Prostate cancer microenvironment: multidimensional regulation of immune cells, vascular system, stromal cells, and microbiota.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in males worldwide. Increasing research attention has focused on the PCa microenvironment, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression and therapy resistance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key components of the PCa microenvironment, including immune cells, vascular systems, stromal cells, and microbiota, and explore their implications for diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Keywords such as "prostate cancer", "tumor microenvironment", "immune cells", "vascular system", "stromal cells", and "microbiota" were used for literature retrieval through online databases including PubMed and Web of Science. Studies related to the PCa microenvironment were selected, with a particular focus on those discussing the roles of immune cells, vascular systems, stromal cells, and microbiota in the development, progression, and treatment of PCa. The selection criteria prioritized peer-reviewed articles published in the last five years, aiming to summarize and analyze the latest research advancements and clinical relevance regarding the PCa microenvironment. RESULTS: The PCa microenvironment is highly complex and dynamic, with immune cells contributing to immunosuppressive conditions, stromal cells promoting tumor growth, and microbiota potentially affecting androgen metabolism. Vascular systems support angiogenesis, which fosters tumor expansion. Understanding these components offers insight into the mechanisms driving PCa progression and opens avenues for novel therapeutic strategies targeting the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS: A deeper understanding of the PCa microenvironment is crucial for advancing diagnostic techniques and developing precision therapies. This review highlights the potential of targeting the microenvironment to improve patient outcomes, emphasizing its significance in the broader context of PCa research and treatment innovation.

Sorbitol Destroyed Intestinal Microfold Cells (M Cells) Development through Inhibition of PDE4-Mediated RANKL Expression.

Objective: Microfold cells (M cells) are specific intestinal epithelial cells for monitoring and transcytosis of antigens, microorganisms, and pathogens in the intestine. However, the mechanism for M-cell development remained elusive. Materials and Methods: Real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and western blotting were performed to analyze the effect of sorbitol-regulated M-cell differentiation in vivo and in vitro, and luciferase and chromatin Immunoprecipitation were used to reveal the mechanism through which sorbitol-modulated M-cell differentiation. Results: Herein, in comparison to the mannitol group (control group), we found that intestinal M-cell development was inhibited in response to sorbitol treatment as evidenced by impaired enteroids accompanying with decreased early differentiation marker Annexin 5, Marcksl1, Spib, sox8, and mature M-cell marker glycoprotein 2 expression, which was attributed to downregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-В ligand (RANKL) expression in vivo and in vitro. Mechanically, in the M-cell model, sorbitol stimulation caused a significant upregulation of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) phosphorylation, leading to decreased protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) activation, which further resulted in CREB retention in cytosolic and attenuated CREB binds to RANKL promoter to inhibit RANKL expression. Interestingly, endogenous PKA interacted with CREB, and this interaction was destroyed by sorbitol stimulation. Most importantly, inhibition of PDE4 by dipyridamole could rescue the inhibitory effect of sorbitol on intestinal enteroids and M-cell differentiation and mature in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: These findings suggested that sorbitol suppressed intestinal enteroids and M-cell differentiation and matured through PDE4-mediated RANKL expression; targeting to inhibit PDE4 was sufficient to induce M-cell development.

Insulin resistance is associated with the presence and severity of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: To assess the relationship between novel insulin resistance (IR) indices and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 2211 patients. The study outcomes were DR events. The study exposures were IR indices including estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), natural logarithm of glucose disposal rate (lnGDR), metabolic insulin resistance score (METS-IR), triglyceride glucose index-body mass index (TyG-BMI), triglyceride glucose index-waist-to-hip ratio (TyG-WHR), and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(TG/HDL-c ratio). We used binary and multivariate ordered logistic regression models to estimate the association between different IR indices and the presence and severity of DR. Subject work characteristic curves were used to assess the predictive power of different IR indices for DR. RESULTS: DR was present in 25.4% of participants. After adjusting for all covariates, per standard deviation (SD) increases in eGDR (ratio [OR] 0.38 [95% CI 0.32-0.44]), lnGDR (0.34 [0.27-0.42]) were negatively associated with the presence of DR. In contrast, per SD increases in METS-IR (1.97 [1.70-2.28]), TyG-BMI (1.94 [1.68-2.25]), TyG-WHR (2.34 [2.01-2.72]) and TG/HDL-c ratio (1.21 [1.08-1.36]) were positively associated with the presence of DR. eGDR was strongly associated with severity of DR. Of all variables, eGDR had the strongest diagnostic value for DR (AUC = 0.757). CONCLUSIONS: Of the six IR indices, eGDR was significantly associated with the presence and severity of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes. eGDR has a good predictive value for DR. Thus, eGDR maybe a stronger marker of DR.

2-bromoacetamide exposure impairs oocyte maturation in mice and humans primarily via disrupting the cytoskeleton.

2-bromoacetamide (BAcAm) is an emerging class of unregulated disinfection by-products (DBPs), with potent cytogenetic and developmental toxicity in animals. However, whether BAcAm exerts toxic effects on mammalian oocyte quality remains to be elucidate. In this research, we investigated the effect of BAcAm on mouse and human oocyte maturation with an in vitro culture system. Our results revealed that BAcAm exposure hindered the extrusion of the first polar body, disrupted the spindle organization and reduced the competence of embryo development after fertilization in the mouse oocytes. Results of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) showed that 605 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the BAcAm exposed mouse oocytes, among which 366 were up-regulated and 239 were down-regulated. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis further revealed that DEGs were mainly enriched in mitochondrial functions, oxidative stress, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi and protein synthesis, DNA damage and apoptosis. We then conducted further tests in these aspects and discovered that BAcAm exposure principally perturbed the function of microtubule and actin cytoskeleton. This finding was confirmed in human oocytes. Overall, our data suggest that BAcAm exposure disturbs the cytoskeleton function, thus impairing oocyte maturation. These data, for the first time, provide a comprehensive view for the toxic effects of BAcAm on oocyte maturation.

Identification of the deubiquitinase USP28 as a novel molecular therapeutic target of ovarian cancer.

Ubiquitin specific proteinase 28 (USP28) is a member of the deubiquitylating enzymes, which are mainly involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and DNA damage repair. Although USP28 has been found to be upregulated in some tumors, its role in ovarian cancer (OV) remains unclear. Here we show that USP28 was highly expressed in OV samples compared with normal ovarian tissue, and OV patients with higher USP28 levels had a worse prognosis. We found that the abnormal expression of USP28 mRNA in OV was related to the activation of ß-catenin signaling pathway, and USP28 was a transcriptional target gene of the ß-catenin/YAP1/TBX5 complex. In addition, genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of USP28 impaired the proliferation ability of OV cells in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our findings show that ß-catenin/YAP1/TBX5-mediated aberrant expression of USP28 promotes the malignant phenotype of OV, suggesting that USP28 may be a therapeutic target for OV.

Data augmentation using continuous conditional generative adversarial networks for regression and its application to improved spectral sensing.

Machine learning-assisted spectroscopy analysis faces a prominent constraint in the form of insufficient spectral samples, which hinders its effectiveness. Meanwhile, there is a lack of effective algorithms to simulate synthetic spectra from limited samples of real spectra for regression models in continuous scenarios. In this study, we introduced a continuous conditional generative adversarial network (CcGAN) to autonomously generate synthetic spectra. The labels employed for generating the spectral data can be arbitrarily selected from within the range of labels associated with the real spectral data. Our approach effectively produced spectra using a small spectral dataset obtained from a self-interference microring resonator (SIMRR)-based sensor. The generated synthetic spectra were subjected to evaluation using principal component analysis, revealing an inability to discern them from the real spectra. Finally, to enhance the DNN regression model, these synthetic spectra are incorporated into the original training dataset as an augmentation technique. The results demonstrate that the synthetic spectra generated by CcGAN exhibit exceptional quality and significantly enhance the predictive performance of the DNN model. In conclusion, CcGAN exhibits promising potential in generating high-quality synthetic spectra and delivers a superior data augmentation effect for regression tasks.

Role of IL-34 and its receptors in inflammatory diseases.

In recent years, IL-34 has been widely discussed as a novel cytokine. IL-34 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine binding four distinct receptors, namely CSF-1R, syndecan-1, PTP-ζ and TREM2. Previous studies have shown that IL-34 and its receptors play important roles in the development and progression of various inflammatory diseases. Therefore, IL-34 has the potential to be a biomarker and therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. However, further study is still needed to identify the specific mechanism through which IL-34 contributes to illness. In this article, we review the recent advances in the biological roles of IL-34 and its receptors as well as their roles in the development and therapeutic application of inflammatory diseases.

A novel ribociclib derivative WXJ-103 exerts anti-breast cancer effect through CDK4/6.

The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype is the most aggressive type of breast cancer with a low survival prognosis and high recurrence rate. There is currently no effective treatment to improve it. In this work, we explored the effect of a synthetic compound named WXJ-103 on several aspects of TNBC biology. The human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 were used in the experiments, and the cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method, and the cell migration and invasion abilities were detected by wound healing assay and Transwell invasion assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis experiments were analyzed by flow cytometry, and protein levels related to cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6-cyclin D-Rb-E2F pathway were analyzed by western blotting. Then, in-vivo experiments were performed to determine the clinical significance and functional role of WXJ-103. The results show that WXJ-103 can inhibit the adhesion, proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC cells, and can arrest the cell cycle in G1 phase. The levels of CDK4/6-cyclin D-Rb-E2F pathway-related proteins such as CDK6 and pRb decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the antitumor activity of WXJ-103 may depend on the inhibition of CDK4/6-cyclin D1-Rb-E2F pathway. This research shows that WXJ-103 may be a new promising antitumor drug, which can play an antitumor effect on TNBC and provide new ideas for the treatment of TNBC.

Impact of COVID-19 on patient follow-up during supportive periodontal therapy: a retrospective study based on phone call survey.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 and the subsequent intermittent lockdown measures from 2020 to 2022 in China critically disrupted regular medical activities, including dental care. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on long-term follow-up at the Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and to evaluate potential causes of loss to follow-up. METHODS: A total of 1062 patients with periodontitis who visited the hospital from January 2019 to June 2022 were included in this study, and patient information was collected retrospectively in the form of a telephone questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 19 questions in four areas: demographic characteristics, clinical periodontal parameters, oral hygiene habits, and follow-up-related open-ended questions (specific reasons for loss to follow-up, attitudes toward follow-up and suggestions for increasing participation in future follow-ups). Regression analysis of factors influencing the follow-up of patients with periodontitis were analyzed by regression analysis using R (v4.2.3) software. RESULTS: A total of 536 (50.47%) valid questionnaires were collected from 1062 patients. Personal factors (42.5%), instead of the COVID-19 epidemic (20.0%), were the main factors that impacted the loss to follow-up in long-term periodontal treatment, while work factors (19.8%), hospital factors (16.4%), and transportation or distance factors (14.7%) were all important factors. A family history of periodontitis [odds ratio (OR) = 0.567, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.393, 0.817, p = 0.002], as well as frequent use of dental devices (OR = 0.540, 95% CI: 0.375, 0.777, p = 0.001), were significantly associated with a "negative" attitude toward follow-up visits. CONCLUSION: This survey suggests that the COVID-19 epidemic factor was an important cause contributed to the loss to follow-up during supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) among a variety of potential factors. Majority of patients had negative attitudes toward subsequent continued participation in supportive care.

SOX9-mediated UGT8 expression promotes glycolysis and maintains the malignancy of non-small cell lung cancer.

UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the covalent addition of sugars to small lipophilic chemicals and are associated with a wide range of diseases including cancer. The human genome contains 22 UGT genes which could be classified into four families: UGT1, UGT2, UGT3, and UGT8. The UGT8 family contains only one member which utilizes UDP galactose to galactosidate ceramide. Although higher UGT8 mRNA was observed in some types of cancer, its pathological significances remain elusive. Here, by integrating the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, we showed that UGT8 was selectively highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and associated with worse prognosis. The transcription factor SOX9 promoted UGT8 expression in NSCLC by recognizing two putative response elements localized on the promoter region of UGT8. Silencing UGT8 impaired glycolysis and reduced the malignancy of NSCLC cells both in vitro and in vivo. On the contrary, inhibition of glycolysis by 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) significantly impaired the pro-proliferation function of UGT8 in NSCLC cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that UGT8 maintains the malignancy of NSCLC mainly via enhanced glycolysis and provides a promising therapeutic target for NSCLC.

The USP18-FBXO6 axis maintains the malignancy of ovarian cancer.

Ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that reverses the post-translational modification of target proteins by ISG15 or ubiquitin, and is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including signal transduction, viral infection, and cancer development. Although high levels of USP18 mRNA have been observed in several types of cancer, its pathological significance in ovarian cancer (OV) is still elusive. Here, by integrating the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and Genotypic Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, we found that USP18 was abnormally up-regulated in OV tissues, and the increased expression of USP18 was associated with poor prognosis. We further showed that activated Jak-STAT3 signaling induced the expression of USP18, which in turn feedback maintained the activity of Jak-STAT3 signaling in OV. In addition, we found that USP18 played a cancer-promoting role in OV mainly through the transcriptional regulation of FBXO6. Silencing USP18 reduced the malignancy of OV, which can be largely reversed by overexpression of FBXO6. On the contrary, silencing FBXO6 significantly weaken the pro-proliferation function of USP18 in OV cells. In summary, our results indicate that USP18 is a downstream target gene of STAT3, and the USP18-FBXO6 axis might be a promising therapeutic target for OV.

Label-free LC-MS/MS proteomics analyses reveal proteomic changes in oxidative stress and the SOD antioxidant strategy in TM cells.

BACKGROUND: Treatment for glaucoma has traditionally been limited to reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). Inhibiting oxidative stress in the trabecular meshwork (TM) is regarded as a new treatment for glaucoma; however, the effects do not meet expectations. Exploring the mechanism by which oxidative stress and antioxidant stress occur in TM cells will offer clues to aid the development of new treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS: In our study, we cultured TM cells and used H2O2 and SOD to induce and inhibit oxidative stress, respectively. Label-free LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomic analysis was conducted to analyze the differentially expressed proteins and relevant signaling pathways. A total of 24 upregulated proteins and 18 downregulated proteins were identified under oxidative stress. PTGS2, TGFßr2 and ICAM-1 are the key proteins. The PTGS2/NF-ĸb pathway, TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications may be the major signaling pathways under conditions of ROS-induced damage in TM cells. Seventy-eight proteins were upregulated and 73 proteins were downregulated under antioxidant stress in TM cells. The key protein was ICAM-1, which participates in the African trypanosomiasis pathway, one of the most important pathways under antioxidant stress. Combining the results of the Venn diagram with protein-protein interactions (PPIs), ICAM-1 was identified as the major protein. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and western blotting (WB) were used to reveal that suppressing the expression of ICAM-1 would improve the survival of TM cells. CONCLUSIONS: Key proteins and signaling pathways play important roles in the mechanisms of oxidative stress and antioxidant strategies in TM cells. ICAM-1 knockdown can suppress the apoptosis of TM cells induced by H2O2, which may reveal new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for glaucoma.

Physical-layer impairment estimation for arbitrary spectral-shaped signals in optical networks.

In long-haul fiber-optic networks, precise modeling of physical-layer impairments (PLIs) is crucial to optimizing network resource usage while ensuring adequate transmission quality. In order to accurately estimate PLIs, many mathematical models have been proposed. Among them, the so-called Gaussian noise (GN) model is one of the most accurate and simple enough to use on complex continental-size networks. However, the closed-form GN model assumes that the signals can be represented as having rectangular spectra, leading to a significant estimation error in typical cases when this assumption is violated. We propose the component-wise Gaussian noise (CWGN) PLI model that can account for arbitrary spectral-shaped demands. The CWGN model is computationally simple and suitable for most network management approaches. Results indicate that the CWGN model can prevent as much as a 136% overestimation of the PLIs resulting from the closed-form GN model applied to network lightpaths containing cascaded filters.

Exosomal ncRNAs: Novel therapeutic target and biomarker for diabetic complications.

Exosomes are discoid vesicles with a diameter of 40-160 nm. They are mainly derived from the multivesicular body formed by the invagination of lysosomal particles in the cell, which are released into the extracellular matrix after the fusion of the outer membrane. Exosomes are widespread and distributed in various body fluids, they are rich in nucleic acids (microRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, mRNA, tRNA, etc.), proteins, lipids, etc. As an important mediator of cellular communication, exosomes carry and transmit important signaling molecules and are widely involved in intercellular material transport and information transfer, they regulate cellular physiological activities and are closely related to the occurrence and course of various diseases. In recent years, with the deepening of exosome-related research, we discovered that exosomal non-coding RNAs are associated with diabetic complications such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic foot ulcer. This article reviews the new findings of exosomal non-coding RNAs (mainly microRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs) in diabetic complications, and analyzes the potential of exosomal ncRNA as new biomarkers and new cell-free therapies in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic complications, hoping to provide new ideas for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic complications.

High remnant cholesterol level is relevant to diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the primary oculopathy causing blindness in diabetic patients. Currently, there is increasing interest in the role of lipids in the development of diabetic retinopathy, but it remains controversial. Remnant cholesterol (RC) is an inexpensive and easily measurable lipid parameter; however, the relationship between RC and DR in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been elucidated. This research investigates the relevance between RC levels and DR severity while building a risk prediction model about DR. METHODS: In this single-centre retrospective cross-sectional study. Each hospitalised T2DM patient had no oral lipid-lowering drugs in the past three months, and coronary angiography showed epicardial coronary artery stenosis of less than 50% and completed seven-field stereo photographs, fluorescein fundus angiography, and optical coherence tomography detection. The RC value is calculated according to the internationally recognised formula. Binary logistic regression was used to correct confounding factors, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to identify risk factors and assess the nomogram's diagnostic efficiency. RESULTS: A total of 456 T2DM patients were included in the study. The RC levels in the DR team was higher [0.74 (0.60-1.12) mmo/l vs 0.54 (0.31-0.83) mmol/l P < 0.001] in the non-DR team. After adjusting for confounding elements, RC levels are still associated with DR risk (OR = 5.623 95%CI: 2.996-10.556 P < 0.001). The ratio of DR in every stage (except mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy) and DME in the high RC level team were further increased compared to the low-level team (all P < 0.001). After ROC analysis, the overall risk of DR was predicted by a nomogram constructed for RC, diabetes duration, and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as 0.758 (95%CI 0.714-0.802 P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: High RC levels may be a potential risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, and the nomogram does better predict DR. Despite these essential findings, the limitation of this study is that it is single-centred and small sample size analysis.

Identification, expression and enzyme activity of the group III sPLA2 s in Cyprinus carpio L.

Five group III secreted phospholipase (pla2g3s) homologous genes located on different linkage groups were identified from common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which we named Ccpla2g3a1, Ccpla2g3a2, Ccpla2g3b, Ccpla2g3c1 and Ccpla2g3c2. The five genes encode 530, 525, 461, 752 and 753 amino acids, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the Ccpla2g3as contain seven exons and the others contain four exons. Synteny analysis of fish pla2g3s indicated that pla2g3a and pla2g3b were from the same ancestor gene, and Ccpla2g3a1, Ccpla2g3a2, Ccpla2g3c1 and Ccpla2g3c2 were from the specific genome duplication of common carp. Due to the significant variation of the pla2g3bs from common carp and zebrafish (Danio rerio), they formed a separate group in the phylogenetic tree. The tissue distributions of Ccpla2g3s coincided with their expression profiles during the embryo stages. The expression levels of Ccpla2g3as and Ccpla2g3cs were low at the embryo stages, and they were abundant in the liver and brain, respectively, whereas the expression of Ccpla2g3b was high at 0.5 h after fertilization and in the ovary. We obtained three soluble recombinant proteins of the bee venom-like PLA2 (BVLP) from Ccpla2g3 and evaluated their PLA2 enzyme properties. The optimum pHs of MBP-a1-BVLP, MBP-b-BVLP and MBP-c1-BVLP were 7.5, 7.0 and 8.0, respectively, and specific activities were 7.68 ± 0.66, 4.155 ± 0.158 and 1.93 ± 0.05 U µmol-1 , respectively. The Kd for Ca2+ of MBP-b-BVLP was the lowest (2.6 µM), whereas the values for both MBP-a1-BVLP and MBP-c1-BVLP were about 15 µM. The Km values of three proteins ranged from 31.9 to 41.91 µM.

[Early identification and diagnosis of epilepsy related to fever sensitivity].

Febrile seizures are the most common nervous system disease in childhood, and most children have a good prognosis. However, some epilepsy cases are easily induced by fever and are characterized by "fever sensitivity", and it is difficult to differentiate such cases from febrile seizures. Epilepsy related to fever sensitivity includes hereditary epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, Dravet syndrome, and PCDH19 gene-related epilepsy. This article mainly describes the clinical manifestations of these three types of epilepsy and summarizes their clinical features in the early stage of disease onset, so as to achieve early identification, early diagnosis, and early intervention to improve prognosis.

Interactomics Analyses of Wild-Type and Mutant A1CF Reveal Diverged Functions in Regulating Cellular Lipid Metabolism.

Population genetic studies highlight a missense variant (G398S) of A1CF that is strongly associated with higher levels of blood triglycerides (TGs) and total cholesterol (TC). Functional analyses suggest that the mutation accelerates the secretion of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) from the liver by an unknown mechanism. Here, we used multiomics approaches to interrogate the functional difference between the WT and mutant A1CF. Using metabolomics analyses, we captured the cellular lipid metabolite changes induced by transient expression of the proteins, confirming that the mutant A1CF is able to relieve the TG accumulation induced by WT A1CF. Using a proteomics approach, we obtained the interactomic data of WT and mutant A1CF. Networking analyses show that WT A1CF interacts with three functional protein groups, RNA/mRNA processing, cytosolic translation, and, surprisingly, mitochondrial translation. The mutation diminishes these interactions, especially with the group of mitochondrial translation. Differential analyses show that the WT A1CF-interacting proteins most significantly different from the mutant are those for mitochondrial translation, whereas the most significant interacting proteins with the mutant are those for cytoskeleton and vesicle-mediated transport. RNA-seq analyses validate that the mutant, but not the WT, A1CF increases the expression of the genes responsible for cellular transport processes. On the contrary, WT A1CF affected the expression of mitochondrial matrix proteins and increased cell oxygen consumption. Thus, our studies confirm the previous hypothesis that A1CF plays broader roles in regulating gene expression. The interactions of the mutant A1CF with the vesicle-mediated transport machinery provide mechanistic insight in understanding the increased VLDL secretion in the A1CF mutation carriers.

The minimal promoter (P1) of Xist is non-essential for X chromosome inactivation.

The previous report shows the minimal promoter (P1) contributes to the Xist RNA activation in cells, while the role of the Xist P1 has not yet been investigated in animal individuals. Here, female Xist P1 knockout rabbits (Xist P1-/-) were generated for the studies. The results showed that there is no significant difference in transmission ratio, Xist and X-linked genes expression, and Xist RNA localization between the female wild type (WT) and Xist P1-/- rabbits, suggesting that P1 is non-essential for Xist expression and XCI in rabbits. Our study has explored the function of Xist P1 in animal level for the first time, and the results provide new ideas for future studies of XCI mechanisms.

Prognostic significance of lymph node yield in patients with synchronous colorectal carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend examination of a minimum of 12 lymph nodes (LNs) for accurate staging of a single case of colorectal cancer. However, the guidelines do not support the examination of LNs in synchronous colorectal carcinoma (SCC). This study aimed to investigate the association between lymph node yield and the prognosis of SCC patients. METHODS: Synchronous colorectal carcinoma patients were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database over a 10-year interval (2004 to 2013). Systematic dichotomization for optimal cut-off point identification was performed using X-tile. The baseline for the two LNs groups generated was balanced using the propensity score matching (PSM) method. RESULTS: A total of 4616 patients met the inclusion criteria. The cut-off number for lymph node retrieved from a single patient was 15 and 12 for the first- and second-time diagnosis of SCC, respectively. Age, T category, N category, tumor grade, tumor site, tumor size, and radiation sequence were not balanced in the two groups. After adjusting the baseline in the two groups, the same results were observed. Age, T category, N category, tumor site had a partial effect on lymph node yield. There might be some biological characteristics of the tumor that influence lymph node yield. CONCLUSIONS: Retrieval of fewer than 15 LNs at the first time of SCC diagnosis indicates worse SCC prognosis. Because factors such as manner of surgical examination influence SCC prognosis, specimens should be preserved for at least 6 months to enable reevaluation should there be a need. Irb: IRB approval is not required because the SEER data are freely accessible.