Participation and interest in support services among family caregivers of older adults with cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe distressed and underprepared family caregiver's use of and interest in formal support services (eg, professional counseling, education, organizational assistance). METHOD: Cross-sectional mail survey conducted in communities of 8 cancer centers in Tennessee, Alabama, and Florida (response rate: 42%). Family caregivers of Medicare beneficiaries with pancreatic, lung, brain, ovarian, head and neck, hematologic, and stage IV cancers reported support service use and completed validated measures of depression, anxiety, burden, preparedness, and health. RESULTS: Caregivers (n = 294) were on average age 65 years and mostly female (73%), White (91%), and care recipients' spouse/partner (60%); patients averaged 75 years were majority male (54%) with lung cancer (39%). Thirty-two percent of caregivers reported accessing services while 28% were "mostly" or "extremely" interested. Thirty-five percent of caregivers with high depressive symptoms (n = 122), 33% with high anxiety symptoms (n = 100), and 25% of those in the lowest quartile of preparedness (n = 77) accessed services. Thirty-eight percent of those with high depressive symptoms, 47% with high anxiety symptoms, and 36% in the lowest quartile of preparedness were "mostly" or "extremely" interested in receiving services. Being interested in support services was significantly associated with being a minority, shorter durations of caregiving, and with higher stress burden. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of family caregivers, including those experiencing depression and anxiety symptoms and who were underprepared, are not using formal support services but have a strong interest in services. Strategies to increase service use may include targeting distressed caregivers early in their caregiving experience.

Prolonged treatment with bevacizumab is associated with brain atrophy: a pilot study in patients with high-grade gliomas.

Bevacizumab is widely used for treatment of high-grade gliomas and other malignancies. Because bevacizumab has been shown to be associated with neurocognitive decline, this study is designed to investigate whether prolonged treatment with bevacizumab is also associated with brain atrophy. We identified 12 high-grade glioma patients who received bevacizumab for 12 months at the first recurrence and 13 matched controls and blindly compared the volumes of the contralateral hemispheres and contralateral ventricle in these two groups at baseline and after 12 ± 2 months of the baseline scan by two independent analyses. The volumes of the contralateral hemispheres and ventricles did not differ significantly between the two groups at baseline. Whereas, in the control group the volumes of the contralateral hemisphere changed subtly from baseline to follow-up (p = 0.23), in the bevacizumab-treated group the volumes significantly decreased from baseline to follow-up (p = 0.03). There was significant increase in the contralateral ventricle volume from base line to follow-up scans in both the control group (p = 0.01) and in the bevacizumab group (p = 0.005). Both the absolute and the percentage changes of contralateral hemisphere volumes and contralateral ventricular volumes between the two patient groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Results of this study demonstrate prolonged treatment with bevacizumab is associated with atrophy of the contralateral brain hemisphere.

Implementing a Clinic-Based Telehealth Support Service (FamilyStrong) for Family Caregivers of Individuals with Grade IV Brain Tumors.

Background: Nearly 3 million U.S. family caregivers support someone with cancer. However, oncology clinic-based service lines that proactively screen, assess, and support cancer caregivers are nearly nonexistent. Objective: To examine first-year experiences of a nurse-led clinic-based telehealth support service (FamilyStrong) for family caregivers of patients with recently diagnosed grade IV brain tumors. Methods: This is a retrospective evaluation of operational outcomes from initial implementation of the FamilyStrong Service, developed in partnership with Caregiver and Bereavement Support Services at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and the UAB Center for Palliative and Supportive Care. From August 2018 to December 2019, 53 family caregivers were proactively identified and enrolled by a palliative care nurse, working approximately one day/week, who performed monthly caregiver distress thermometer screenings by phone and provided emotional, educational, problem-solving, and referral support. Results: Enrolled family caregivers were a mean age of 53.5 years and mostly female (62.3%), full- or part-time employed (67.9%), and the patient's spouse/partner (79.3%). Caregivers provided support 6.7 days/week for 11.2 hours/day. The palliative care nurse performed 235 distress screenings and provided support that included 68 documented instances of emotional, problem-solving, and educational support, 41 nurse-facilitated communications with the neuro-oncology team about patient issues, and 24 referrals to UAB and community services (e.g., counseling). The most common problems caregivers wanted assistance with included: managing their relative's health condition and symptoms (51%), coordinating care/services (21%), and planning for the future/advance care planning (17%). Discussion: The FamilyStrong Program is among the first "real world" oncology clinic-based formal support services for advance cancer family caregivers.

Hospice care, cancer-directed therapy, and Medicare expenditures among older patients dying with malignant brain tumors.

Background: End-of-life care for older adults with malignant brain tumors is poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to quantify end-of-life utilization of hospice care, cancer-directed therapy, and associated Medicare expenditures among older adults with malignant brain tumors. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included deceased Medicare beneficiaries age ≥65 with primary malignant brain tumor (PMBT) or secondary MBT (SMBT) receiving care within a southeastern cancer community network including academic and community hospitals from 2012-2015. Utilization of hospice and cancer-directed therapy and total Medicare expenditures in the last 30 days of life were calculated using generalized linear and mixed effect models, respectively. Results: Late (1-3 days prior to death) or no hospice care was received by 24% of PMBT (n = 383) and 32% of SMBT (n = 940) patients. SMBT patients received late hospice care more frequently than PMBT patients (10% vs 5%, P = 0.002). Cancer-directed therapy was administered to 18% of patients with PMBT versus 25% with SMBT (P = 0.003). Nonwhite race, male sex, and receipt of any hospital-based care in the final 30 days of life were associated with increased risk of late or no hospice care. The average decrease in Medicare expenditures associated with hospice utilization for patients with PMBT was $-12,138 (95% CI: $-18,065 to $-6210) and with SMBT was $-1,508 (95% CI: $-3,613 to $598). Conclusions: Receiving late or no hospice care was common among older patients with malignant brain tumors and was significantly associated with increased total Medicare expenditures for patients with PMBT.

Primary Sellar Rhabdomyosarcoma Arising in Association With a Pituitary Adenoma.

Intrasellar rhabdomyosarcoma is rare, and when arising in collusion with an unrelated entity, can present a diagnostic pitfall. We describe a case of a 56-year-old woman who presented with right eye ptosis and a pituitary mass, which was resected and diagnosed as atypical pituitary adenoma. Because of residual disease and atypical pathology, the patient received adjuvant radiation. Tumor recurrence was noted after 5 months, and a second resection was performed. Nests of atypical pituitary adenoma cells within an exuberant spindle cell stroma were noted, with areas of presumed radiation necrosis. A second recurrence prompted a third resection. After expert consultation and additional immunohistochemical stains for muscle markers, a diagnosis was rendered of primary rhabdomyosarcoma arising in association with a pituitary adenoma. Despite its rarity, a high index of suspicion for rhabdomyosarcoma arising within a pituitary adenoma should be maintained in cases of atypical pituitary adenoma with a stromal response.

SLC7A11 expression is associated with seizures and predicts poor survival in patients with malignant glioma.

Glioma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Its rapid growth is aided by tumor-mediated glutamate release, creating peritumoral excitotoxic cell death and vacating space for tumor expansion. Glioma glutamate release may also be responsible for seizures, which complicate the clinical course for many patients and are often the presenting symptom. A hypothesized glutamate release pathway is the cystine/glutamate transporter System xc (-) (SXC), responsible for the cellular synthesis of glutathione (GSH). However, the relationship of SXC-mediated glutamate release, seizures, and tumor growth remains unclear. Probing expression of SLC7A11/xCT, the catalytic subunit of SXC, in patient and mouse-propagated tissues, we found that ~50% of patient tumors have elevated SLC7A11 expression. Compared with tumors lacking this transporter, in vivo propagated and intracranially implanted SLC7A11-expressing tumors grew faster, produced pronounced peritumoral glutamate excitotoxicity, induced seizures, and shortened overall survival. In agreement with animal data, increased SLC7A11 expression predicted shorter patient survival according to genomic data in the REMBRANDT (National Institutes of Health Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data) database. In a clinical pilot study, we used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine SXC-mediated glutamate release by measuring acute changes in glutamate after administration of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved SXC inhibitor, sulfasalazine (SAS). In nine glioma patients with biopsy-confirmed SXC expression, we found that expression positively correlates with glutamate release, which is acutely inhibited with oral SAS. These data suggest that SXC is the major pathway for glutamate release from gliomas and that SLC7A11 expression predicts accelerated growth and tumor-associated seizures.