Histone H3.3G34-Mutant Interneuron Progenitors Co-opt PDGFRA for Gliomagenesis.

Histone H3.3 glycine 34 to arginine/valine (G34R/V) mutations drive deadly gliomas and show exquisite regional and temporal specificity, suggesting a developmental context permissive to their effects. Here we show that 50% of G34R/V tumors (n = 95) bear activating PDGFRA mutations that display strong selection pressure at recurrence. Although considered gliomas, G34R/V tumors actually arise in GSX2/DLX-expressing interneuron progenitors, where G34R/V mutations impair neuronal differentiation. The lineage of origin may facilitate PDGFRA co-option through a chromatin loop connecting PDGFRA to GSX2 regulatory elements, promoting PDGFRA overexpression and mutation. At the single-cell level, G34R/V tumors harbor dual neuronal/astroglial identity and lack oligodendroglial programs, actively repressed by GSX2/DLX-mediated cell fate specification. G34R/V may become dispensable for tumor maintenance, whereas mutant-PDGFRA is potently oncogenic. Collectively, our results open novel research avenues in deadly tumors. G34R/V gliomas are neuronal malignancies where interneuron progenitors are stalled in differentiation by G34R/V mutations and malignant gliogenesis is promoted by co-option of a potentially targetable pathway, PDGFRA signaling.

Development of an online calculator for the prediction of seizure freedom following pediatric hemispherectomy using the Hemispherectomy Outcome Prediction Scale (HOPS).

OBJECTIVES: Although hemispheric surgeries are among the most effective procedures for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) in the pediatric population, there is a large variability in seizure outcomes at the group level. A recently developed HOPS score provides individualized estimation of likelihood of seizure freedom to complement clinical judgement. The objective of this study was to develop a freely accessible online calculator that accurately predicts the probability of seizure freedom for any patient at 1-, 2-, and 5-years post-hemispherectomy. METHODS: Retrospective data of all pediatric patients with DRE and seizure outcome data from the original Hemispherectomy Outcome Prediction Scale (HOPS) study were included. The primary outcome of interest was time-to-seizure recurrence. A multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression model was developed to predict the likelihood of post-hemispheric surgery seizure freedom at three time points (1-, 2- and 5- years) based on a combination of variables identified by clinical judgment and inferential statistics predictive of the primary outcome. The final model from this study was encoded in a publicly accessible online calculator on the International Network for Epilepsy Surgery and Treatment (iNEST) website (https://hops-calculator.com/). RESULTS: The selected variables for inclusion in the final model included the five original HOPS variables (age at seizure onset, etiologic substrate, seizure semiology, prior non-hemispheric resective surgery, and contralateral fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography [FDG-PET] hypometabolism) and three additional variables (age at surgery, history of infantile spasms, and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] lesion). Predictors of shorter time-to-seizure recurrence included younger age at seizure onset, prior resective surgery, generalized seizure semiology, FDG-PET hypometabolism contralateral to the side of surgery, contralateral MRI lesion, non-lesional MRI, non-stroke etiologies, and a history of infantile spasms. The area under the curve (AUC) of the final model was 73.0%. SIGNIFICANCE: Online calculators are useful, cost-free tools that can assist physicians in risk estimation and inform joint decision-making processes with patients and families, potentially leading to greater satisfaction. Although the HOPS data was validated in the original analysis, the authors encourage external validation of this new calculator.

Clinical utility of intraoperative electrocorticography for epilepsy surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Despite the widespread use of intraoperative electrocorticography (iECoG) during resective epilepsy surgery, there are conflicting data on its overall efficacy and inability to predict benefit per pathology. Given the heterogeneity of iECoG use in resective epilepsy surgery, it is important to assess the utility of interictal-based iECoG. This individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis seeks to identify the benefit of iECoG during resective epilepsy surgery in achieving seizure freedom for various pathologies. Embase, Scopus, and PubMed were searched from inception to January 31, 2021 using the following terms: "ecog", "electrocorticography", and "epilepsy". Articles were included if they reported seizure freedom at ≥12-month follow-up in cohorts with and without iECoG for epilepsy surgery. Non-English articles, noncomparative iECoG cohorts, and studies with <10% iECoG use were excluded. This meta-analysis followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The primary outcome was seizure freedom at last follow-up and time to seizure recurrence, if applicable. Forest plots with random effects modeling assessed the relationship between iECoG use and seizure freedom. Cox regression of IPD was performed to identify predictors of longer duration of seizure freedom. Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank test were created to visualize differences in time to seizure recurrence. Of 7504 articles identified, 18 were included for study-level analysis. iECoG was not associated with higher seizure freedom at the study level (relative risk = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96-1.23, p = .19, I2  = 64%), but on IPD (n = 7 studies, 231 patients) iECoG use was independently associated with more favorable seizure outcomes (hazard ratio = 0.47, 95% CI = .23-.95, p = .037). In Kaplan-Meier analysis of specific pathologies, iECoG use was significantly associated with longer seizure freedom only for focal cortical dysplasia (FCD; p < .001) etiology. Number needed to treat for iECoG was 8.8, and for iECoG in FCD it was 4.7. We show iECoG seizure freedom is not achieved uniformly across centers. iECoG is particularly beneficial for FCD etiology in improving seizure freedom.

Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.

Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) has emerged as a popular minimally invasive alternative to open resective surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). We sought to perform a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis to identify independent predictors of seizure outcome and complications following MRgLITT for DRE. Eleven databases were searched from January 1, 2010 to February 6, 2021 using the terms "MR-guided ablation therapy" and "epilepsy". Multivariable mixed-effects Cox and logistic regression identified predictors of time to seizure recurrence, seizure freedom, operative complications, and postoperative neurological deficits. From 8705 citations, 46 studies reporting on 450 MRgLITT DRE patients (mean age = 29.5 ± 18.1 years, 49.6% female) were included. Median postoperative seizure freedom and follow-up duration were 15.5 and 19.0 months, respectively. Overall, 240 (57.8%) of 415 patients (excluding palliative corpus callosotomy) were seizure-free at last follow-up. Generalized seizure semiology (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.78, p = .020) and nonlesional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings (HR = 1.50, p = .032) independently predicted shorter time to seizure recurrence. Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM; odds ratio [OR] = 7.97, p < .001) and mesial temporal sclerosis/atrophy (MTS/A; OR = 2.21, p = .011) were independently associated with greater odds of seizure freedom at last follow-up. Operative complications occurred in 28 (8.5%) of 330 patients and were independently associated with extratemporal ablations (OR = 5.40, p = .012) and nonlesional MRI studies (OR = 3.25, p = .017). Postoperative neurological deficits were observed in 53 (15.1%) of 352 patients and were independently predicted by hypothalamic hamartoma etiology (OR = 5.93, p = .006) and invasive electroencephalographic monitoring (OR = 4.83, p = .003). Overall, MRgLITT is particularly effective in treating patients with well-circumscribed lesional DRE, such as CCM and MTS/A, but less effective in nonlesional cases or lesional cases with a more diffuse epileptogenic network associated with generalized seizures. This study identifies independent predictors of seizure freedom and complications following MRgLITT that may help further guide patient selection.

Seizure outcome of pediatric magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy versus open surgery: A matched noninferiority cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Minimally invasive magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) has been proposed as an alternative to open epilepsy surgery, to address concerns regarding the risk of open surgery. Our primary hypothesis was that seizure freedom at 1 year after MRgLITT is noninferior to open surgery in children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The secondary hypothesis was that MRgLITT has fewer complications and shorter hospitalization than surgery. The primary objective was to compare seizure outcome of MRgLITT to open surgery in children with DRE. The secondary objective was to compare complications and length of hospitalization of the two treatments. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter cohort study included children with DRE treated with MRgLITT or open surgery with 1-year follow-up. Exclusion criteria were corpus callosotomy, neurostimulation, multilobar or hemispheric surgery, and lesion with maximal dimension > 60 mm. MRgLITT patients were propensity matched to open surgery patients. The primary outcome was seizure freedom at 1 year posttreatment. The difference in seizure freedom was compared using noninferiority test, with noninferiority margin of -10%. The secondary outcomes were complications and length of hospitalization. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-five MRgLITT patients were matched to 185 open surgery patients. Seizure freedom at 1 year follow-up was observed in 89 of 185 (48.1%) MRgLITT and 114 of 185 (61.6%) open surgery patients (difference = -13.5%, one-sided 97.5% confidence interval = -23.8% to ∞, pNoninferiority  = .79). The lower confidence interval boundary of -23.8% was below the prespecified noninferiority margin of -10%. Overall complications were lower in MRgLITT compared to open surgery (10.8% vs. 29.2%, respectively, p < .001). Hospitalization was shorter for MRgLITT than open surgery (3.1 ± 2.9 vs. 7.2 ± 6.1 days, p < .001). SIGNIFICANCE: Seizure outcome of MRgLITT at 1 year posttreatment was inferior to open surgery. However, MRgLITT has the advantage of better safety profile and shorter hospitalization. The findings will help counsel children and parents on the benefits and risks of MRgLITT and contribute to informed decision-making on treatment options.

Added value of corpus callosotomy following vagus nerve stimulation in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: A multicenter, multinational study.

OBJECTIVE: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe form of epileptic encephalopathy, presenting during the first years of life, and is very resistant to treatment. Once medical therapy has failed, palliative surgeries such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) or corpus callosotomy (CC) are considered. Although CC is more effective than VNS as the primary neurosurgical treatment for LGS-associated drop attacks, there are limited data regarding the added value of CC following VNS. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of CC preceded by VNS. METHODS: This multinational, multicenter retrospective study focuses on LGS children who underwent CC before the age of 18 years, following prior VNS, which failed to achieve satisfactory seizure control. Collected data included epilepsy characteristics, surgical details, epilepsy outcomes, and complications. The primary outcome of this study was a 50% reduction in drop attacks. RESULTS: A total of 127 cases were reviewed (80 males). The median age at epilepsy onset was 6 months (interquartile range [IQR] = 3.12-22.75). The median age at VNS surgery was 7 years (IQR = 4-10), and CC was performed at a median age of 11 years (IQR = 8.76-15). The dominant seizure type was drop attacks (tonic or atonic) in 102 patients. Eighty-six patients underwent a single-stage complete CC, and 41 an anterior callosotomy. Ten patients who did not initially have a complete CC underwent a second surgery for completion of CC due to seizure persistence. Overall, there was at least a 50% reduction in drop attacks and other seizures in 83% and 60%, respectively. Permanent morbidity occurred in 1.5%, with no mortality. SIGNIFICANCE: CC is vital in seizure control in children with LGS in whom VNS has failed. Surgical risks are low. A complete CC has a tendency toward better effectiveness than anterior CC for some seizure types.

A twitter analysis of patient and family experience in pediatric spine surgery.

BACKGROUND: There is little data on patient and caregiver perceptions of spine surgery in children and youth. This study aims to characterize the personal experiences of patients, caregivers, and family members surrounding pediatric spine surgery through a qualitative and quantitative social media analysis. METHODS: The Twitter application programming interface was searched for keywords related to pediatric spine surgery from inception to March 2022. Relevant tweets and accounts were extracted and subsequently classified using thematic labels. Tweet metadata was collected to measure user engagement via multivariable regression. Sentiment analysis using Natural Language Processing was performed on all tweets with a focus on tweets discussing the personal experiences of patients and caregivers. RESULTS: 2424 tweets from 1847 individual accounts were retrieved for analysis. Patients and caregivers represented 1459 (79.0%) of all accounts. Posts discussed the personal experiences of patients and caregivers in 83.5% of tweets. Pediatric spine surgery research was discussed in few posts (n=90, 3.7%). Within the personal experience category, 975 (48.17%) tweets were positive, 516 (25.49%) were negative, and 533 (26.34%) were neutral. Presence of a tag (beta: -6.1, 95% CI -9.7 to -2.5) and baseline follower count (beta<0.001, 95% CI <0.001 to <0.001) significantly affected tweet engagement negatively and positively, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients and caregivers actively discuss topics related to pediatric spine surgery on Twitter. Posts discussing personal experience are most prevalent, while posts on research are scarce, unlike previous social media studies. Pediatric spine surgeons can leverage this dialogue to better understand the worries and needs of patients and their families.

Invasive Brain Computer Interface for Motor Restoration in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review of the literature. OBJECTIVES: In recent years, brain-computer interface (BCI) has emerged as a potential treatment for patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). This is the first systematic review of the literature on invasive closed-loop BCI technologies for the treatment of SCI in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search of PubMed MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Ovid EMBASE was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS: Of 8316 articles collected, 19 studies met all the inclusion criteria. Data from 21 patients were extracted from these studies. All patients sustained a cervical SCI and were treated using either a BCI with intracortical microelectrode arrays (n = 18, 85.7%) or electrocorticography (n = 3, 14.3%). To decode these neural signals, machine learning and statistical models were used: support vector machine in eight patients (38.1%), linear estimator in seven patients (33.3%), Hidden Markov Model in three patients (14.3%), and other in three patients (14.3%). As the outputs, ten patients (47.6%) underwent noninvasive functional electrical stimulation (FES) with a cuff; one (4.8%) had an invasive FES with percutaneous stimulation, and ten (47.6%) used an external device (neuroprosthesis or virtual avatar). Motor function was restored in all patients for each assigned task. Clinical outcome measures were heterogeneous across all studies. CONCLUSIONS: Invasive techniques of BCI show promise for the treatment of SCI, but there is currently no technology that can restore complete functional autonomy in patients with SCI. The current techniques and outcomes of BCI vary greatly. Because invasive BCIs are still in the early stages of development, further clinical studies should be conducted to optimize the prognosis for patients with SCI.

Development and validation of machine learning models for prediction of seizure outcome after pediatric epilepsy surgery.

OBJECTIVE: There is substantial variability in reported seizure outcome following pediatric epilepsy surgery, and lack of individualized predictive tools that could evaluate the probability of seizure freedom postsurgery. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a supervised machine learning (ML) model for predicting seizure freedom after pediatric epilepsy surgery. METHODS: This is a multicenter retrospective study of children who underwent epilepsy surgery at five pediatric epilepsy centers in North America. Clinical information, diagnostic investigations, and surgical characteristics were collected, and used as features to predict seizure-free outcome 1 year after surgery. The dataset was split randomly into 80% training and 20% testing data. Thirty-five combinations of five feature sets with seven ML classifiers were assessed on the training cohort using 10-fold cross-validation for model development. The performance of the optimal combination of ML classifier and feature set was evaluated in the testing cohort, and compared with logistic regression, a classical statistical approach. RESULTS: Of the 801 patients included, 61.3% were seizure-free 1 year postsurgery. During model development, the best combination was XGBoost ML algorithm with five features from the univariate feature set, including number of antiseizure medications, magnetic resonance imaging lesion, age at seizure onset, video-electroencephalography concordance, and surgery type, with a mean area under the curve (AUC) of .73 (95% confidence interval [CI] = .69-.77). The combination of XGBoost and univariate feature set was then evaluated on the testing cohort and achieved an AUC of .74 (95% CI = .66-.82; sensitivity = .87, 95% CI = .81-.94; specificity = .58, 95% CI = .47-.71). The XGBoost model outperformed the logistic regression model (AUC = .72, 95% CI = .63-.80; sensitivity = .72, 95% CI = .63-.82; specificity = .66, 95% CI = .53-.77) in the testing cohort (p = .005). SIGNIFICANCE: This study identified important features and validated an ML algorithm, XGBoost, for predicting the probability of seizure freedom after pediatric epilepsy surgery. Improved prognostication of epilepsy surgery is critical for presurgical counseling and will inform treatment decisions.

Potential Benefit of Add-on Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Pediatric Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Case Series.

We present five cases of pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) that failed management using high cannabidiol (CBD) doses, but had significant reduction in seizure frequency with reintroduction or increasing doses of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). There is growing evidence supporting the use of whole-plant CBD-rich extracts (containing THC and other cannabinoids) in the treatment of pediatric DRE. Based on our experiences and reports in the literature, we propose that, in patients who fail management with an initial trial of high-dose CBD-focused therapy, there may be a role for add-on THC-focused formulations.

Deep brain stimulation in children and youth: perspectives of patients and caregivers gleaned through Twitter.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to glean patient and caregiver perspectives surrounding deep brain stimulation (DBS) in children and youth through an analysis of patterns of social media usage. METHODS: The authors performed a comprehensive search of the Twitter Application Programming Interface (API) database for all tweets about DBS use in children and youth, with no date restriction. Data pertaining to each tweet were extracted for analysis. Results were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methodologies. These included thematic analysis of tweets, accounts, and descriptive statistics. Sentiment analysis of extracted tweets was also performed. A multivariable regression model was used to identify predictors of higher engagement metrics (likes, retweets, and quotes). RESULTS: A comprehensive search of the Twitter database yielded 877 tweets from 816 unique accounts meeting study inclusion criteria. Most tweets were from patients or caregivers, researchers, or news media outlets. The most common themes among analyzed tweets were research discussing novel findings (45.2%) or personal experiences of patients or caregivers (27.4%). Sentiment analysis showed that 54.5% of tweets were positive, 35.1% were neutral, and 10.4% were negative. The presence of pictures or videos increased the tweet engagement count by an average of 10.5 (95% CI 7.3-13.6). Tweets about personal patient experiences (ß = 6, 95% CI 0.95-12) and tweets tagging other accounts (ß = 3.2, 95% CI 0.63-5.8) were also significantly associated with higher engagement metrics. CONCLUSIONS: The current study is the first to assess patient and caregiver perspectives surrounding pediatric DBS through a comprehensive analysis of social media usage. Given the nascent field, social media presents an opportunity to share experiences and promote patient and healthcare professional education surrounding pediatric DBS.

Transduction of inflammation from peripheral immune cells to the hippocampus induces neuronal hyperexcitability mediated by Caspase-1 activation.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies report infiltration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into the central nervous system (CNS) in epileptic disorders, suggestive of a potential contribution of PBMC extravasation to the generation of seizures. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms involved in PBMC infiltrates promoting neuronal predisposition to ictogenesis remain unclear. Therefore, we developed an in vitro model mimicking infiltration of activated PBMCs into the brain in order to investigate potential transduction of inflammatory signals from PBMCs to the CNS. METHODS: To establish our model, we first extracted PBMCs from rat spleen, then, immunologically primed PBMCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by further activation with nigericin. Thereafter, we co-cultured these activated PBMCs with organotypic cortico-hippocampal brain slice cultures (OCHSCs) derived from the same rat, and compared PBMC-OCHSC co-cultures to OCHSCs exposed to PBMCs in the culture media. We further targeted a potential molecular pathway underlying transduction of peripheral inflammation to OCHSCs by incubating OCHSCs with the Caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765 prior to co-culturing PBMCs with OCHSCs. After 24 h, we analyzed inflammation markers in the cortex and the hippocampus using semiquantitative immunofluorescence. In addition, we analyzed neuronal activity by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in cortical layer II/III and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. RESULTS: In the cortex, co-culturing immunoreactive PBMCs treated with LPS + nigericin on top of OCHSCs upregulated inflammatory markers and enhanced neuronal excitation. In contrast, no excitability changes were detected after adding primed PBMCs (i.e. treated with LPS only), to OCHSCs. Strikingly, in the hippocampus, both immunoreactive and primed PBMCs elicited similar pro-inflammatory and pro-excitatory effects. However, when immunoreactive and primed PBMCs were cultured in the media separately from OCHSCs, only immunoreactive PBMCs gave rise to neuroinflammation and hyperexcitability in the hippocampus, whereas primed PBMCs failed to produce any significant changes. Finally, VX-765 application to OCHSCs, co-cultured with either immunoreactive or primed PBMCs, prevented neuroinflammation and hippocampal hyperexcitability in OCHSCs. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows a higher susceptibility of the hippocampus to peripheral inflammation as compared to the cortex, mediated via Caspase-1-dependent signaling pathways. Thus, our findings suggest that Caspase-1 inhibition may potentially provide therapeutic benefits during hippocampal neuroinflammation and hyperexcitability secondary to peripheral innate immunity.

Sex differences in the developing brain impact stress-induced epileptogenicity following hyperthermia-induced seizures.

Febrile seizures (FS) are common, affecting 2-5% of children between the ages of 3 months and 6 years. Complex FS occur in 10% of patients with FS and are strongly associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Current research suggests that predisposing factors, such as genetic and anatomic abnormalities, may be necessary for complex FS to translate to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Sex hormones are known to influence seizure susceptibility and epileptogenesis, but whether sex-specific effects of early life stress play a role in epileptogenesis is unclear. Here, we investigate sex differences in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis following chronic stress and the underlying contributions of gonadal hormones to the susceptibility of hyperthermia-induced seizures (HS) in rat pups. Chronic stress consisted of daily injections of 40 mg/kg of corticosterone (CORT) subcutaneously from postnatal day (P) 1 to P9 in male and female rat pups followed by HS at P10. Body mass, plasma CORT levels, temperature threshold to HS, seizure characteristics, and electroencephalographic in vivo recordings were compared between CORT- and vehicle (VEH)-injected littermates during and after HS at P10. In juvenile rats (P18-P22), in vitro CA1 pyramidal cell recordings were recorded in males to investigate excitatory and inhibitory neuronal circuits. Results show that daily CORT injections increased basal plasma CORT levels before HS and significantly reduced weight gain and body temperature threshold of HS in both males and females. CORT also significantly lowered the generalized convulsions (GC) latency while increasing recovery time and the number of electrographic seizures (>10s), which had longer duration. Furthermore, sex-specific differences were found in response to chronic CORT injections. Compared to females, male pups had increased basal plasma CORT levels after HS, longer recovery time and a higher number of electrographic seizures (>10s), which also had longer duration. Sex-specific differences were also found at baseline conditions with lower latency to generalized convulsions and longer duration of electrographic seizures in males but not in females. In juvenile male rats, the amplitude of evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials, as well as the amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic currents, were significantly greater in CORT rats when compared to VEH littermates. These findings not only validate CORT injections as a stress model, but also show a sex difference in baseline conditions as well as a response to chronic CORT and an impact on seizure susceptibility, supporting a potential link between sustained early-life stress and complex FS. Overall, these effects also indicate a putatively less severe phenotype in female than male pups. Ultimately, studies investigating the biological underpinnings of sex differences as a determining factor in mental and neurologic problems are necessary to develop better diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic approaches for all patients regardless of their sex.

Hemispherectomy Outcome Prediction Scale: Development and validation of a seizure freedom prediction tool.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a model to predict seizure freedom in children undergoing cerebral hemispheric surgery for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS: We analyzed 1267 hemispheric surgeries performed in pediatric participants across 32 centers and 12 countries to identify predictors of seizure freedom at 3 months after surgery. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed based on 70% of the dataset (training set) and validated on 30% of the dataset (validation set). Missing data were handled using multiple imputation techniques. RESULTS: Overall, 817 of 1237 (66%) hemispheric surgeries led to seizure freedom (median follow-up = 24 months), and 1050 of 1237 (85%) were seizure-free at 12 months after surgery. A simple regression model containing age at seizure onset, presence of generalized seizure semiology, presence of contralateral 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography hypometabolism, etiologic substrate, and previous nonhemispheric resective surgery is predictive of seizure freedom (area under the curve = .72). A Hemispheric Surgery Outcome Prediction Scale (HOPS) score was devised that can be used to predict seizure freedom. SIGNIFICANCE: Children most likely to benefit from hemispheric surgery can be selected and counseled through the implementation of a scale derived from a multiple regression model. Importantly, children who are unlikely to experience seizure control can be spared from the complications and deficits associated with this surgery. The HOPS score is likely to help physicians in clinical decision-making.

Predictors of mortality and tumor recurrence in desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma and astrocytoma-and individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA).

PURPOSE: Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma (DIA) and desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma (DIG) are classified together as grade I neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumor of the central nervous system by the World Health Organization (WHO). These tumors are rare and have not been well characterized in terms of clinical outcomes. We aimed to identify clinical predictors of mortality and tumor recurrence/progression by performing an individual patient data meta-analysis (IPDMA) of the literature. METHODS: A systematic literature review from 1970 to 2020 was performed, and individualized clinical data for patients diagnosed with DIA/DIG were extracted. Aggregated data were excluded from collection. Outcome measures of interest were mortality and tumor recurrence/progression, as well as time-to-event (TTE) for each of these. Participants without information on these outcome measures were excluded. Cox regression survival analyses were performed to determine predictors of mortality and tumor recurrence / progression. RESULTS: We identified 98 articles and extracted individual patient data from 188 patients. The cohort consisted of 58.9% males with a median age of 7 months. The majority (68.1%) were DIGs, while 24.5% were DIAs and 7.5% were non-specific desmoplastic infantile tumors; DIAs presented more commonly in deep locations (p = 0.001), with leptomeningeal metastasis (p = 0.001), and was associated with decreased probability of gross total resection (GTR; p = 0.001). Gender, age, and tumor pathology were not statistically significant predictors of either mortality or tumor recurrence/progression. On multivariate survival analysis, GTR was a predictor of survival (HR = 0.058; p = 0.007) while leptomeningeal metastasis at presentation was a predictor of mortality (HR = 3.27; p = 0.025). Deep tumor location (HR = 2.93; p = 0.001) and chemotherapy administration (HR = 2.02; p = 0.017) were associated with tumor recurrence/progression. CONCLUSION: Our IPDMA of DIA/DIG cases reported in the literature revealed that GTR was a predictor of survival while leptomeningeal metastasis at presentation was associated with mortality. Deep tumor location and chemotherapy were associated with tumor recurrence / progression.

Surgical targeting of large hypothalamic hamartomas and seizure-freedom following MR-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy.

BACKGROUND: Large hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) are often associated with difficult-to-treat, refractory seizures. Although magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) has emerged as a useful tool to treat these challenging lesions, postoperative outcomes are variable and potentially related to differences in surgical targeting. PURPOSE: We sought to identify differences in the anatomic localization of laser ablations that either did or did not result in seizure freedom. METHODS: Four children who underwent MRgLITT for large HH (3 seizure-free and 1 not seizure-free) were included in the analysis. Ablation volumes were segmented, normalized, and overlaid on a high-resolution hypothalamic atlas. For each lesion, the size, spatial extent, and degree of overlap with key hypothalamic nuclei and surrounding brain regions were computed and compared between ablations that did and did not result in seizure freedom. RESULTS: Ablation masks that resulted in seizure freedom were smaller and located more centrally than the ablation mask that did not. In addition, ablation masks that resulted in seizure freedom overlapped with regions including the paraventricular nucleus, the posterior hypothalamus and the zona incerta, fornix, and mammillothalamic tract, whereas the single non-seizure-free ablation did not. CONCLUSION: Differences in the size, position, and anatomical localization of ablation volumes may be a potential contributor to the variability in postoperative outcomes of large HH treated with MRgLITT. A novel, high-resolution MRI atlas of the hypothalamus identifies a number of regions at the interface of large HH that are preferentially disconnected in seizure-free patients. This method of anatomical localization not only serves as a potential clinical tool for surgical targeting but may also provide novel insights into the mechanisms of epileptogenesis in hypothalamic hamartomas.

Effect of Gene Mutation on Seizures in Surgery for Tuberous Sclerosis Complex.

BACKGROUND: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder that commonly leads to drug-resistant epilepsy in affected patients. This study aimed to determine whether the underlying genetic mutation (TSC1 vs. TSC2) predicts seizure outcomes following surgical treatments for epilepsy. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed TSC patients using the TSC Natural History Database core registry. Data review focused on outcomes in patients treated with surgical resection or vagus nerve stimulation. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients with a TSC1 mutation, and 145 patients with a TSC2 mutation, were identified. We observed a distinct clinical phenotype: children with TSC2 mutations tended to be diagnosed with TSC at a younger age than those with a TSC1 mutation (p < 0.001), were more likely to have infantile spasms (p < 0.001), and to get to surgery at a later age (p = 0.003). Among this TSC2 cohort, seizure control following resective epilepsy surgery was achieved in less than half (47%) the study sample. In contrast, patients with TSC1 mutations tended to have more favorable postsurgical outcomes; seizure control was achieved in 66% of this group. CONCLUSION: TSC2 mutations result in a more severe epilepsy phenotype that is also less responsive to resective surgery. It is important to consider this distinct clinical disposition when counseling families preoperatively with respect to seizure freedom. Larger samples are required to better characterize the independent effects of genetic mutation, infantile spasms, and duration of epilepsy as they relate to seizure control following resective or neuromodulatory epilepsy surgery.

Role of innate inflammation in traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Its increasing incidence, in addition to its fundamental role in the development of neurodegenerative disease, proves especially concerning. Despite extensive preclinical and clinical studies, researchers have yet to identify a safe and effective neuroprotective strategy. Following brain trauma, secondary injury from molecular, metabolic, and cellular changes causes progressive cerebral tissue damage. Chronic neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injuries is a key player in the development of secondary injury. Targeting this phenomenon for development of effective neuroprotective therapies holds promise. This strategy warrants a concrete understanding of complex neuroinflammatory mechanisms. In this review, we discuss pathophysiological mechanisms such as the innate immune response, glial activation, blood-brain barrier disruption, activation of immune mediators, as well as biological markers of traumatic brain injury. We then review existing and emerging pharmacological therapies that target neuroinflammation to improve functional outcome.

Total en bloc spondylectomy of locally aggressive vertebral hemangioma in a pediatric patient.

PURPOSE: Vertebral hemangiomas are benign, highly vascular spinal lesions that are extremely rare in the pediatric population. We report a pediatric case of symptomatic vertebral hemangioma treated with total en bloc spondylectomy. Our objective is to demonstrate that en bloc spondylectomy is feasible and addresses some pitfalls of traditional total tumor resection. METHODS: Our patient presented with bilateral lower limb and perineal paresthesia, paraparesis, as well as urinary retention. Locally aggressive vertebral hemangioma was the presumed diagnosis following imaging. The patient received partial angioembolization to reduce the vascularization of the lesion then underwent total en bloc spondylectomy of T8 under intraoperative neuromonitoring. The intervention was well tolerated. RESULTS: Postoperative course was marked by clinical improvement and only transient, treatable complications. On 1-year follow-up, the patient is neurologically intact, and imaging reveals adequate position of hardware, good alignment, and no tumor recurrence. CONCLUSION: Total en bloc spondylectomy is a feasible procedure in pediatric patients. It reduces local recurrence through reduction of tumor cell contamination and residual tumor and thus may avoid postoperative radiotherapy in select cases. It may also enhance functional neurological recovery by allowing circumferential decompression and increased spinal cord blood flow.

The Child & Youth CompreHensIve Longitudinal Database for Deep Brain Stimulation (CHILD-DBS).

PURPOSE: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a common tool for the treatment of movement disorders in adults; however, it remains an emerging treatment modality in children with a growing number of indications, including epilepsy and dystonia. The Child & Youth CompreHensIve Longitudinal Database of DBS (CHILD-DBS) study aims to prospectively collect relevant data on quality of life (QoL), safety, efficacy, and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes following DBS in children. METHODS: Data are collected and managed using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). This database aims to collect multicentre comprehensive and longitudinal clinical, QoL, imaging and electrophysiologic data for children under the age of 19 undergoing DBS. RESULTS: Both general and indication-specific measures are collected at baseline and at four time points postoperatively: 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years. The database encompasses QoL metrics for children, including the PedsQL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, generic), QOLCE (Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire, parent-rated), CHU 9D (Child Health Utility 9D), and KIDSCREEN. Caregiver clinical and QoL metrics, including QIDS (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology), GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale), and CarerQoL-7D (The Care-related Quality of Life Instrument), are similarly prospectively collected. Healthcare resource utilization is also assessed before and after DBS. Lastly, stimulation parameters and radiographic and electrophysiologic data are collected within the database. CONCLUSIONS: The development of the current prospective paediatric DBS database with carefully selected physical and psychosocial outcomes and assessments will complement existing efforts to enhance and facilitate multisite collaboration to further understand the role of DBS in childhood.