Tumor cell vaccine combined with Newcastle disease virus promote immunotherapy of lung cancer.

Lung cancer is a fatal disease with the highest worldwide morbidity and mortality rates. Despite recent advances in targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer, their efficacy remained limited. Therefore, we designed a Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-modified tumor whole-cell vaccine as a therapeutic vaccine and identified its antigen presentation level to develop effective immunotherapy. Then, we calculated the therapeutic and immune-stimulating effects of NDV-modified lung cancer cell vaccine and intratumoral NDV injection combination on tumor-bearing mice. The results showed that the immunogenic cell death (ICD) expression in NDV-modified lung cancer cell vaccine stimulates dendritic cell maturation and T cell activation in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, NDV-modified lung cancer cell vaccine combined with intratumoral NDV injection could significantly inhibit tumor growth and enhance the differentiation of Th1 cells and Inflammatory cell infiltration in vivo, leading to an excellent immunotherapeutic effect. Therefore, our results revealed that NDV-modified lung cancer cell vaccine combined with intratumoral NDV injection could promote antigen presentation and induce a strong antitumor immune response, which provided a promising combined therapy strategy for tumor immunotherapy.

Sinensetin ameliorates high glucose-induced diabetic nephropathy via enhancing autophagy in vitro and in vivo.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) affects around 40% of people with diabetes, the final outcome of which is end-stage renal disease. The deficiency of autophagy and excessive oxidative stress have been found to participate in the pathogenesis of DN. Sinensetin (SIN) has been proven to have strong antioxidant capability. However, the effect of SIN on DN has not been studied. We examined the effect of SIN on cell viability and autophagy in the podocyte cell line, MPC5 cells, treated with high glucose (HG). For in vivo studies, DN mice models were established by intraperitoneal injected with streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days and fed with a 60% high-fat diet, and SIN was given (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) for 8 weeks via intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that SIN could protect MPC5 cells against HG-induced damage and significantly improve the renal function of DN mice. Moreover, SIN remarkably restored the autophagy activity of MPC5 cells which was inhibited under HG conditions. Consistent with this, SIN efficiently improved autophagy in the kidney tissue of DN mice. In brief, our findings demonstrated the protective effect of SIN on DN via restoring the autophagic function, which might provide a basis for drug development.

Chrysin enhances antitumour immunity response through the IL-12-STAT4 signal pathway in the B16F10 melanoma mouse model.

Chrysin (CHR) is a flavonoid with extensive pharmacological activity. The molecular formula of CHR is C15 H10 O4 . CHR is reported to have antioxidative, antitumour and antiviral functions. To evaluate its potential function as a vaccine adjuvant, we prepared a melanoma vaccine using a soluble protein extract of B16F10 melanoma cells as antigen and CHR as an adjuvant. The melanoma model was developed after two immunizations, and it was discovered that combining B16F10 soluble protein antigen-mixed CHR vaccine could inhibit tumour growth in the mouse model, and the overall survival rate was higher than that of the B16F10 antigen vaccine alone. In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to determine whether CHR functioned as an adjuvant by activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We discovered that CHR activated APCs both in vivo and in vitro and may enhance Th1 cell function by activating the IL12-STAT4 signal pathway, thereby enhancing the antitumour response of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vivo. Next, to verify the critical role of CD8+ T cells in suppressing melanoma development, we transplanted CD8+ T cells from immunized mice to B16F10 tumour-bearing mice and discovered that the survival rate of tumour-bearing mice was significantly prolonged. In summary, our experimental results indicate that CHR can be used as a potential adjuvant to enhance antigen immunogenicity, inhibit B16F10 tumour growth in mice and improve tumour immune response.

The contribution of intestinal Streptococcus to the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers: An analysis based on 16S rRNA sequencing.

In this study, we intend to determine the microbial communities that are differentially expressed in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) from the view of species abundance difference and compositions. The EMBL-EBI database and QIIME2 platform were used to obtain and process 16S rRNA sequencing data of normal healthy and DFU samples. The LEfSe software was utilised to retrieve key intestinal bacteria differentially expressed in DFUs. Additionally, PICRUSt2, FAPROTAX and BugBase functional analyses were performed to analyse the potential microbial functions and related metabolic pathways. The correlations between intestinal microbiota and clinical indexes were evaluated using the Spearman correlation analysis. Significant differences existed in intestinal microbiota between DFU and normal healthy samples regarding species abundance difference and compositions at Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species levels. Seven microbiota were demonstrated differentially expressed in DFUs that contained Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillales, Bacilli, Veillonellaceae and Selenomonadales. Insulin signalling pathway may be the key pathway related to the functional significance of Streptococcus and Bacillus in the DFUs. The intestinal microbiota in DFUs exhibited susceptibility to sulphur cycling while displaying pathogenic potential. Last but not least, a close relationship between Streptococcus and the occurrence of DFUs was revealed. Taken together, this study mainly demonstrated the high abundance of Streptococcus in DFUs and its correlation with the disease occurrence.

Fabrication of novel Ag4Bi2O5-x towards excellent photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous toluene under visible light irradiation.

In this work, a novel oxide combined with bismuth (Bi) and silver (Ag) was prepared via simple ball milling. This substance was optimized by adjusting the amount of pre-source. Preliminary characterization results confirmed the successful synthesis of Ag4Bi2O5. Subsequently, gaseous toluene was selected as model compound to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of Ag4Bi2O5 photocatalyst. According to the degradation results, Ag4Bi2O5 performed excellent visible light-driven photocatalytic activity with high stability. For the oxidation process of gaseous compound, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were responsible for the achievement, and the formation of oxygen vacancies on Ag4Bi2O5 were involved in the generation of ROS to promote the transfer of photogenerated electrons, and improving photocatalytic activity. DFT calculations revealed the theoretical band gap of Ag4Bi2O5 bulk is 1.758 eV. And the work function of Ag4Bi2O5 (112)ov was ca. at 4.447 eV. The material was easily fabricated and a reliable path was provided for the synthesis of new and efficient photocatalyst for the remediation of polluted indoor air.

Orientin Protects Podocytes from High Glucose Induced Apoptosis through Mitophagy.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the serious complications of diabetes mellitus. Orientin, a major bioactive constituent of Fenugreek, has been reported to possess antihyperglycemic properties. However, its effects on DN remain unclear. Therefore, we explored the protective effect of orientin on podocytes. Here, we assessed cell viability and toxicity, level of autophagy, mitochondrial morphological changes, and podocyte apoptosis. The results indicated that high glucose (HG) induced podocyte apoptosis as well as mitochondrial injury can be partially blocked by orientin. The results showed that orientin could repair autophagy disorder induced by HG, while 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reversed the protection of orientin. Our study demonstrated the possibility of treating DN with orientin.

Identification, Recombinant Expression, and Characterization of LHG2, a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide of Lactobacillus casei HZ1.

L. casei HZ1 was identified from Chinese traditional fermented milk, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptide was separated from its culture in our previous work. Here, LGH2 was a novel AMP, identified from the genome of L. casei HZ1. Altogether, roughly 52.76% of LGH2 was α -helical, with the remainder in ß -strand and random coil in 50% TFE solution tested by CD. The peptide was also an amphipathic and cationic molecule, which was composed of 20 amino acid residues. The similarity of the amino acid sequence between LGH2 and Temporin-RN3 was highest. Then, the peptide successfully expressed in E. coli Rossetta (DE3) pLysS using the SUMO fusion expression system and purified by chromatography technologies. The molecular weight of the peptide was 2448 Da determined by MALDI-TOF MS. Antimicrobial tests showed that the peptide has strong activities against G+ bacteria, special for S. aureus (MIC = 4 µM). The toxicity assay showed that the peptide exhibits a low hemolytic activity against sheep red blood cells. The antimicrobial mechanisms of LGH2 against pathogens were further investigated by dye leakage, CLSM, SEM, and FCM assays. We found that LGH2 can bind to the cell membrane, and destroy its integrity. These significant results indicate that LGH2 has great potential to treat the infections caused by pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus, and it provides a new template to improve antimicrobial peptides targeting antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria.

Pilot-scale radiofrequency blanching of potato cuboids: heating uniformity.

BACKGROUND: Traditional hot water blanching has a slow heat transfer rate, whereas radiofrequency (RF) heating has the advantages of a much faster heating rate and a higher penetration depth. In the present study, RF heating was applied to improve heating uniformity for subsequent blanching experiments involving potato cuboids. Potato cuboids were treated in a pilot-scale, RF heating system (27.12 MHz, 6 kW) under different operating conditions. RESULTS: The dielectric constant increased first and then decreased with temperature, whereas the loss factor increased as the temperature increased. The results of the present study reveal that the electrode gap, sample height and NaCl solution had significant effects (P < 0.05) on the temperature distribution and heating uniformity of the sample after RF heating. The optimum RF heating uniformity was obtained at an electrode gap of 120 mm, a sample height of 60 mm and when immersed in NaCl solution of 0.5 s m-1 . The central heating pattern was presented in a sample. Cold spots were located at the edge of the top surface of the sample. CONCLUSION: The present study shows the great potential of RF heating for the blanching of vegetables. Future studies should aim to determine changes in the texture and nutrient contents of vegetables during RF heating. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Pilot-scale radio frequency pasteurisation of chili powder: heating uniformity and heating model.

BACKGROUND: Microbial contamination is a vital obstacle needed to overcome for food safety of condiments. Radio frequency (RF) pasteurisation is a new technology to solve this obstacle. Temperature distribution and heating uniformity of sample, which are influenced by different factors, are the most important things affecting the nutritional ingredients and microbial safety of sample in the process of RF pasteurisation. This study demonstrated the location of cold spot in chili powder by analysing temperature distribution in horizontal and vertical direction. The related models were established and the accuracy was verified. RESULTS: Cold spot located on the centre of sample surface in the process of RF pasteurisation. The averaged temperature of sample increased linearly. The uniformity index decreased as the averaged temperature increased. Both the correlation coefficient of two equations were greater than 0.91. The error value of heating rate and heating uniformity index was 0.54% and 0.75% between the measured value and predicted value. CONCLUSION: Electric field was not uniformly distributed between RF parallel-plate electrodes in the RF pasteurisation of chili powder. The heating models were reliable to predict experiment results with high precision and accuracy. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Process optimization of wheat flour crisp puffing by radio frequency and the accompanying property changes of starch.

This research performed the process optimization of wheat flour crisp puffing by radio frequency (RF) and investigated the accompanying property changes of starch. Experiments were performed in a 6 kW, 27.12 MHz pilot-scale RF system. The results showed that the volume expansion was highest (220%) when the conditions were employed as follows: electrode gap (115 mm); height of the sample (55 mm); initial moisture content of the sample (30%). Under these conditions, the samples were puffed at 120 s by RF, and changes in the starch properties were further observed. The results showed that the structure of the starch was destroyed, changing from oval and spherical in shape to fragmented. The crystal type of the starch changed from A to A + V types. Its crystal order was reduced, and the Fourier-infrared spectrum showed that the ratio of (1048/1022) cm-1 decreased from 1.142 to 1.047. The crystallinity decreased from 48.27% to 17.57%. These changes will help starch digestion and absorption in human body. These results indicated that RF puffing could become a potential development method for puffed snacks. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, the processes of radio frequency puffing wheat flour chips were optimized, and the changes of starch properties during puffing were studied. Therefore, this research provided a theoretical basis for the industrial application of radio frequency puffing.

Association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and serum uric acid to serum creatinine ratio in Chinese male gout patients.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and serum uric acid to serum creatinine (SUA/SCr) ratio in male gout patients at different BMIs. This real-world study included 956 male gout patients aged 18-83 years. We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of Chinese male gout patients from 2017 to 2019. The correlation between LDL-C and SUA/SCr was tested after adjusting for confounding factors. We found a nonlinear relationship between LDL-C and SUA/SCr in the whole study population. Stratification analysis showed that there was actually a nonlinear relationship between LDL-C and SUA/SCr in men with a BMI of 24-28, the inflection point of LDL-C was 1.8 mmol/L, when LDL-C was greater than 1.8 mmol/L, there was a positive correlation between LDL-C levels and SUA/SCr (ß = 0.67, 95% CI 0.35-0.98, P < 0.001). Moreover, LDL-C showed a significant positive correlation with SUA/SCr with a BMI of 28 or greater (ß = 0.30, 95% CI 0.05-0.55, P = 0.019). However, no association was found between LDL-C and SUA/SCr with a BMI of less than 24 (ß = 0.42, 95% CI - 0.03-0.86, P = 0.070). LDL-C levels were associated with SUA/SCr in Chinese male gout patients, but this correlation appeared inconsistent among different BMIs. Our findings suggest that LDL-C levels may be more noteworthy in overweight and/or obese male gout patients.

Isolation and identification of uric acid-dependent Aciduricibacillus chroicocephali gen. nov., sp. nov. from seagull feces and implications for hyperuricemia treatment.

Hyperuricemia has become the second most prevalent metabolic disease after diabetes, but the limitations of urate-lowering treatment (ULT) drugs and patient nonadherence make ULT far less successful. Thus, more ULT approaches urgently need to be explored. Uric acid-degrading bacteria have potential application value in ULT. In this study, we isolated 44XBT, a uric acid-degrading bacterium, from black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) feces. Using a polyphasic taxonomic approach, strain 44XBT was identified as a novel genus within the family Bacillaceae; subsequently, the name Aciduricibacillus chroicocephali was proposed. Strain 44XBT had a unique uric acid-dependent phenotype and utilized uric acid and allantoin as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources, but not common carbon sources or complex media. In the genome, multiple copies of genes involved in uric acid metabolic pathway (pucL, pucM, uraD, and allB) were found. Six copies of pucL (encoding urate oxidase) were detected. Of these, five pucL copies were in a tandem arrangement and shared 70.42%-99.70% amino acid identity. In vivo experiments revealed that 44XBT reduced serum uric acid levels and attenuated kidney damage in hyperuricemic mice through uric acid catalysis in the gut and gut microbiota remodeling. In conclusion, our findings discover a strain for studying bacterial uric acid metabolism and may provide valuable insights into ULT. IMPORTANCE: The increasing disease burden of hyperuricemia highlights the need for new therapeutic drugs and treatment strategies. Our study describes the developmental and application values of natural uric acid-degrading bacteria found in the gut of birds and broadened the source of bacteria with potential therapeutic value. Furthermore, the special physiology characteristics and genomic features of strain 44XBT are valuable for further study.

HCMV IE1/IE1mut Therapeutic Vaccine Induces Tumor Regression via Intratumoral Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Formation and Peripheral Immunity Activation in Glioblastoma Multiforme.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a highly malignant invasive brain tumor, is associated with poor prognosis and survival and lacks an effective cure. High expression of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early protein 1 (IE1) in GBM tissues is strongly associated with their malignant progression, presenting a novel target for therapeutic strategies. Here, the bioluminescence imaging technology revealed remarkable tumor shrinkage and improved survival rates in a mouse glioma model treated with HCMV IE1/IE1mut vaccine. In addition, immunofluorescence data demonstrated that the treated group exhibited significantly more and larger tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) than the untreated group. The presence of TLS was associated with enhanced T cell infiltration, and a large number of proliferating T cells were found in the treated group. Furthermore, the flow cytometry results showed that in the treatment group, cytotoxic T lymphocytes exhibited partial polarization toward effector memory T cells and were activated to play a lethal role in the peripheral immunological organs. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of B cells in the draining lymph nodes expressed CD40 and CD86. Surprisingly, quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that a high expression of cytokines, including chemokines in brain tumors and immune tissues, induced the differentiation, development, and chemokine migration of immune cells in the treated group. Our study data demonstrate that IE1 or IE1mut vaccination has a favorable effect in glioma mice models. This study holds substantial implications for identifying new and effective therapeutic targets within GBM.

Cadherin-responsive hydrogel combined with dental pulp stem cells and fibroblast growth factor 21 promotes diabetic scald repair via regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and necroptosis.

Diabetes causes a loss of sensation in the skin, so diabetics are prone to burns when using heating devices. Diabetic scalded skin is often difficult to heal due to the microenvironment of high glucose, high oxidation, and low blood perfusion. The treatment of diabetic scald mainly focuses on three aspects: 1) promote the formation of the epithelium; 2) promote angiogenesis; and 3) maintain intracellular homeostasis. In response to these three major repair factors, we developed a cadherin-responsive hydrogel combined with FGF21 and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) to accelerate epithelial formation by recruiting cadherin to the epidermis and promoting the transformation of N cadherin to E cadherin; promoting angiogenesis to increase wound blood perfusion; regulating the stability of lysosomal and activating autophagy to maintain intracellular homeostasis in order to comprehensively advance the recovery of diabetic scald.

Ag85B-ENO146-82 therapeutic vaccines enhance anti-tumor immunity by inducing CD8+ T cells and remodeling tumor microenvironment.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in China. However, the effect of traditional cancer treatment is limited. Herein, we designed a therapeutic cancer vaccine based on the tumor-associated antigen mENO1, which can prevent lung cancer growth in vivo, and explored the underlying mechanism of Ag85B-ENO146-82 therapy. Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor-bearing immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice that received Ag85B-ENO146-82 treatment showed antitumor effect. Further, we detected CD8+ T, CD4+ T in LLC-bearing C57BL/6 mice to understand the impact of Ag85B-ENO146-82 therapy on antitumor capacity. The Ag85B-ENO146-82 therapy induced intensive infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in tumors, increased tumor-specific IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion by CD8+ T cells and promoted macrophage polarization toward M1 phenotype. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that CD8+ T effector memory (TEM) cells and central memory (TCM) cells were upregulated. qPCR and ELISA analysis showed that the expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α were upregulated, whereas of IL1ß, IL6 and IL10 were downregulated. This study demonstrated that Ag85B-ENO146-82 vaccine augmented antitumor efficacy, which was CD8+ T cells dependent. Our findings paved the way for therapeutic tumor-associated antigen peptide vaccines to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy for treatment of cancer.

Freezing pre-treatment improves radio frequency explosion puffing (RFEP) quality by altering the cellular structure of purple sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.].

Radio frequency explosion puffing (RFEP) is a novel oil-free puffing technique used to produce crispy textured and nutritious puffed snacks. This study aimed to investigate the effects of freezing at different temperatures (-20 °C, -40 °C, -80 °C) for14 h and freezing times (1 and 2 times) on the cellular structure of purple sweet potato and the quality of RFEP chips. The analysis of cell microstructure, conductivity, and rheology revealed that higher freezing temperatures and more freezing times resulted in increased damage to the cellular structure, leading to greater cell membrane permeability and decreased cell wall stiffness. However, excessive damage to cellular structure caused tissue structure to collapse. Compared with the control group (4 °C), the RFEP sample pre-frozen once at -40 °C had a 47.13 % increase in puffing ratio and a 61.93 % increase in crispness, while hardness decreased by 23.44 % (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in anthocyanin retention or color difference. X-ray microtomography demonstrated that the RFEP sample pre-frozen once at -40 °C exhibited a more homogeneous morphology and uniform pore distribution, resulting in the highest overall acceptability. In conclusion, freezing pre-treatment before RFEP can significantly enhance the puffing quality, making this an effective method for preparing oil-free puffing products for fruits and vegetables.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Transcriptomics Revealed HCMV IE2-Related Microglia Responses in Alzheimer's-Like Disease in Transgenic Mice.

    Although multiple factors are known to concur with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the relationship between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and AD-like disease is unclear. Here, we propose a hypothesis that HCMV immediate-early 2 (IE2) protein promotes microglia activation and thus leads to AD-like disease. We successfully constructed IE2 transgenic mice expressing IE2 in the hippocampus. Single-cell sequencing analysis revealed that IE2 promoted the activation of microglia and upregulated the expression of disease-associated microglia genes. Differentially expressed gene analysis and pathway enrichment revealed that IE2 upregulated immune and nervous system disease-related genes. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the expressions of both amyloid precursor protein (APP) and p-Tau were significantly upregulated in the brains of IE2 mice and were markers of AD. Taken together, these findings provide useful insights into AD-like disease activated by HCMV IE2.

[Effect of docosahexaenoic acid and nervonic acid on the damage of learning and memory abilities in rats induced by 1-bromopropane].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and nervonic acid (NA) on the learning and memory abilities in rats exposed to 1-bromopropane (1-BP) and their action mechanisms. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats (specific pathogen-free) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 10 for each), i.e., solvent control group, 1-BP (800 mg/kg) group, NA (150 mg/kg) + 1-BP (800 mg/kg) group, and DHA (500 mg/kg) + 1-BP (800 mg/kg) group. The rats were given respective test substances by gavage for 7 d. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed from days 8 to 12 to evaluate the rats' learning and memory abilities. After MWM test, rats were sacrificed in the next day, and cerebral cortex was quickly dissected and homogenized in an ice bath. The supernatant of the obtained homogenate was collected to measure the content of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and γ-glutamate cysteine ligase (γ-GCL). RESULTS: The MWM spatial navigation test showed that the 1-BP group had significantly longer escape latency and significantly longer total swimming distance compared with the control group (P<0.05), while the DHA+1-BP group had significant decreases in escape latency and total swimming distance compared with the 1-BP group (P<0.05). The spatial probe test showed that the number of platform crossings was significantly greater in the DHA+1-BP group and NA+1-BP group than in the 1-BP group (P<0.05); compared with the control group, the 1-BP group had a significantly lower ratio of time spent in the zone around the platform to total time (P < 0.05), and the ratio was significantly higher in the DHA+1-BP group than in the 1-BP group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the 1-BP group had a 18.1% decrease in GSH content, and DHA could significantly reverse 1-BP-induced decrease in GSH content (P < 0.05). Compared with the 1-BP group, the DHA+1-BP group and NA+1-BP group had significantly decreased MDA content (P < 0.05), the DHA+1-BP group had significantly increased GR activity (P < 0.05), and the NA+1-BP group had significantly increased γ-GCL activity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The rats exposed to 1-BP have oxidative stress in the brain and impaired cognitive function. DHA and NA can reduce 1-BP-induced cognitive function impairment in rats, possibly by increasing the activities of GR and γ-GCL and the content of GSH in the brain.

The Management of Diabetes with Hyperuricemia: Can We Hit Two Birds with One Stone?

Serum urate (SU) is an independent predictor for the incidence of diabetes. In current diabetes treatment regimens, there is insufficient appreciation of the importance of hyperuricemia (HU) in disease control and prevention. To summarize the updated knowledge on the effects of SU on ß-cell function, insulin resistance and chronic diabetic complications, as well as to evaluate the management of patients with both HU and diabetes, we searched the MEDLINE PubMed database, and included 285 journal articles. An inverted U-shaped relationship between fasting plasma glucose and SU levels was established in this review. Elevated SU levels may enhance the development of chronic diabetic complications, including macrovascular and microvascular dysfunction. Diet and exercise are essential parts of the lifestyle changes necessary for HU and diabetes management. Glucose- and urate-lowering drug selection and combination should be made with the principle of ameliorating, and at least not deteriorating, diabetes and HU. Medical artificial intelligence technology and monitoring systems can help to improve the effectiveness of long-term management of HU and diabetes through digital healthcare. This study comprehensively reviews and provides a scientific and reliable basis for and viewpoints on the clinical management of diabetes and HU.

Compressive Behaviors of Thin-Walled Steel Tube Stub Columns Filled with Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Recycled Aggregate.

Natural resources have been excessively consumed, and large amounts of construction wastes have been generated, owing to the fast development of civil industry, causing crucial environmental issues. Therefore, reusable construction waste fabricated into recycled concrete offers a good strategy to solve this issue. Thus, this article first develops thin-walled steel tubes stub columns filled with self-compacting concrete containing recycled coarse aggregate. Afterwards, the compressive behaviors of the columns when undergoing axial compression loading to failure are explored. Subsequently, the effect of types of self-compacting concrete and wall thickness on failure modes and the relationships between load and displacement/strain is discussed comprehensively. Moreover, models of load-displacement/strain behaviors are proposed. The results show that columns with identical wall thicknesses containing both natural and recycled coarse aggregate display similar failure modes, mainly presenting as local buckling and rupture. The shape of the load-displacement/strain curves for identical wall thicknesses are almost the same. Nevertheless, the maximum load and stiffness of columns containing recycled coarse aggregate are lower than those of columns containing natural coarse aggregate. Additionally, the maximum loads corresponding to wall thickness of 1.2 mm and 3.0 mm are decreased by 18.4% and 5.8%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed models can reasonably evaluate the relationships between load and displacement/strain. This paper demonstrates that thin-walled steel tubular columns containing recycled coarse aggregate present positive compressive behaviors and thus exhibit great potential for developing environmentally friendly and sustainable civil infrastructures.