Switchable assembly and function of antibody complexes in vivo using a small molecule.

The antigen specificity and long serum half-life of monoclonal antibodies have made them a critical part of modern therapeutics. These properties have been coopted in a number of synthetic formats, such as antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, or Fc-fusion proteins to generate novel biologic drug modalities. Historically, these new therapies have been generated by covalently linking multiple molecular moieties through chemical or genetic methods. This irreversible fusion of different components means that the function of the molecule is static, as determined by the structure. Here, we report the development of a technology for switchable assembly of functional antibody complexes using chemically induced dimerization domains. This approach enables control of the antibody's intended function in vivo by modulating the dose of a small molecule. We demonstrate this switchable assembly across three therapeutically relevant functionalities in vivo, including localization of a radionuclide-conjugated antibody to an antigen-positive tumor, extension of a cytokine's half-life, and activation of bispecific, T cell-engaging antibodies.

Monomethylation and -protonation of Lutetium Dinitrogen Complex.

Due to the highly chemically inert nature, direct activation and transformation of dinitrogen are challenging. Here, we disclose the synthesis, isolation, and derivatization of (N2)3- supported by lutetium complex. Initially, a (N2)3- radical, in [{(C5Me5){MeC(NiPr)2}Lu}2(µ2-η2:η2-N2)][K(crypt)] (crypt = 2,2,2-cryptand) complex, was generated through the reduction of neutral lutetium dinitrogen complex [{(C5Me5){MeC(NiPr)2}Lu}2(µ2-η2:η2-N2)] with potassium metal. Subsequently, the reaction of (N2)3- complex with methyl triflate (or triflic acid) led to the formation of an N-C (or N-H) bond, yielding the corresponding [{(C5Me5){MeC(NiPr)2}Lu}2(NN-R)(OTf)][K(crypt)] (R = Me, H, OTf = CF3SO3) as the product. Both electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and density functional theory analyses support the radical character of the NN-Me unit. The Lu-N bonds in the (NN-Me)•2- radical complex are predominantly ionic, with 77% of the unpaired electron localized on the (NN-Me) fragment. Moreover, the geometry of the pure organic radical (NN-Me)•2-, optimized by double-hybrid density functional theory, closely matches that of the (NN-Me)•2- lutetium complex.

Nonplanar Aromaticity of Dinuclear Rare-Earth Metallacycles.

While the concept of metalla-aromaticity has well been extended to transition organometallic compounds in diverse geometries, aromatic rare-earth organometallic complexes are rare due to the special (n - 1)d0 configuration and high-lying (n - 1)d orbitals of rare-earth centers. In particular, nonplanar cases of rare-earth complexes have not been reported so far. Here, we disclose the nonplanar aromaticity of dinuclear scandium and samarium metallacycles characterized by various aromaticity indices (nucleus-independent chemical shift, isochemical shielding surface, anisotropy of induced current density, and isomerization stabilization energy). Bonding analyses (Kohn-Sham molecular orbital, adaptive natural density partitioning, multicenter bond indices, and principal interacting orbital) reveal that three delocalized π orbitals, predominantly contributed by the 2-butene tetraanion ligand, result in the formation of six-electron conjugated systems. Guided by these findings, we predicted that the lutetium and gadolinium analogues of dinuclear rare-earth metallacycles should be aromatic, which have been verified by the successful synthesis of real molecules. This work extends the concept of nonplanar aromaticity to the field of rare-earth metallacycles and illuminates the path for designing and synthesizing various rare-earth metalla-aromatics.

Dinitrogen Activation and Functionalization Affording Chromium Diazenido and Hydrazido Complexes.

ConspectusThe activation and functionalization of N2 to form nitrogen-element bonds have long posed challenges to industrial, biological, and synthetic chemists. The first transition-metal dinitrogen complex prepared by Allen and Senoff in 1965 provoked researchers to explore homogeneous N2 fixation. Despite intensive research in the last six decades, efficient and quantitative conversion of N2 to diazenido and hydrazido species remains problematic. Relative to a plethora of reactions to generate N2 complexes, their functionalization reactions are rather rare, and the yields are often unsatisfactory, emphasizing the need for systematic investigations of the reaction mechanisms.In this Account, we summarize our recent work on the synthesis, spectroscopic features, electronic structures, and reactivities of several Cr-N2 complexes. Initially, a series of dinuclear and trinuclear Cr(I)-N2 complexes bearing cyclopentadienyl-phosphine ligands were accessed. However, they cannot achieve N2 functionalization but undergo oxidative addition reactions with phenylsilane, azobenzene, and other unsaturated organic compounds at the low-valent Cr(I) centers rather than at the N2 unit. Further reduction of these Cr(I) complexes leads to the formation of more activated mononuclear Cr(0) bis-dinitrogen complexes. Remarkably, silylation of the cyclopentadienyl-phosphine Cr(0)-N2 complex with Me3SiCl afforded the first Cr hydrazido complex. This process follows the distal pathway to functionalize the Nß atom twice, yielding an end-on η1-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)═N-N(SiMe3)2. In contrast, upon substitution of the phosphine ligand in the Cr(0)-N2 complex with a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, the corresponding reaction with Me3SiCl proceeds via the alternating pathway; the silylation occurs at both Nα and Nß atoms and generates a side-on η2-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)(η2-Me3SiN-NSiMe3). Both silylation reactions are inevitably accompanied by the formation of Cr(III) hydrazido complexes and Cr(II) chlorides with a 2:1 ratio. These processes exhibit a peculiar '3-4-2-1' stoichiometry (i.e., treating 3 equiv of Cr(0)-N2 complexes with 4 equiv of Me3SiCl yields 2 equiv of Cr(III) disilyl-hydrazido complexes and 1 equiv of Cr(II) chloride). Upon replacing the monodentate phosphine and/or NHC ligand with a bisphosphine ligand, a monodinitrogen Cr(0) complex, instead of the bis-dinitrogen Cr(0) complexes, is obtained; consequently, the silylation reactions progress via the normal two-electron route, which passes through Cr(II)-N═N-R diazenido species as an intermediate and furnishes [Cr(IV)═N-NR2]+ hydrazido as the final products. More importantly, this type of Cr(0)-N2 complex can be not only silylated but also protonated and alkylated proficiently. All of the second-order reaction rates of the first and second transformations are determined along with the lifetimes of the intervening diazenido species. Based on these findings, we have successfully carried out nearly quantitative preparations of the Cr(IV) hydrazido species with unmixed or hybrid substituents.The studies of Cr-N2 systems provide effective approaches for the activation and functionalization of N2, deepening the understanding of N2 electrophilic attack. We hope that this Account will inspire more discoveries related to the transformation of gaseous N2 to high-value-added nitrogen-containing organic compounds.

Direct Synthesis of Phosphoryltriacetates from White Phosphorus via Visible Light Catalysis.

Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are widely used in many fields. However, traditional synthetic routes in the industry usually involve multistep and hazardous procedures. Therefore, it's of great significance to construct such compounds in an environmentally-friendly and facile way. Herein, a photoredox catalytic method has been developed to construct novel phosphoryltriacetates. Using fac-Ir(ppy)3 (ppy=2-phenylpyridine) as the photocatalyst and blue LEDs (456 nm) as the light source, white phosphorus can react with α-bromo esters smoothly to generate phosphoryltriacetates in moderate to good yields. This one-step approach features mild reaction conditions and simple operational process without chlorination.

N-Aryloxide-Amidinate Thorium Complexes.

An N-aryloxide-amidine ligand (1), [ONNO] ligand, integrating phenoxide (PhO-) and amidine ligands through methylene linkers, was employed in actinide chemistry. Upon reaction of the deprotonated ligand with ThCl4(DME)2 in ether, the corresponding dimer complex 2 was obtained. Upon treatment of 2 with KCp* (Cp* = Cp(Me)5) in tetrahydrofuran, the corresponding {[ONNO]ThIVCp*(LiCl)}2 (4) was obtained. In complex 2, the two ArO- arms bonded from the same ligand to different ThIV centers. In contrast, both ArO- arms coordinated to the same metal center in 4. Notably, when a mixture of 2 and bipyridine was treated with one or two equiv of KC8, the [ONNO]ThIV-bipyridyl•̅ radical dimer complex (5) and [ONNO]ThIV-bipyridyl2- dianionic dimer species (6) were obtained, respectively.

Unusual Electronic Structures of an Electron Transfer Series of [Cr(µ-η1 : η1 -N2 )Cr]0/1+/2.

In dinitrogen (N2 ) fixation chemistry, bimetallic end-on bridging N2 complexes M(µ-η1 : η1 -N2 )M can split N2 into terminal nitrides and hence attract great attention. To date, only 4d and 5d transition complexes, but none of 3d counterparts, could realize such a transformation. Likewise, complexes {[Cp*Cr(dmpe)]2 (µ-N2 )}0/1+/2+ (1-3) are incapable to cleave N2 , in contrast to their Mo congeners. Remarkably, cross this series the N-N bond length of the N2 ligand and the N-N stretching frequency exhibit unprecedented nonmonotonic variations, and complexes 1 and 2 in both solid and solution states display rare thermally activated ligand-mediated two-center spin transitions, distinct from discrete dinuclear spin crossovers. In-depth analyses using wave function based ab initio calculations reveal that the Cr-N2 -Cr bonding in complexes 1-3 is distinguished by strong multireference character and cannot be described by solely one electron configuration or Lewis structure, and that all intriguing spectroscopic observations originate in their sophisticate multireference electronic structures. More critical is that such multireference bonding of complexes 1-3 is at least a key factor that contributes to their kinetic inertness toward N2 splitting. The mechanistic understanding is then used to rationalize the disparate reactivity of related 3d M(µ-η1 : η1 -N2 )M complexes compared to their 4d and 5d analogs.

Dinitrogen Functionalization Affording Chromium Diazenido and Side-on η2-Hydrazido Complexes.

Isolation of key intermediate complexes in dinitrogen functionalization is crucial for elucidating the mechanistic details and further investigation. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of (µ-η1:η1-N2)(η1-N2)-Cr(I) 3 and (η1-N2)2-Cr(0) complexes 4 supported by Cp* (Cp* = C5Me5) and NHC ligands were reported. Further functionalization of Cr(0)-N2 complex 4 with silyl halides delivered the key intermediates in the alternating pathway, the chromium diazenido complex 5 and the chromium side-on η2-hydrazido complex 6. Protonation of 6 led to the quantitative formation of N2H4. Moreover, the [η2-Me3SiNNSiMe3]2- unit in 6 enabled N-C bond formation reactions with CO2 and tBuNCO, giving the corresponding N,O-chelating hydrazidochromium complexes 7 and 8, respectively.

Selective Cleavage of the Strong or Weak C-C Bonds in Biphenylene Enabled by Rare-Earth Metals.

Selective cleavage of C-C bonds within arene rings is of great interest but remains elusive, especially for the molecules possessing the active and inert C-C bonds. Here, we report that the active and inert C-C bonds of biphenylene could be controllably cleaved by the reaction of biphenylene, potassium graphite, and rare-earth complexes with different metal centers. For scandium, the bond activation occurs at the Caryl-Caryl single bond, yielding 9-scandafluorene. For Lu, the reaction goes through ring contraction of the aromatic ring in biphenylene to provide benzopentalene dianionic lutetium. The origin of the selectivity and the reaction mechanism were illustrated by the isolation of intermediates and DFT calculations.

Snapshots of Early-Stage Quantitative N2 Electrophilic Functionalization.

Electrophilic functionalization of N2 moieties in metal dinitrogen complexes typically initiates the catalytic synthesis of N-containing molecules directly from N2. Despite intensive research in the last six decades, how to efficiently and even quantitatively convert N2 into diazenido and hydrazido species still poses a great challenge. In this regard, systematic and comprehensive investigations to elucidate the reaction intricacies are of profound significance. Herein, we report a kinetic dissection on the first and second electrophilic functionalization steps of a new Cr0-N2 system with HOTf, MeOTf, and Me3SiOTf. All reactions pass through fleeting diazenido intermediates and furnish long-lived final hydrazido products, and both steps are quantitative conversions at low temperatures. All of the second-order reaction rates of the first and second transformations were determined as well as the lifetimes of the intervening diazenido species. Based on these findings, we succeeded in large-scale and near-quantitative preparation of all hydrazido species.

Photochemical Benzylation of White Phosphorus.

Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) have wide application in organic synthesis, material sciences, and drug discovery. Generally, the vast majority of phosphorus atoms in OPCs are derived from white phosphorus (P4). However, the large-scale preparation of OPCs mainly proceeds through the multistep and environmentally toxic chlorine route from P4. Herein, we report the direct benzylation of P4 promoted by visible light. The cheap and readily available benzyl bromide was used as a benzylation reagent, and tetrabenzylphosphonium bromide was directly synthesized from P4. In addition, the metallaphotoredox catalysis strategy was applied to functionalize P4 for the first time, which significantly improved the application range of the substituted benzyl bromide.

Insight into the Ligand-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Process in Rare-Earth-Metal Diradical Complexes.

While a ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LLCT) process is an important way to understand the interactions between metal-bridged radicals for late-transition-metal complexes, there is little clear and evident observation of the LLCT process for rare-earth-metal complexes. In this work, rare-earth-metal diradical complexes supported by diazabutadiene (DAD) ligands [(DAD)2RE(BH4)] [RE = Yb (1), Sm (2)] were synthesized and studied. The coordination geometries of 1 and 2 are different due to the different ionic radii. Reduction of 1 or 2 generated monoradical complexes, with one of their DAD radical anions being reduced. In all of the complexes, Sm and Yb remain at the 3+ valence state. In their UV-vis spectra, the LLCT transition of 1 could be clearly observed, but complex 2 did not show the same transition. These results could be related to the geometric structures of the complexes as well as exchange coupling between diradicals, thus clearly expanding the model for late-transition-metal-bridged diradicals to rare-earth systems experimentally.

Syntheses and Characterizations of Hetero-Bimetallic Chromium-Dinitrogen Transition-Metal Complexes.

In the domain of N2 activation, hetero-bimetallic dinitrogen complexes are garnering substantial interest due to their potential to induce polarization in nonpolar N2 gas. Herein, we present the syntheses and characterizations of three novel hetero-multimetallic dinitrogen complexes: Cp*Cr(depe)N2V(depe)Me[O, P, O] 5, Cp*Cr(depe)N2V(depe)Tipp[O, P, O] 6, and [Cp*Cr(depe)N2]2TiTipp[O, P, O] 7. These complexes were synthesized via a transmetalation process involving the treatment of [Cr0-N2]- complex 4 with vanadium and titanium chloride complexes bearing alkyl or aryl substituted bis(o-hydroxyphenyl)-phenyl phosphine R[O, P, O] ligand (alkyl = methyl, aryl = 2,4,6-tri-isopropylbenzene). X-ray analysis shows that complexes 5 and 6 exhibit heterodinuclear structures, while complex 7 exhibits a heterotrinuclear core with two N2 ligands concurrently coordinated to two chromium and one titanium atoms. Raman spectroscopic data show that the N-N stretching vibration of the N2 moiety is clearly downshifted relative to free N2 and to mononuclear [Cr0-N2]- complex 4.

From Dinitrogen to N-Containing Organic Compounds: Using Li2 CN2 as a Synthon.

Through the synergies of a heterogeneous synthetic approach and a homogeneous synthetic methodology, N-containing organic compounds can be synthesized via activated N-containing species prepared from N2 gas and suitable carbon sources. From N2 , carbon, and LiH, we have previously succeeded in the high-yield preparation of Li2 CN2 as the activated N-containing species. In this work, we applied Li2 CN2 as a novel synthetic synthon for constructing N-containing organic compounds. A series of reaction models, including a substitution reaction, cycloaddition reaction, and transition metal-catalyzed coupling reaction, were successfully performed using Li2 CN2 under mild conditions. Various valuable cyanamides, carbodiimides, N-aryl cyanamides and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were readily synthesized in moderate to excellent yields. With this method, the 15 N-labeled products, including oxazolidine derivatives with anti-cancer activity, could also be facilely prepared from 15 N2 gas.

Metalla-aromatics: Planar, Nonplanar, and Spiro.

ConspectusThe concept of aromaticity is one of the most fundamental principles in chemistry. It is generally accepted that planarity is a prerequisite for aromaticity, and typically the more planar the geometry of an aromatic compound is, the stronger aromatic it is. However, it is not always the case, particularly when transition metals are involved in conjugation and electron delocalization of aromatic systems, i.e., metalla-aromatics. Because of the intrinsic nature of transition-metal orbitals, besides planar geometries, the most stable molecular structures of metalla-aromatic compounds could take nonplanar and even spiro geometries. In this Account, we outline several unprecedented types of metalla-aromatics developed recently in our research group.Around seven years ago, we found that 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes, dilithio reagents with π-conjugation, could function as non-innocent ligands and react with low-valent transition-metal complexes, generating monocyclic metalla-aromatic compounds. Later on, by taking advantage of the unique behavior of dilithio reagents and the intrinsic nature of different transition metals, we have synthesized a series of metalla-aromatic compounds, of which four types are discussed here, and each of them represents the first of its kind. First, nearly planar aromatic dicupra[10]annulenes, a 10 π-electron aromatic system with two bridging Cu atoms participating in the orbital conjugation and electron delocalization, are synthesized by annulating two dilithio reagents with two Cu(I) complexes.Second, four kinds of spiro metalla-aromatics, featuring planar (with Pd, Pt, or Rh as the spiro atom) geometry with a whole 10π aromatic system, octahedral (tris-spiro metalla-aromatics with V as the spiro atom) geometry with an entire 40π Craig-Möbius aromatic system, tetrahedral (with Mn as the spiro atom) geometry having two independent and perpendicular 6π planar aromatic rings, and tetrahedral (with Mn as the spiro atom) geometry with one planar and one nonplanar 6π aromatic rings, respectively, are generated. In sharp contrast to spiroaromaticity with carbon acting as the spiro atom described in Organic Chemistry, the metal spiro atom herein takes part in orbital conjugation and electron delocalization.Third, nonplanar aromatic butadienyl diiron complexes are realized. Different from planar aromatic systems featuring delocalized π-type overlap, this nonplanar metalla-aromaticity is achieved by the novel σ-type overlap between the two Fe 3dxz orbitals and the butadienyl π orbital, forming a 6π aromatic system. Fourth, dinickelaferrocene, a ferrocene analogue with two aromatic nickeloles, is synthesized from our monocyclic aromatic dilithionickelole and FeBr2. The aromaticity of dinickelaferrocene and its nickelole ligands is realized by electron back-donation from the Fe 3d orbital to the π* orbital of nickeloles, which also deepens our understanding of the origin of aromaticity.The search for unprecedented and exciting aromatic systems, particularly with transition metals being involved, will continue to drive this intriguing research field forward. Given the synthetic strategies and various types of metalla-aromatics developed and described, diversified metalla-aromatics of interesting structures and reaction chemistry, novel chemical bonding modes, and useful functions can be expected.

Cobalt Cyclopentadienyl-Phosphine Dinitrogen Complexes.

By applying the potassium salts of cyclopentadienyl-phosphine ligands LK to CoCl2 , the corresponding cobalt chlorides (1, LCoII Cl) were prepared. By reducing complexes 1 with KHBEt3 under a N2 atmosphere, bridging end-on complexes, LCoI -N2 -CoI L (2 a and 2 b), were successfully obtained. 15 N2 -labeled [15 N2 ]-2 a was prepared under 15 N2 /14 N2 exchange in THF solution. LCoI -N2 -CoI L complex 2 a could react with P4 molecules to release N2 and generate a Co-P4 -Co moiety 4. Further reduction of complex 2 b led to cleavage of a P-C bond in the cyclopentadienyl-phosphine ligand to provide novel µ-PCy2 -bridged Co0 -N2 complex 5. DFT calculations confirmed the experimental observations.

Profiling the Surfaceome Identifies Therapeutic Targets for Cells with Hyperactive mTORC1 Signaling.

Aberrantly high mTORC1 signaling is a known driver of many cancers and human disorders, yet pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 rarely confers durable clinical responses. To explore alternative therapeutic strategies, herein we conducted a proteomics survey to identify cell surface proteins upregulated by mTORC1. A comparison of the surfaceome from Tsc1-/-versus Tsc1+/+ mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed 59 proteins predicted to be significantly overexpressed in Tsc1-/- cells. Further validation of the data in multiple mouse and human cell lines showed that mTORC1 signaling most dramatically induced the expression of the proteases neprilysin (NEP/CD10) and aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13). Functional studies showed that constitutive mTORC1 signaling sensitized cells to genetic ablation of NEP and APN, as well as the biochemical inhibition of APN. In summary, these data show that mTORC1 signaling plays a significant role in the constitution of the surfaceome, which in turn may present novel therapeutic strategies.

Selective Coupling of Lanthanide Metallacyclopropenes and Nitriles via Azametallacyclopentadiene and η2-Pyrimidine Metallacycle.

Exploring new lanthanide metallacycles and finding their unique chemistry different from the analogues of transition metals are of great interest and importance. In this work, we reported the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity toward nitriles of two lanthanide metallacyclopropenes: lutetacyclopropene 2a and dysprosacyclopropene 2b. The selective coupling of 2a and three molecules of PhCN was found for the first time to provide the unexpected fused lutetacycle 3a with one 1,6-dihydropyrimidine ring. Mechanistic studies by DFT calculations reveal that the triple insertion of PhCN into 2a proceeds through four key steps: the insertion of the first PhCN into 2a giving azalutetacyclopentadiene IM1, the insertion of the second PhCN into the Lu-N bond of IM1, the intramolecular electrocyclization providing a highly strained η2-pyrimidine metallacycle, and the insertion of the third PhCN into the Lu-Csp3 bond. Isolation and characterization of two active intermediates, azalutetacyclopentadiene IM1 and η2-pyrimidine dysprosacycle, provide critical evidence for the formation of 3a. Furthermore, IM1 was also reported to react with TMSCN, isocyanides, or W(CO)6 to furnish the fused [4,5] lutetacycles. The chemistry of two lanthanide metallacyclopropenes with nitriles is significantly different from these metallacyclopropenes of scandium and other metals. Most notably, the azalutetacyclopentadienes, η2-pyrimidine complex, and other metallacycles all represent the first examples in rare-earth organometallic chemistry; the formation of these new lutetacycles provides concrete evidence for understanding the mechanism of transition metal promoted or catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition between alkynes and nitriles.

Insertion Chemistry of Lutetacyclopropene toward Unsaturated C-O/C-N Bonds.

Although the reaction chemistry of transition metallacyclopropenes has been well-established in the last decades, the reactivity of rare-earth metallacyclopropenes remains elusive. Herein, we report the reaction of lutetacyclopropene 1 toward a series of unsaturated molecules. The reaction of 1 with one equiv. of PhCOMe, Ar1 CHO (Ar1 =2,6-Me2 C6 H3 ), W(CO)6 , and PhCH=NPh provided oxalutetacyclopentenes, metallacyclic lutetoxycarbene, and azalutetacyclopentene via 1,2-insertion of C=O, C≡O, or C=N bonds into Lu-Csp2 bond, respectively. However, the reaction between 1 and Ar2 N=C=NAr2 (Ar2 =4-MeC6 H4 ) gave an acyclic lutetium complex with a diamidinate ligand by the coupling of one molecule of 1 with two carbodiimides, irrespective of the amount of carbodiimide employed. More interestingly, when 1 was treated with two equiv. of Ar1 CHO, the reductive coupling of two C=O bonds was discovered to give a lutetium pinacolate complex along with the release of tolan. Remarkably, the reactivity of 1 is significantly different from that of scandacyclopropenes; these metallacycles derived from 1 all represent the first cases in rare-earth organometallic chemistry.

C,C- and C,N-Chelated Organocopper Compounds.

Copper-catalyzed and organocopper-involved reactions are of great significance in organic synthesis. To have a deep understanding of the reaction mechanisms, the structural characterizations of organocopper intermediates become indispensable. Meanwhile, the structure-function relationship of organocopper compounds could advance the rational design and development of new Cu-based reactions and organocopper reagents. Compared to the mono-carbonic ligand, the C,N- and C,C-bidentate ligands better stabilize unstable organocopper compounds. Bidentate ligands can chelate to the same copper atom via η2-mode, forming a mono-cupra-cyclic compounds with at least one acute C-Cu-C angle. When the bidentate ligands bind to two copper atoms via η1-mode at each coordinating site, the bimetallic macrocyclic compounds will form nearly linear C-Cu-C angles. The anionic coordinating sites of the bidentate ligand can also bridge two metals via µ2-mode, forming organocopper aggregates with Cu-Cu interactions and organocuprates with contact ion pair structures. The reaction chemistry of some selected organocopper compounds is highlighted, showing their unique structure-reactivity relationships.