Clinical practice consensus for the diagnosis and management of melanoma in Taiwan.

Melanoma is rare in Taiwan. Asian melanoma is distinct from Western melanoma because acral and mucosal melanoma accounts for the majority of melanoma cases, leading to distinct tumor behaviors and genetic profiling. With consideration of the clinical guidelines in Western countries, Taiwanese experts developed a local clinical practice consensus guideline. This consensus includes diagnosis, staging, and surgical and systemic treatment, based only on clinical evidence, local epidemiology, and available resources evaluated by experts in Taiwan. This consensus emphasizes the importance of surgical management, particularly for sentinel lymph node biopsies. In addition, molecular testing for BRAF is mandatory for patients before systemic treatment. Furthermore, immunotherapy and targeted therapy are prioritized for systemic treatment. This consensus aimed to assist clinicians in Taiwan in diagnosing and treating patients according to available evidence.

Utilizing Plasma-Based Next-Generation Sequencing to Expedite the Diagnostic Process in Suspected Lung Cancer: A Case Report.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Fortunately, the advent of precision medicine, which includes targeted therapy and immunotherapy, offers hope. However, identifying specific mutations is imperative before initiating precise medications. Traditional methods, such as real-time PCR examination of individual mutations, are time-consuming. Contemporary techniques, such as tissue- and plasma-based next-generation sequencing (NGS), allow comprehensive genome analysis concurrently. Notably, plasma-based NGS has a shorter turnaround time (TAT) and thus a shorter time-to-treatment (TTT). In this case report, we demonstrate the benefits of plasma-based NGS before pathological diagnosis in a patient with image-suspected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). An 82-year-old Taiwanese woman presented with lower back pain persisting for one month and left-sided weakness for two weeks. Whole-body computed tomography (CT) revealed lesions suspicious for brain and bone metastases, along with a mass consistent with a primary tumor in the left upper lobe, indicative of advanced NSCLC with T4N3M1c staging. The patient underwent a bronchoscopic biopsy on Day 0, and the preliminary report that came out on Day 1 was suggestive of metastatic NSCLC. Blood was also collected for plasma-based NGS on Day 0. The patient was Coronavirus disease 2019-positive and was treated with molnupiravir on Day 6. On Day 7, pathology confirmed pulmonary adenocarcinoma, and the results of plasma-based NGS included EGFR L858R mutation. The patient was started on targeted therapy (afatinib) on Day 9. Unfortunately, the patient died of hypoxic respiratory failure on Day 26, a complication of underlying viral infection. Plasma-based NGS offers a rapid and efficient means of mutation detection in NSCLC, streamlining treatment initiation and potentially improving the negative emotions of patients. Its utility, particularly in regions with a high prevalence of specific mutations, such as EGFR alterations in East Asian populations, highlights its relevance in guiding personalized therapy decisions.

Fetal-neonatal and maternal outcomes in women with Sjögren syndrome: a population-based registry linkage study.

OBJECTIVE: To provide better preconceptional and prenatal counselling to patients with sjögren syndrome (SS). METHODS: In total, 2 100 143 pregnancies between 2004 and 2014 were identified in the Taiwan National Health Insurance database and birth registry. The maternal history of SS was ascertained, and data were compared between pregnant women with and without SS. We assessed the odds ratios and 95% CIs of fetal-neonatal and maternal outcomes. RESULTS: There were 449 pregnancies in women with SS and 2 099 694 pregnancies in women without SS. The risks of still birth [odds ratio (OR) = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.01, 4.55], low birth weight (<2500 g, OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.92, 3.33), small for gestational age (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.57, 2.03) and fetal distress (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.2, 2.45) as well as maternal risks of pulmonary oedema (OR = 11.64, 95% CI = 1.62, 83.48), shock (OR = 6.07, 95% CI = 1.51, 24.3) and respiratory distress (OR = 5.61, 95% CI = 1.39, 22.6) were higher in the SS group than in the non-SS group. CONCLUSION: Women with SS have significant risks of adverse fetal-neonatal and maternal outcomes and must undergo prenatal counselling to understand the risks involved before conception.

Update of Diagnosis and Targeted Therapy for ALK+ Inflammation Myofibroblastic Tumor.

OPINION STATEMENT: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), characterized by intermediate malignancy and a propensity for recurrence, has presented a formidable clinical challenge in diagnosis and treatment. Its pathological characteristics may resemble other neoplasms or reactive lesions, and the treatment was limited, taking chemotherapies as the only option for those inoperable. However, discovering anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein expression in approximately 50% of IMT cases has shed light on a new diagnostic approach and application of targeted therapies. With the previous success of combating ALK+ non-small-cell lung cancers with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), crizotinib, a first-generation ALK-TKI, was officially approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2020, to treat unresectable ALK+ IMT. After the approval of crizotinib, other ALK-TKIs, such as ceritinib, alectinib, brigatinib, and lorlatinib, have proven their efficacy on ALK+ IMT with sporadic case reports. The sequential treatments of targeted therapies in may provide the insight into the choice of ALK-TKIs in different lines of treatment for unresectable ALK+ IMT.

Zinc deficiency associated with cutaneous toxicities induced by epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: Cutaneous toxicities are common adverse effects following epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) therapy. Zinc deficiency causes diverse diseases, including skin toxicities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of zinc deficiency in patients with EGFR-TKI-induced skin toxicities. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: This retrospective study enrolled 269 patients with diverse skin disorders who visited our hospital between January 2016 and December 2017. The skin toxicity severities and plasma zinc levels of 101 EGFR-TKI-treated cancer patients were analysed and compared with those of 43 non-EGFR-TKI-treated cancer patients and 125 patients without cancer but presenting cutaneous manifestations. Additionally, the role of zinc in erlotinib-induced skin eruptions was established in a 14-day-murine model. Clinical features were further evaluated following systemic zinc supplementation in EGFR-TKI-treated cancer patients. RESULTS: EGFR-TKI-treated patients demonstrated severe cutaneous manifestations and a significant decrease in plasma zinc levels than those of the control groups. The serum zinc level and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) 5.0 grading of EGFR-TKI-induced skin toxicities showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.29; p < 0.0001). Moreover, erlotinib treatment decreased the plasma zinc levels and induced periorificial dermatitis in rats confirming zinc deficiency following EGFR-TKI treatment. Zinc supplementation to the EGFR-TKI-treated cancer patients showed a significant decrease in the CTCEA grading (p < 0.0005 for mucositis and p < 0.0.0001 for all other cases) after 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Skin impairment following EGFR-TKI therapy could be ameliorated through zinc supplementation. Thus, zinc supplementation should be considered for cancer patients undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy.

Treatment burden and cost-effectiveness analysis of the neoadjuvant CROSS regimen in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study.

High-quality evidence indicated that both neoadjuvant carboplatin/paclitaxel (CROSS) and cisplatin/5-fluorouracil (PF) regimens in combination with radiotherapy improve survival outcomes compared to surgery alone in patients with esophageal cancer. It is not yet known whether they may differ in terms of treatment burden and healthcare costs. A total of 232 Taiwanese patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who had undergone neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) with either the CROSS (n = 153) or the PF (n = 79) regimens were included. Hospital encounters and adverse events were assessed for determining treatment burden. Cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken using the total costs incurred over 3 years in relation to overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Compared with PF, the CROSS regimen was associated with a lower treatment burden: shorter inpatient days on average (4.65 ± 10.05 vs. 15.14 ± 17.63 days; P < 0.001) and fewer admission requirements (70% of the patients were never admitted vs. 20% in the PF group; P < 0.001). Patients in the CROSS group experienced significantly less nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. While the benefits observed in the CROSS group were associated with additional nCRT-related expenditures (1388 United States dollars [USD] of added cost per patient), this regimen remained cost-effective. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of 50,000 USD per life-year, the probability of the CROSS regimen to be more cost-effective than PF was 94.1% for PFS but decreased to 68.9% for OS. The use of the CROSS regimen for nCRT in patients with ESCC was associated with a lower treatment burden and was more cost-effective than PF.

Coexisting Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin Lymphoma and Kimura's Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Kimura's disease (KD) is a rare lymphoproliferative fibroinflammatory disorder that commonly affects the subcutaneous tissue and lymph nodes of the head and neck. The condition is a reactive process involving T helper type 2 cytokines. Concurrent malignancies have not been described. Differential diagnosis with lymphoma can be challenging without tissue biopsy. Here, we present the first reported case of coexisting KD and eosinophilic nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma of the right cervical lymphatics in a 72-year-old Taiwanese man.

Systemic Therapy for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Current Standards and Emerging Challenges.

OPINION STATEMENT: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT or PDGFRα mutation plays as an oncogenic driver in the majority of GISTs. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for localized disease. The discovery of imatinib with promising anti-tumor effect and successive tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including second-line sunitinib and third-line regorafenib, revolutionized the management of advanced and metastatic GIST over the past two decades. Recently, ripretinib and avapritinib were approved for the fourth line setting and for PDGFRA exon 18-mutant GIST in first-line setting, respectively. Despite multi-line TKIs exerted ability of disease control, drug resistance remained an obstacle for preventing rapid disease progression. Experimental TKIs or novel therapeutic targets may further improve treatment efficacy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD1) and anti-CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed moderate response in early phase trials composed of heavily pretreated patients. KIT/PDGFRα wild-type GISTs are generally less sensitive to imatinib and late-line TKIs. Recent studies demonstrated that targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling may be a potential target for the wild-type GISTs.

Safety of Tepotinib Challenge after Capmatinib-Induced Pneumonitis in a Patient with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring MET Exon 14 Skipping Mutation: A Case Report.

The targeted agents capmatinib and tepotinib provide a new treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with MET exon 14 skipping mutation (METex14). However, drug-induced pneumonitis is an uncommon but threatening adverse effect found in patients treated with both capmatinib and tepotinib. The safety of treating a patient with a MET inhibitor after drug-induced pneumonitis by another MET inhibitor remains unclear. Here, we present a case of a patient with NSCLC harboring a METex14 who was treated with a standard dose of tepotinib after advanced capmatinib-induced pneumonitis and did not present pneumonitis relapse. Tepotinib may be a safe option when medical professionals consider switching MET inhibitors after patients experience pneumonitis.

Response to Brigatinib Targeted Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Exon 19 Deletion, T790M, and cis-C797S Triple Mutations: A Case Report.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) triple mutations with exon 19 deletion (del19), T790M, and cis-C797S (del19/T790M/cis-C797S mutations) frequently occur in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while progression to frontline EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and osimertinib was resistant to all clinically available EGFR-TKIs. Brigatinib monotherapy may be a potential treatment for NSCLC harboring del19/T790M/cis-C797S mutations based on preclinical studies; however, no clinical report has evaluated its efficacy on EGFR del19/T790M/cis-C797S mutations. Herein, we present a case of a female patient with EGFR del19-mutated NSCLC treated with afatinib followed by osimertinib due to acquired T790M mutation. The EGFR del19/T790M/cis-C797S mutations were detected following osimertinib treatment. Complete response of skull metastasis was confirmed after brigatinib treatment (90 mg daily). Unfortunately, she experienced intolerable adverse events; therefore, brigatinib was discontinued after three-month usage. This report provides the first reported evidence for the use of brigatinib monotherapy in patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR del19/T790M/cis-C797S mutations after progression to previous EGFR-TKIs.

EGFR T751_I759delinsN Mutation in Exon19 Detected by NGS but Not by Real-Time PCR in a Heavily-Treated Patient with NSCLC.

The detection of driver gene mutations can determine appropriate treatment strategies for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by identifying the presence of an effective druggable target. Mutations in the gene encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are common driver mutations in NSCLC that can be effectively targeted by the use of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). However, without the detection of driver mutations, appropriate therapeutic decisions cannot be made. The most commonly applied methods for detecting driver gene mutations are assays based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, the underlying mechanism of PCR-based assays limits the detection of rare mutations. Therefore, patients harboring rare mutations may not receive optimal treatment. We report a heavily-treated patient with NSCLC who harbored a T751_I759delinsN mutation in exon 19 of EGFR that was not detected by real-time PCR but was successfully detected by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The detection of a driver mutation using NGS resulted in the administration of targeted therapy, leading to favorable progression-free survival for the patient. Our report highlights the importance and potential of routine NGS testing among NSCLC patients for whom traditional assays fail to detect driver mutations when determining treatment options.

Feasibility and effectiveness of afatinib for poor performance status patients with EGFR-mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Afatinib is one of the standard treatments for patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, data on the use of afatinib in patients with poor performance status (PS ≥ 2) are limited. This study aimed to retrospectively review the clinical outcomes and safety of afatinib treatment in EGFR-mutation-positive (EGFRm+) NSCLC patients with PS ≥ 2. METHODS: The data for 62 patients who were treated at Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from January 2010 to August 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients' clinicopathological features were obtained, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify possible prognostic factors. Data on adverse events were collected to evaluate general tolerance for afatinib therapy. RESULTS: Until February 2020, the objective response rate, disease control rate, median progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were 58.1% (36/62), 69.4% (43/62), 8.8 months, and 12.9 months, respectively. The absence of liver metastasis (PFS: p = 0.044; OS: p = 0.061) and good disease control (p < 0.001 for PFS and OS) were independent favorable prognostic factors for PFS and OS. Bone metastasis (p = 0.036) and dose modification (reduction/interruption, p = 0.021) were predictors of disease control. CONCLUSION: Afatinib demonstrated acceptable efficacy and safety in the current cohort. This study provided evidence to support the use of afatinib as a first-line treatment in EGFRm+ NSCLC patients with poor PS.

Purely laparoscopic feeding jejunostomy: a procedure which deserves more attention.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic procedure has inherent merits of smaller incisions, better cosmesis, less postoperative pain, and earlier recovery. In the current study, we presented our method of purely laparoscopic feeding jejunostomy and compared its results with that of conventional open approach. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our patients from 2012 to 2019 who had received either laparoscopic jejunostomy (LJ, n = 29) or open ones (OJ, n = 94) in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou. Peri-operative data and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: In the current study, we employed 3-0 Vicryl, instead of V-loc barbed sutures, for laparoscopic jejunostomy. The mean operative duration of LJ group was about 30 min longer than the OJ group (159 ± 57.2 mins vs 128 ± 34.6 mins; P = 0.001). There were no intraoperative complications reported in both groups. The patients in the LJ group suffered significantly less postoperative pain than in the OJ group (mean NRS 2.03 ± 0.9 vs. 2.79 ± 1.2; P = 0.002). The majority of patients in both groups received early enteral nutrition (< 48 h) after the operation (86.2% vs. 74.5%; P = 0.143). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that purely laparoscopic feeding jejunostomy is a safe and feasible procedure with less postoperative pain and excellent postoperative outcome. It also provides surgeons opportunities to enhance intracorporeal suture techniques.

Prognostic and predictive factors for Taiwanese patients with advanced biliary tract cancer undergoing frontline chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin: a real-world experience.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin has been the standard of care in first-line chemotherapy for advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC) since the trial ABC-02 was published in 2010. We aimed to investigate the prognostic and predictive factors of this regimen in a cohort of Taiwanese patients with advanced BTC. METHODS: A total of 118 patients with histologically confirmed BTC treated at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou from 2012 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 3.6 months and 8.4 months, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) > 7.45, biliary drainage requiring both percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography drainage (PTCD) and internal stenting, and tumor responses with progressive diseases and not assessed were independent poor prognostic factors for PFS. Male sex, NLR > 7.45, alkaline phosphatase> 94 U/L, biliary drainage requiring both PTCD and internal stenting, and tumor responses with stable disease, progressive diseases and not assessed were independent poor prognostic factors for OS. Monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) ≤ 0.28 was the only significant predictive factor for the tumor response. Patients with complete response/partial response had significantly lower MLR than patients with other tumor responses. CONCLUSION: We identified three important prognostic factors, namely tumor response, NLR, and biliary drainage requiring both PTCD and internal stenting for both PFS and OS. MLR was the only significant predictive factor for the tumor response. These findings could provide physicians with more information to justify the clinical outcomes in patients with advanced BTC in real-world practice.

The association between immune-related adverse events and survival outcomes in Asian patients with advanced melanoma receiving anti-PD-1 antibodies.

BACKGROUND: The association between immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and survival outcomes in patients with advanced melanoma receiving therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has not been well established, particularly in Asian melanoma. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 49 melanoma patients undergoing therapy with ICIs (anti-PD-1 monotherapy), and analyzed the correlation between irAEs and clinical outcomes including progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Overall, the patients who experienced grade 1-2 irAEs had longer PFS (median PFS, 4.6 vs. 2.5 months; HR, 0.52; 95% CI: 0.27-0.98; p = 0.042) and OS (median OS, 15.2 vs. 5.7 months; HR, 0.50; 95% CI: 0.24-1.02; p = 0.058) than the patients who did not experience irAEs. Regarding the type of irAE, the patients with either skin/vitiligo or endocrine irAEs showed better PFS (median PFS, 6.1 vs. 2.7 months; HR, 0.40, 95% CI: 0.21-0.74; p = 0.003) and OS (median OS, 18.7 vs. 4.5 months; HR, 0.34, 95% CI: 0.17-0.69, p = 0.003) than patients without any of these irAEs. CONCLUSIONS: Melanoma patients undergoing anti-PD-1 monotherapy and experiencing mild-to-moderate irAEs (grade 1-2), particularly skin (vitiligo)/endocrine irAEs had favorable survival outcomes. Therefore, the association between irAEs and the clinical outcomes in melanoma patients undergoing anti-PD-1 ICIs may be severity and type dependent.

TP53 mutant cell lines selected for resistance to MDM2 inhibitors retain growth inhibition by MAPK pathway inhibitors but a reduced apoptotic response.

BACKGROUND: Emergence of resistance to molecular targeted therapy constitutes a limitation to clinical benefits in cancer treatment. Cross-resistance commonly happens with chemotherapeutic agents but might not with targeted agents. METHODS: In the current study, TP53 wild-type cell lines with druggable MAPK pathway mutations [BRAF V600E (WM35) or NRAS Q61K (SJSA-1)] were compared with their TP53 mutant sublines (WM35-R, SN40R2) derived by selection for resistance to MDM2/p53 binding antagonists. RESULTS: The continued presence of the druggable MAPK pathway targets in the TP53 mutant (TP53 MUT) WM35-R and SN40R2 cells was confirmed. Trametinib and vemurafenib were tested on the paired WM35/WM35-R and SJSA-1/SN40R2 cells and similar growth inhibitory effects on the paired cell lines was observed. However, apoptotic responses to trametinib and vemurafenib were greater in WM35 than WM35-R, evidenced by FACS analysis and caspase 3/7 activity, indicating that these MAPK inhibitors acted on the cells partially through p53-regulated pathways. SiRNA mediated p53 knockdown in WM35 replicated the same pattern of response to trametinib and vemurafenib as seen in WM35-R, confirming that p53 plays a role in trametinib and vemurafenib induced apoptosis. In contrast, these differences in apoptotic response between WM35 and WM35-R were not seen with the SJSA-1/SN40R2 cell line pair. This is likely due to p53 suppression by overexpressed MDM2 in SJSA-1. CONCLUSION: The TP53MUT cells selected by resistance to MDM2 inhibitors nevertheless retained growth inhibitory but not apoptotic response to MAPK pathway inhibitors.

Targeting negative regulation of p53 by MDM2 and WIP1 as a therapeutic strategy in cutaneous melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous melanoma is the most serious skin malignancy and new therapeutic strategies are needed for advanced melanoma. TP53 mutations are rare in cutaneous melanoma and hence activation of wild-type p53 is a potential therapeutic strategy in cutaneous melanoma. Here, we investigated the WIP1 inhibitor, GSK2830371, and MDM2-p53 binding antagonists (nutlin-3, RG7388 and HDM201) alone and in combination treatment in cutaneous melanoma cell lines and explored the mechanistic basis of these responses in relation to the genotype and induced gene expression profile of the cells. METHODS: A panel of three p53WT (A375, WM35 and C8161) and three p53MUT (WM164, WM35-R and CHL-1) melanoma cell lines were used. The effects of MDM2 and WIP1 inhibition were evaluated by growth inhibition and clonogenic assays, immunoblotting, qRT-PCR gene expression profiling and flow cytometry. RESULTS: GSK2830371, at doses (⩽10 µM) that alone had no growth-inhibitory or cytotoxic effects on the cells, nevertheless significantly potentiated the growth-inhibitory and clonogenic cell killing effects of MDM2 inhibitors in p53WT but not p53MUT melanoma cells, indicating the potentiation worked in a p53-dependent manner. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of p53 provided further evidence to support the p53 dependence. GSK2830371 increased p53 stabilisation through Ser15 phosphorylation and consequent Lys382 acetylation, and decreased ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation when it was combined with MDM2 inhibitors. These changes were at least partly ATM mediated, shown by reversal with the ATM inhibitor (KU55933). GSK2830371 enhanced the induction of p53 transcriptional target genes, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: GSK2830371, a WIP1 inhibitor, at doses with no growth-inhibitory activity alone, potentiated the growth-inhibitory and cytotoxic activity of MDM2 inhibitors by increasing phosphorylation, acetylation and stabilisation of p53 in cutaneous melanoma cells in a functional p53-dependent manner.

Changes in and modifiable patient- and family caregiver-related factors associated with cancer patients' high self-perceived burden to others at the end of life: A longitudinal study.

This prospective, longitudinal study explored changes in and modifiable factors associated with high self-perceived burden to others (SPB) among a convenience sample of 276 dyads of terminally ill Taiwanese cancer patients and their family caregivers over patients' last year of life. High SPB was evaluated by scores ≥20 on the Self-Perceived Burden Scale. Modifiable factors of high SPB included factors related to both patients (i.e., symptom distress, functional dependence and coping capacity) and caregivers (i.e., caregiving burden, depressive symptoms and quality of life [QOL]). Modifiable factors of high SPB were identified by multivariate logistic regression modelling with the generalised estimating equation while controlling for demographic factors. We found that patients tended to experience high SPB if they had more symptom distress. In contrast, the likelihood of high SPB was significantly lower if patients had greater coping capacity and their caregivers reported better QOL. High SPB was not associated with patients' functional dependence, caregivers' caregiving burden and depressive-symptom level while providing end-of-life (EOL) care, and time proximity to death. Healthcare professionals may alleviate terminally ill cancer patients' high SPB at EOL through palliative care that adequately manages patients' physical symptom distress, enhances patients' coping capacity and improves family caregivers' QOL.

Low bone mineral density may be associated with long-term risk of cancer in the middle-aged population: A retrospective observational study from a single center.

BACKGROUND: It is generally understood that cancer patients are at an increased risk for osteoporosis. Additionally, recent studies have suggested a shared pathophysiological mechanism between the development of cancer and osteoporosis. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate whether low bone mineral density is associated with cancer risk. METHODS: We enrolled 8780 subjects who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and cancer screening from January 1, 2008-December 31, 2012 from a cohort selected from Chang Gung Health Care Center in Taiwan. The study end point was a definite pathological diagnosis of cancer or admission for cancer treatment. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 6.6 ± 1.5 years, 110 incident cases of cancer occurred. The overall incidence of cancer was significantly higher in those patients with a low BMD (1.3%) than in those with a normal BMD (1.0%). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that older age, smoking, and low BMD (hazard ratio: 1.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.0-2.3) were significant independent risk factors for cancer. CONCLUSION: Our investigation suggested that subjects with a low BMD may have a higher long-term risk of cancer compared with subjects with a normal BMD.