Sources of nitrous oxide emissions from agriculturally managed peatlands.

The draining and fertilization of peatlands for agriculture is globally an important source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2 O). Hitherto, the contribution of major sources to the N2 O emission-that is, fertilization and nitrogen (N) release from peat decomposition-has not yet been deciphered. This hampers the development of smart mitigation strategies, considering that rewetting to halt peat decomposition and reducing N fertilization are promising N2 O emission-reduction strategies. Here, we used machine learning techniques and global N2 O observational data to generalize the distribution of N2 O emissions from agriculturally managed peatlands, to distinguish the sources of N2 O emissions, and to compare mitigation options. N2 O emissions from agriculturally managed croplands were 401.0 (344.5-470.9) kt N year-1 , with 121.6 (88.6-163.3) kt N year-1 contributed by fertilizer N. On grasslands, 64.0 (54.6-74.7) kt N2 O-N year-1 were emitted, with 4.6 (3.7-5.7) kt N2 O-N year-1 stemming from fertilizer N. The fertilizer-induced N2 O emission factor ranged from 1.5% to 3.2%. Reducing the current fertilizer input by 20% could achieve a 10% N2 O emission reduction for croplands but only 3% for grasslands. Rewetting 1.9 Mha cropland and 0.26 Mha grassland would achieve the same N2 O emission reductions. Our results suggest that N2 O mitigation strategies for managed peatlands should be considered separately across land-use types and climatic zones. For croplands, particularly in the tropics, relevant N2 O mitigation potentials are achievable through both fertilizer N reduction and peatland rewetting. For grasslands, management schemes to halt peat degradation (e.g. rewetting) should be considered preferentially for mitigating N2 O and contributing to meeting climate goals.

Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Scientists are increasingly paying attention to using theoretical design as a guide combined with modern in-situ characterization techniques to develop catalysts with high activity, low cost, and long-term life. The review discusses the progress of catalyst theoretical design and corresponding experiments based on three typical oxygen evolution catalytic mechanisms, including the adsorbate evolution, lattice oxygen-mediated, and unconventional bifunctional mechanisms. This work briefly describes the commonly used tools and descriptors in theory as well as the electrochemical techniques and characterizations in experiments. Our purpose is to sort out the ways to closely integrate the theoretical method and experimental verification from the perspective of reaction mechanism, and to provide some experience reference for the future development of theoretical tools and experimental technologies.

Fe, N, S co-doped cellulose paper carbon fibers as an air-cathode catalyst for microbial fuel cells.

The heteroatoms and transition metal co-doped carbon-based catalysts are an important way to improve the catalytic activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, we reported a facile method to obtain iron, nitrogen, and sulfur co-doped cellulose paper carbon fibers as catalysts (Fe-N-S/CFs) for ORR in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with the adsorption recovery of Congo red molecules from dye wastewater. The thermal treatment promoted the etching of carbon surface by ferric ions, resulting in increased surface roughness for forming the defective carbon structure. The rich active species and defective carbon formed on the etched surface to enhance the electroactive surface area and effective sites. Fe-N-S/CFs catalysts achieved high half-wave potential due to the synergy effect between chemical components and defect structures. The assembled single-chamber air cathode MFC gained a high maximum power density of 1773 ± 40 mW m-2 versus Pt/C MFC of 1325 ± 94 mW m-2. This work provides a strategy for recovering dye molecules from wastewater to prepare non-precious metal catalysts for enhancing ORR activity.

[Anti-inflammatory material basis and mechanism of Artemisia stolonifera based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with network pharmacology and molecular docking].

This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory material basis and molecular mechanism of Artemisia stolonifera based on the analysis of the chemical components in different extracted fractions of A. stolonifera and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in combination with network pharmacology and molecular docking. Thirty-two chemical components were identified from A. stolonifera by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Among them, there were 7, 21 and 22 compounds in water, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions, respectively. The antio-xidant capacity of different extracted fractions was evaluated by measuring their scavenging ability against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS) free radicals and total antioxidant capacity [ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP) assay]. The inflammatory model of RAW264.7 cells was induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS), and the levels of nitrite oxide(NO), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6) in the supernatant and the mRNA expression of related inflammatory factors in cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects. The results revealed that ethyl acetate fraction of A. stolonifera was the optimal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory fraction. By network pharmacology, it was found that flavonoids such as rhamnazin, eupatilin, jaceosidin, luteolin and nepetin could act on key targets such as TNF, serine/threonine protein kinase 1(AKT1), tumor protein p53(TP53), caspase-3(CASP3) and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), and regulate the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B(PI3K-AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathways to exert the anti-inflammatory effects. Molecular docking further indicated excellent binding properties between the above core components and core targets. This study preliminarily clarified the anti-inflammatory material basis and mechanism of ethyl acetate fraction of A. stolonifera, providing a basis for the follow-up clinical application of A. stolonifera and drug development.

Rapid surface reconstruction strategies for oxygen evolution reactions: chemical grafting of MXene quantum dots on Ni-Co layered double hydroxides.

The surface reconstruction of transition metal-based catalysts with their specific catalytic mechanism is currently one of the hotspots and difficulties in the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a chemical grafting strategy was proposed to facilitate the surface reconstruction of Ni-Co layered double hydroxide@MXene quantum dot (Ni-Co LDH@MQDs) electrocatalysts to optimize the OER kinetics. The surface reconstruction of Ni-Co LDH@MQDs was predicted and monitored by a combination of ab initio molecular dynamics, density functional theory and experimental verification. Compared with weak electrostatic bonds, the rapid surface evolution of electrocatalysts can be revealed due to the strong chemical grafting between the MQDs and LDHs. The reconstituted Ni-Co LDH@MQD electrocatalysts undergo an unconventional bifunctional mechanism to lower the barriers of the rate-limiting step of the OER. This work provides a research strategy for transition metal catalysts for efficient catalysis by designing surface reconfiguration.

Effect of Manganese Valence on Specific Capacitance in Supercapacitors of Manganese Oxide Microspheres.

Manganese oxides have attracted great interest in electrochemical energy storage due to high theoretical specific capacitance and abundant valence states. The multiple valence states in the redox reactions are beneficial for enhancing the electrochemical properties. Herein, three manganese microspheres were prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal method and subsequent calcination at different temperatures using carbon spheres as templates. The trivalent manganese of Mn2 O3 exhibited multiple redox transitions of Mn3+ /Mn2+ and Mn4+ /Mn3+ during the intercalation/deintercalation of electrolyte ions. The possible redox reactions of Mn2 O3 were proposed based on the cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammogram results. Mn2 O3 microsphere integrated the advantages of multiple redox couples and unique structure, demonstrating a high specific capacitance and long cycling stability. The symmetric Mn2 O3 //Mn2 O3 device yielded a maximum energy density of 29.3 Wh kg-1 at 250 W kg-1 .

Enhanced Electron Transfer and Ion Transport by Binary and Multidimensional CuCo2 S4 /Fe2 O3 on Carbon Cloth for Water Oxidation.

The behavior of electron transfer and ion transport plays a significant role in the electrocatalytic activity. However, the improvement of CuCo2 S4 electrocatalytic activity has been a difficult problem owing to lack of effective electron transfer and ion transport. Herein, the unique structure connected CuCo2 S4 nanosheets and carbon cloth (CC) with Fe2 O3 nanoparticles to form CuCo2 S4 /Fe2 O3 /CC. Compared with CuCo2 S4 /CC, the resistances of electron transfer and ion transport were decreased by 65 and 84 %, respectively. The electrochemical surface area of CuCo2 S4 /Fe2 O3 /CC was 2.76 times larger than that of CuCo2 S4 /CC due to the high double-layer capacitance. For the oxygen evolution reaction, CuCo2 S4 /Fe2 O3 /CC could achieve an overpotential of 273 mV and a Tafel slope of 67 mV dec-1 in alkaline solution.

Toll-like receptor-2 gene knockout results in neurobehavioral dysfunctions and multiple brain structural and functional abnormalities in mice.

OBJECTIVE: Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), a member of TLR family, plays an important role in the induction and regulation of immune/inflammation. TLR2 gene knockout (TLR2KO) mice have been widely used for animal models of neurological diseases. Since there is close relationship between immune system and neurobehavioral functions, it is important to clarify the exact role of TLR2 defect itself in neurobehavioral functions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of TLR2KO on neurobehavioral functions in mice and the mechanisms underlying the observed changes. METHODS: Male TLR2KO and wild type (WT) mice aged 3, 7, and 12 months were used for neurobehavioral testing and detection of protein expression by Western blot. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electrophysiological recording, and Evans blue (EB) assay were applied to evaluate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), synaptic function, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in 12-month-old TLR2KO and age-matched WT mice. RESULTS: Compared to WT mice, TLR2KO mice showed decreased cognitive function and locomotor activity, as well as increased anxiety, which developed from middle age (before 7-month-old) to old age. In addition, significantly reduced regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), inhibited long-term potentiation (LTP), and increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were observed in 12-month-old TLR2KO mice. Furthermore, compared with age-matched WT mice, significant reduction in protein levels of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5) and increased neurofilament protein (SMI32) were observed in 7 and 12-month-old TLR2KO mice, and that myelin basic protein (MBP) decreased in 12-month-old TLR2KO mice. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated that TLR2 defect resulted in significantly observable neurobehavioral dysfunctions in mice starting from middle age, as well as multiple abnormalities in brain structure, function, and molecular metabolism.

Three-Dimensional Displacement of Partial Craniofacial Bones Following Rapid Maxillary Expansion in Young Patients with Angle Class III Malocclusions.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the displacement in 3D direction of some craniofacial bones with the rapid maxillary expansion in Angle class III malocclusion. METHOD: Thirteen Angle class III patients (mean age: 12.4 ±â€Š1.7 years; 7 males, 6 females) using rapid maxillary expansion as part of their orthodontic treatment were selected and computed tomography scans were taken before and after expansion. The 3D models were reconstructed using the Mimics software and the maxillary, zygomata, nasal bones were separated. With 3D models correction and registration, the displacements in the 3D directions of partial craniofacial bones were measured. Quantitative variables were analyzed by using SPSS19.0 and a t value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Measurement results showed that rapid maxillary expansion produced significant displacement in both sides of the maxillary, zygomata, and nasal bones. In the width of the midline palatine suture, the anterior nasal spine point was expanded a mean 4.18 mm (range 2.42 mm-5.68 mm, Pleft = 0.007, Pright = 0.014) and the posterior nasal spine point was expanded a mean 2.14 mm (range 1.96 mm-2.43 mm, Pleft < 0.001, Pright = 0.002). In the width of the maxillary in coronal plane, the Spr point was expanded a mean 4.86 mm (range 3.34 mm-6.22 mm, Pleft = 0.004, Pright = 0.008) followed by the A point expanded a mean 4.47 mm (range 2.87 mm-5.97 mm, Pleft = 0.005, Pright = 0.010). The bilateral maxillary moved to both sides and the points of the front maxillary anterior nasal spine and A moved forwards and downwards. In the width of the zygomata, the Zm point was expanded 2.18 mm (range 1.87 mm-2.41 mm, Pleft = 0.001, Pright = 0.002) on average and moved backwards, the retral and upper points of the zygomata Za and Mz also moved backwards. The points Zm, Za, and O all moved upwards. The external lateral side of the nasal bone expanded to both sides, the Ipa point was expanded a mean 2.04 mm (range 1.11 mm-2.46 mm, Pleft = 0.008, Pright = 0.019) and the centre of the nasal bone moved backwards and downwards. CONCLUSION: With rapid maxillary expansion, the increasement of width in the maxillary affected the position of the zygomata and nasal bones in the 3D directions, caused changes in facial appearance.

Nanowire-core/double-shell of NiMoO4@C@Ni3S2 arrays on Ni foam: insights into supercapacitive performance and capacitance degradation.

The one-dimensional-core/double-shell arrays on Ni foam were prepared by the hydrothermal, carbonized and electrodeposition processes, consisting of NiMoO4 nanowire as a core, an ultrathin carbon layer as an internal shell and Ni3S2 nanosheets an external shell (abbr. NiMoO4@C@Ni3S2), respectively. The ternary heterostructure demonstrates the synergistic effect on the dimensional, interface, surface structures and compositions, resulting from the ordered and functionalized architectures. Therefore, the NiMoO4@C@Ni3S2 electrode integrated the advantages of the electron transfer, electrolyte penetration and ion diffusion. The asymmetric supercapacitor exhibited a high energy density of 1.29 mW h cm-3 at a power density of 13.99 W cm-3. Furthermore, we compared the changes in composition, structure and morphology before and after 3000 cycles using the three electrode system. These observations demonstrated that the dissolution of NiMoO4@C@Ni3S2 induced the decay of capacitance and cycling stability, suggesting that we can further develop a strategy to consolidate the electrode structure.

Preparation of the Sodium Alginate-g-(Polyacrylic Acid-co-Allyltrimethylammonium Chloride) Polyampholytic Superabsorbent Polymer and Its Dye Adsorption Property.

A polyampholytic superabsorbent polymer (PASAP), sodium alginate-g-(polyacrylic acid-co-allyltrimethylammonium chloride) (SA-g-(PAA-co-PTM)), was prepared by free-radical graft copolymerization and characterized. The polymer exhibited pH-dependent swelling behaviors with extremely high swelling ratios, and was saline tolerant. The dye adsorption properties of SA-g-(PAA-co-PTM) were investigated using methylene blue (MB) as a cationic dye model. It was found that its dye adsorption capacity was significantly affected by the TM content in PASAP and pH of dye solution. The dye adsorption kinetics and isotherm obey the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, respectively, and the adsorption process is chemisorption in nature. In addition, SA-g-(PAA-co-PTM) exhibited high MB adsorption capacities in a wide pH range and reusability in at least five adsorption-desorption cycles, indicating its great application potentials as the adsorbent for dye removals from effluents.

Transcriptomic and GC-MS Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Sink Strength Changes during Petunia Anther Development.

Petunia, which has been prevalently cultivated in landscaping, is a dicotyledonous herbaceous flower of high ornamental value. Annually, there is a massive worldwide market demand for petunia seeds. The normal development of anther is the necessary prerequisite for the plants to generate seeds. However, the knowledge of petunia anther development processes is still limited. To better understand the mechanisms of petunia anther development, the transcriptomes and metabolomes of petunia anthers at three typical development stages were constructed and then used to detect the gene expression patterns and primary metabolite profiles during the anther development processes. Results suggested that there were many differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) that mainly participated in photosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism when DEGs were compared between the different development stages of anthers. In this study, fructose and glucose, which were involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, were taken as the most important metabolites by partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA). Additionally, the qRT-PCR analysis of the photosynthetic-related genes all showed decreased expression trends along with the anther development. These pieces of evidence indicated that the activities of energy and carbohydrate metabolic pathways were gradually reduced during all the development stages of anther, which affects the sink strength. Overall, this work provides a novel and comprehensive understanding of the metabolic processes in petunia anthers.

Hierarchical nanosheet-based Ni3S2 microspheres grown on Ni foam for high-performance all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors.

The hierarchical nanosheet-based Ni3S2 microspheres directly grew on Ni foam using a two-step hydrothermal method. The microsphere with a diameter of ∼1 microns and a rough surface was well connected to each other without any binders to provide a larger specific surface area, shorter ion/electron diffusion paths, richer electroactive sites as a supercapacitor electrode. As a three-electrode supercapacitor, it delivers a high specific capacity of 981.8 F g-1 at 2 A g-1, an excellent rate capability of 436.4 F g-1 at 12 A g-1, and a good cycling stability of 950.9 F g-1 with 96.9% retention after 1000 cycles at 2 A g-1. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor based on Ni3S2-microsphere as a positive electrode and active carbon as a negative electrode shows a high energy density of 29.4 Wh kg-1 at 324.5 W kg-1 and a high power density of 3197.6 W kg-1 at 15.1 Wh kg-1. This work demonstrates that nanosheet-based Ni3S2 microspheres coated Ni foam can be an effective electrode for a real supercapacitor.

Oriented CuCo2S4 nanograss arrays/Ni foam as an electrode for a high-performance all-solid-state supercapacitor.

An oriented nanograss array consisting of CuCo2S4 nanocrystallines was directly prepared on Ni foam by a hydrothermal method. The uniform arrays with a single blade diameter of ∼100 nm and length of ∼4 µm can grow tightly on Ni foam without any binders. The ordered one-dimensional structure facilitates the electron transport to Ni substrates along the axial direction. The electrochemical properties were presented in three- and two-electrode configurations, demonstrating an enhanced specific capacitance and a long-term cycling stability. As a practical all-solid-state device, it achieved a high energy density of 31.88 W h kg-1 at a power density of 3.20 kW kg-1. Even at a higher power density of 15.23 W h kg-1, the device still had an energy density of 16.5 kW kg-1. After 5000 cycles, the retention ratio was higher than 99% at high current density of 11.36 A g-1.

Carbon nanotube entangled Mn3O4 octahedron as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

A nanocomposite of Mn3O4 octahedrons entangled by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method assisted with a non-ionic surfactant. The integration of octahedral structure and CNTs could offer many critical features, which are needed for high activity anodes, such as fast ion diffusion, good electronic conductivity, and skeleton supporting function, thus enabling the nanocomposite-based anodes with excellent electrochemical performance. In addition, CNTs can not only serve as the conductive network and structure skeleton to improve the anode performance, but also play an indispensable role in the formation of more uniform Mn3O4 octahedrons. The lithium-ion batteries based on the CNTs-entangled Mn3O4 octahedrons delivered a high capacity of over 800 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.2 C for 200 cycles, and even as high as 678.4 mAh g-1 when cycled at 0.5 C after 400 cycles, exhibiting a high capability and ultralong cycle life.

Honeycomb-like NiCo2S4 nanosheets prepared by rapid electrodeposition as a counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells.

Honeycomb-like nickel cobalt sulfide (NiCo2S4) nanosheets were directly deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate by a rapid voltammetric deposition method. The method was also controllable and feasible for preparing NiCo2S4 on flexible Ti foil without any heating processes. Compared with Pt, CoS and NiS, NiCo2S4 exhibited low charge-transfer resistances and excellent electrocatalytic activity for [Formula: see text] reduction, acting as a counter electrode for a dye-sensitized solar cell. The NiCo2S4-based solar cell showed higher power conversion efficiency (7.44%) than that of Pt-based solar cell (7.09%) under simulated illumination (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW cm-2). The device based on the flexible NiCo2S4/Ti foil achieved a power conversion efficiency of 5.28% under the above illumination conditions. This work can be extended to flexible and wearable technologies due to its facile technique.

A Linear Birefringence Measurement Method for an Optical Fiber Current Sensor.

In this work, a linear birefringence measurement method is proposed for an optical fiber current sensor (OFCS). First, the optical configuration of the measurement system is presented. Then, the elimination method of the effect of the azimuth angles between the sensing fiber and the two polarizers is demonstrated. Moreover, the relationship of the linear birefringence, the Faraday rotation angle and the final output is determined. On these bases, the multi-valued problem on the linear birefringence is simulated and its solution is illustrated when the linear birefringence is unknown. Finally, the experiments are conducted to prove the feasibility of the proposed method. When the numbers of turns of the sensing fiber in the OFCS are about 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, and 39, the measured linear birefringence obtained by the proposed method are about 1.3577, 1.8425, 2.0983, 2.5914, 2.7891, 3.2003 and 3.5198 rad. Two typical methods provide the references for the proposed method. The proposed method is proven to be suitable for the linear birefringence measurement in the full range without the limitation that the linear birefringence must be smaller than π/2.

An Elimination Method of Temperature-Induced Linear Birefringence in a Stray Current Sensor.

In this work, an elimination method of the temperature-induced linear birefringence (TILB) in a stray current sensor is proposed using the cylindrical spiral fiber (CSF), which produces a large amount of circular birefringence to eliminate the TILB based on geometric rotation effect. First, the differential equations that indicate the polarization evolution of the CSF element are derived, and the output error model is built based on the Jones matrix calculus. Then, an accurate search method is proposed to obtain the key parameters of the CSF, including the length of the cylindrical silica rod and the number of the curve spirals. The optimized results are 302 mm and 11, respectively. Moreover, an effective factor is proposed to analyze the elimination of the TILB, which should be greater than 7.42 to achieve the output error requirement that is not greater than 0.5%. Finally, temperature experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility of the elimination method. The results indicate that the output error caused by the TILB can be controlled less than 0.43% based on this elimination method within the range from -20 °C to 40 °C.

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions under no-till farming in China: a meta-analysis.

No-till (NT) practices are among promising options toward adaptation and mitigation of climate change. However, the mitigation effectiveness of NT depends not only on its carbon sequestration potential but also on soil-derived CH4 and N2O emissions. A meta-analysis was conducted, using a dataset involving 136 comparisons from 39 studies in China, to identify site-specific factors which influence CH4 emission, CH4 uptake, and N2O emission under NT. Comparative treatments involved NT without residue retention (NT0), NT with residue retention (NTR), compared to plow tillage (PT) with residue removed (PT0). Overall, NT0 significantly decreased CH4 emission by ~30% (P < 0.05) compared to PT0 with an average emission 218.8 kg ha(-1) for rice paddies. However, the increase in N2O emission could partly offset the benefits of the decrease in CH4 emission under NT compared to PT0. NTR significantly enhanced N2O emission by 82.1%, 25.5%, and 20.8% (P < 0.05) compared to PT0 for rice paddies, acid soils, and the first 5 years of the experiments, respectively. The results from categorical meta-analysis indicated that the higher N2O emission could be mitigated by adopting NT within alkaline soils, for long-term duration, and with less N fertilization input when compared to PT0. In addition, the natural log (lnR) of response ratio of CH4 and N2O emissions under NT correlated positively (enhancing emission) with climate factors (temperature and precipitation) and negatively (reducing emission) with experimental duration, suggesting that avoiding excess soil wetness and using NT for a long term could enhance the benefits of NT. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the conditions favoring greenhouse gas(es) reductions is essential to achieving climate change mitigation and advancing food security in China.

Two-Time Scale Virtual Sensor Design for Vibration Observation of a Translational Flexible-Link Manipulator Based on Singular Perturbation and Differential Games.

Effective feedback control requires all state variable information of the system. However, in the translational flexible-link manipulator (TFM) system, it is unrealistic to measure the vibration signals and their time derivative of any points of the TFM by infinite sensors. With the rigid-flexible coupling between the global motion of the rigid base and the elastic vibration of the flexible-link manipulator considered, a two-time scale virtual sensor, which includes the speed observer and the vibration observer, is designed to achieve the estimation for the vibration signals and their time derivative of the TFM, as well as the speed observer and the vibration observer are separately designed for the slow and fast subsystems, which are decomposed from the dynamic model of the TFM by the singular perturbation. Additionally, based on the linear-quadratic differential games, the observer gains of the two-time scale virtual sensor are optimized, which aims to minimize the estimation error while keeping the observer stable. Finally, the numerical calculation and experiment verify the efficiency of the designed two-time scale virtual sensor.