterpene glucosides onitioside A (1) and dennstoside B (2), were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of Dennstaedtia scabra (Wall.) Moore, together with seven known compounds, onitisin (3), pterosin A (4), pinocembrin (5), pinocembrin 7-rutinoside (6), kaempferol (7), nicotiflorin (8), and galangin (9). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis.
Asunto(s)
Dennstaedtiaceae/química , Glucósidos/química , Sesquiterpenos/química , Glucósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Glucósidos/farmacología , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Conformación Molecular , Sesquiterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The 70% aqueous acetone extract of the aerial part of Viburnum foetidum var. foedidum afforded four new lignans (1-4) together with six known ones. The structures of the four new compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1D (dimensional), 2D-NMR, and mass spectral analysis. The structure of compound 1, with a novel spirocyclic moiety, was also confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1-10 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity. However, none of the compounds showed significant cytotoxic activity.
Asunto(s)
Lignanos/química , Viburnum/química , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Lignanos/aislamiento & purificación , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Conformación Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/químicaRESUMEN
Five undescribed phenolic compounds, inclusing a depsidone derivative, hyperwightin A, a flavone derivative, hyperwightin B, and three benzophenone glycosides, hyperwightins C-E, along with four known ones were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of the whole plants of Hypericum wightianum. Structures of the obtained compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. The protective effects of the isolates against corticosterone-induced PC12â¯cell injury were assessed. Hyperwightin E, petiolin G and hyperxanthone exhibited noticeable neuroprotection at 10⯵M.
Asunto(s)
Hypericum/química , Neuroprotección/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fenoles/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Corticosterona/antagonistas & inhibidores , Corticosterona/farmacología , Estructura Molecular , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/aislamiento & purificación , Células PC12 , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/aislamiento & purificación , RatasRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of endurance training on the content of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their distribution among lipid classes in skeletal muscle in middle aged, high-fat diet fed rats. METHOD: Thirty 10-month old male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were assigned to four groups. Two groups of rats remained sedentary and were fed chow diet (C group), or high-fat diet (H group), respectively. The other two groups of rats were subjected to endurance training while maintaining their chow diet (EC group), or high-fat diet (EH group). After 16 weeks endurance training and/or diet intervention, the content of ω-3 PUFAs and ω-3 PUFA-containing lipids in rat soleus muscle were analyzed by lipidomics. RESULTS: Rats fed a high-fat diet exhibited decreased overall amount of ω-3 PUFAs in soleus muscle, while endurance training preserved the total amount of ω-3 PUFAs. Both the endurance training and high-fat diet alone changed the profiles of ω-3 PUFAs in different lipid classes. Specifically, the amount of triacylglycerol (TG), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) containing ω-3 PUFAs in soleus muscle was increased by endurance training, but the amount of lysophosphatidylenthanol (LPE), lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidic acid (PA), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) was decreased. The high-fat diet induced a decrease of ω-3 PUFAs in TG, LPE, LPS, CL, platelet activating factor (PAF), PC, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS), and an increase in LPC, LPI, PA, and PG. In addition, the effects of the endurance training on ω-3 PUFAs in skeletal muscle was also evident in high-fat diets fed rats, which counteracts the profiling changes caused by high-fat diet feeding. CONCLUSION: The beneficial effects of endurance training on skeletal muscle may be achieved to some extent through recovering the content of ω-3 PUFAs that has been decreased by high-fat diet feeding.
RESUMEN
The first appearance of lipid rafts, or lipid rafts-like structure, was occasionally observed by cryo-electronic microscopy in 1980s as cavity, such as caveolae. However, the fully understanding of lipid raft was attributed by the studies of T cell activation, virus entry/budding, and other membrane events. During the interaction of T cell and antigen presenting cell, a highly organized structure is formed at the interface of the two cells, where cholesterol and sphingolipids are enriched, and form a liquid ordered phase that facilitates the signaling proteins on and off. Lipid rafts are also involved in virus entry and assembly. In this review, we will discuss cholesterol-sphingolipid floating microdomain, the lipid raft as a unique compartment of the plasma membrane, with biological functions that ensure correct intracellular traffic of proteins and lipids, such as protein-protein interactions by concentrating certain proteins in these microdomains, while excluding others. We also discuss the disruption of lipid rafts is related to different diseases and aging, and we especially exploit the lipid rafts as pharmaceutical targets for anti-virus and anti-inflammation, particularly a new approach to control HIV infection for AIDS prevention and protection by inhibition or disruption of lipid rafts.