IL-1ß may be an indicator of peritoneal deterioration after healing of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an essential lifesaving treatment for end-stage renal disease. However, PD therapy is limited by peritoneal inflammation, which leads to peritoneal membrane failure because of progressive peritoneal deterioration. Peritonitis is the most common complication in patients undergoing PD. Thus, elucidating the mechanism of chronic peritoneal inflammation after PD-associated peritonitis is an urgent issue for patients undergoing PD. This first case report suggests that an increased interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) expression in the peritoneal dialysate after healing of peritonitis can contribute to peritoneal deterioration. CASE PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old woman was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus 10 years ago and had been started on PD for end-stage renal disease. One day, the patient developed PD-associated acute peritonitis and was admitted to our hospital for treatment. Thus, treatment with antimicrobial agents was initiated for PD-associated peritonitis. Dialysate turbidity gradually disappeared after treatment with antimicrobial agents, and the number of cells in the PD fluid decreased. After 2 weeks of antimicrobial therapy, peritonitis was clinically cured, and the patient was discharged. Thereafter, the patient did not develop peritonitis; however, residual renal function tended to decline, and peritoneal function also decreased in a relatively short period. We evaluated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels before and after PD-associated peritonitis; interestingly, the levels of IL-1ß remained high in the PD fluid, even after remission of bacterial peritonitis. In addition, it correlated with decreased peritoneal function. CONCLUSIONS: This case suggests that inflammasome-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines may contribute to chronic inflammation-induced peritoneal deterioration after PD-related peritonitis is cured.

[Effectiveness of a practical protocol for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: improved prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy].

BACKGROUND: In Japan, "Guidelines for iodinated contrast in a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) 2012" was published, but preventive protocols for specific contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) have not been specified. Therefore, we developed a CIN preventive protocol, and validated its operation and renal protective effect. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study, we determined eGFR within 3 months before contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). We evaluated CKD stage 3b - 4 adult patients (eGFR 15 - 45 mL/min/1.73m2) who underwent CECT. We observed changes in renal function over 9 months and compared the changes between the pre-protocol group, which received CIN preventive measures from clinicians, and the post-protocol group, which received 500 mL 0.9% saline intravenously over 4 hours or drank 2,000 mL water over 36 hours. RESULTS: The numbers of CT and CECT patients after validation of the protocol were 5,450 and 2,037, respectively. Among the CECT patients, 310 (15.2%) and 77(3.8%)had eGFRs < 60 and 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Among the CECT patients whose eGFRs were < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, 74.5% were 70 years or older. Tumor scanning accounted for 77% of all CECT cases. The number of CECT patients after 3 months did not significantly differ between the groups (2,189 vs 2,037). The percentage of patients with CKD stage G3b - 4 showed no significant differences (3.3% vs 3.7%, p = 0.89). The proportion of patients whose eGFR did not deteriorate at 3, 6 and 9 months was significantly higher in the post-protocol group than in the pre-protocol group (p < 0.001), and the protocol was the only independently-significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: Our protocol prevented CIN and provided a renal protective effect without reducing the number of CECT patients.

Anti-mitochondria antibody-related tubulointerstitial nephritis accompanied by severe hypokalemic paralysis.

A 47-year-old man presented with severe hypokalemic paralysis and respiratory failure. A large amount of potassium was administered along with providing intensive care, and his condition improved. Hypokalemia was attributed to increased urinary potassium excretion. A kidney biopsy was performed to make a definitive histological diagnosis. It revealed acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN). After the diagnosis, prednisolone was administered, and the TIN gradually improved. From the clinical course and laboratory findings, the TIN was presumed to be an autoimmune disorder. Further specific autoantibody tests were positive for anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA), which has been gaining increasing attention in regard to TIN. In addition, all previous cases of TIN associated with AMA have affected females. The detailed pathogenetic mechanisms are as yet unclear and require further investigation.

Tuberculous Fasciitis in Polymyositis: A Rare Case of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis.

A 71-year-old woman with polymyositis presenting with left thigh pain and an intermittent fever was admitted to Osaka Rosai Hospital. We initially diagnosed that her pain and fever were caused by a soft tissue infection because her polymyositis was controlled. She did not respond to various antibiotic therapies. Chest computed tomography demonstrated miliary tuberculosis (TB). Ziehl-Neelsen staining of liver biopsy specimens revealed epithelioid cell granuloma and acid-fast bacilli. Therefore, we finally diagnosed the lesion as TB fasciitis that improved with anti-TB drug therapy. The atypical presentation of TB fasciitis demonstrates the clinical importance of eliminating TB infections in immunocompromised hosts.