An Electrochemiluminescent Sensor Based on Glycosyl Imprinting and Aptamer for the Detection of Cancer-Related Extracellular Vesicles.

Cancer-related extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered important biomarkers for cancer diagnosis because they can convey a large amount of information about tumor cells. In order to detect cancer-related EVs efficiently, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor for the specific identification and highly sensitive detection of EVs in the plasma of cancer patients was constructed based on dual recognitions by glycosyl-imprinted polymer (GIP) and aptamer. The characteristic glycosyl Neu5Ac-α-(2,6)-Gal-ß-(1-4)-GlcNAc trisaccharide on the surface of EVs was used as a template molecule and 3-aminophenylboronic acid as a functional monomer to form a glycosyl-imprinted polymer by electropolymerization. After glycosyl elution, the imprinted film specifically recognized and adsorbed the EVs in the sample, and then the CD63 aptamer-bipyridine ruthenium (Aptamer-Ru(bpy)) was added to combine with the CD63 glycoprotein on the extracellular vesicle's surface, thus providing secondary recognition of the EVs. Finally, the EVs were quantitatively detected according to the ECL signal produced by the labeled bipyridine ruthenium. When more EVs were captured by the imprinted film, more probes were obtained after incubation, and the ECL signal was stronger. Under the optimized conditions, the ECL signal showed a good linear relationship with the concentration of EVs in the range of 9.5 × 102 to 9.5 × 107 particles/mL, and the limit of detection was 641 particles/mL. The GIP sensor can discriminate between the EV contents of cancer patients and healthy controls with high accuracy. Because of its affordability, high sensitivity, and ease of use, it is anticipated to be employed for cancer early detection and diagnosis.

Fabrication of levofloxacin-loaded porcine acellular dermal matrix hydrogel and functional assessment in urinary tract infection.

Bacterial cystitis, a commonly occurring urinary tract infection (UTI), is renowned for its extensive prevalence and tendency to recur. Despite the extensive utilization of levofloxacin as a conventional therapeutic approach for bacterial cystitis, its effectiveness is impeded by adverse toxic effects, drug resistance concerns, and its influence on the gut microbiota. This study introduces Lev@PADM, a hydrogel with antibacterial properties that demonstrates efficacy in the treatment of bacterial cystitis. Lev@PADM is produced by combining levofloxacin with decellularized porcine acellular dermal matrix hydrogel and exhibits remarkable biocompatibility. Lev@PADM demonstrates excellent stability as a hydrogel at body temperature, enabling direct administration to the site of infection through intravesical injection. This localized delivery route circumvents the systemic circulation of levofloxacin, resulting in a swift and substantial elevation of the antimicrobial agent's concentration specifically at the site of infection. The in vivo experimental findings provide evidence that Lev@PADM effectively prolongs the duration of levofloxacin's action, impedes the retention and invasion of E.coli in the urinary tract, diminishes the infiltration of innate immune cells into infected tissues, and simultaneously preserves the composition of the intestinal microbiota. These results indicate that, in comparison to the exclusive administration of levofloxacin, Lev@PADM offers notable benefits in terms of preserving the integrity of the bladder epithelial barrier and suppressing the recurrence of urinary tract infections.

Comprehensive Assessment of Artificial Intelligence Tools for Driver Monitoring and Analyzing Safety Critical Events in Vehicles.

Human factors are a primary cause of vehicle accidents. Driver monitoring systems, utilizing a range of sensors and techniques, offer an effective method to monitor and alert drivers to minimize driver error and reduce risky driving behaviors, thus helping to avoid Safety Critical Events (SCEs) and enhance overall driving safety. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, in particular, have been widely investigated to improve the efficiency and accuracy of driver monitoring or analysis of SCEs. To better understand the state-of-the-art practices and potential directions for AI tools in this domain, this work is an inaugural attempt to consolidate AI-related tools from academic and industry perspectives. We include an extensive review of AI models and sensors used in driver gaze analysis, driver state monitoring, and analyzing SCEs. Furthermore, researchers identified essential AI tools, both in academia and industry, utilized for camera-based driver monitoring and SCE analysis, in the market. Recommendations for future research directions are presented based on the identified tools and the discrepancies between academia and industry in previous studies. This effort provides a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners seeking a deeper understanding of leveraging AI tools to minimize driver errors, avoid SCEs, and increase driving safety.

Deformable and Disintegrable Multifunctional Integrated Polyprodrug Amphiphiles for Synergistic Phototherapy and Chemotherapy.

Multimodal collaborative therapy has been recognized as one of the more effective means to eliminate tumors in the current biomedicine research field as compared with monotherapy. Among them, by taking advantage of its high-precision and controllability, phototherapy has become a mainstay of treatment. However, physical encapsulation of free photosensitive units within nanocarriers was one of the main implementations, which might inevitably result in the photosensitizer leakage and side effect. For this purpose, a kind of multifunctional integrated polyprodrug amphiphiles, P(PFO-IG-CPT)-PEG, were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization from polymerizable pentadecafluorooctan monomers, indocyanine green monomers, reduction-responsive camptothecin monomers, and acid-responsive PEG based methacrylate monomers (GMA(-OH/-PEG)). The resultant copolymers could self-assemble into spherical nanoparticles in water, performing size-deformability in acidic conditions and subsequent disintegration in reduction environment as demonstrated by in vitro experiments. Furthermore, an enhanced CPT release ratio and rate from nanoparticles could be achieved by a NIR irradiation due to the hyperthermia induced by the covalently linked IG moieties. Not only that, because of the sufficient O2 content brought by PFO, the NIR light-triggered generation of 1O2 was also detected in cells. With the combination of CPT-guided chemotherapy as well as NIR light-guided photo-thermal and photodynamic therapies, fatal and irreversible damage to cancer cells was observed by cell experiments; the implanted tumor size in the mouse model was obviously shrunk upon receiving multimodal collaborative therapy. We speculate that such fabricated nanodiagnosis and treatment systems could meet the growing emergency for effective drug delivery, programmed and on-demand drug release, and multimodal integrated therapy.

Complications of preventive loop ileostomy versus colostomy: a meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis, and systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Preventive colostomy is required for colorectal surgery, and the incidence of complications associated with ileostomy and colostomy remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the incidence of postoperative complications between ileostomy and colostomy procedures. METHODS: Data analysis was conducted on 30 studies, and meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were performed on five studies. The basic indicators, such as stoma prolapse, leak, wound infection, ileus, and a series of other indicators, were compared. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed with complications other than stoma prolapse. Meta-analysis and TSA showed that the incidence of ileostomy prolapse was lower than that of colostomy prolapse, and the difference was statistically significant. Apart from the four complications listed above, the general data analysis showed differences in incidence between the two groups. The incidence of skin irritation, parastomal hernia, dehydration, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections was higher with ileostomy than with colostomy. In contrast, the incidence of parastomal fistula, stenosis, hemorrhage, and enterocutaneous fistula was higher with colostomy than with ileostomy. CONCLUSIONS: There were differences in the incidence of ileostomy and colostomy complications in the selected studies, with a low incidence of ileostomy prolapse. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022303133.

Self-Assembled Polymeric Materials: Design, Morphology, and Functional-Oriented Applications.

This Review focuses on the current research advances of the synthesis of various amphiphilic block copolymers (ABCs), such as conventional ABCs and newly presented polyprodrug amphiphiles, and the development of corresponding self-assemblies in selective solvents driven by the intermolecular interactions, like noncovalent hydrophobic interactions, π-π interactions, and hydrogen bonds, between ABCs or preformed small polymeric nanoparticles. The design of these assemblies is systematically introduced, and the diverse examples concerning the unique assembly structures along with the fast development of their exclusive properties and various applications in different fields are discussed. Possible perspectives on the existential challenges and glorious future are elucidated finally. It is hoped that this Review will provide a convenient way for readers to motivate more evolutional innovative concepts and methods to design next generation of novel polymeric nanoassemblies, and fill the gap between material design and practical applications.

A Novel 0.1 mm 3D Laser Imaging Technology for Pavement Safety Measurement.

Traditionally, pavement safety performance in terms of texture, friction, and hydroplaning speed are measured separately via different devices with various limitations. This study explores the feasibility of using a novel 0.1 mm 3D Safety Sensor for pavement safety evaluation in a non-contact and continuous manner with a single hardware sensor. The 0.1 mm 3D images were collected for pavement safety measurement from 12 asphalt concrete (AC) and Portland cement concrete (PCC) field sites with various texture characteristics. The results indicate that the Safety Sensor was able to measure pavement texture data as traditional devices do with better repeatability. Moreover, pavement friction numbers can be estimated using 0.1 mm 3D data via the proposed 3D texture parameters with good accuracy using an artificial neural network, especially for asphalt pavement. Lastly, a case study of pavement hydroplaning speed prediction was performed using the Safety Sensor. The results demonstrate the potential of using ultra high-resolution 3D imaging to measure pavement safety, including texture, friction, and hydroplaning, in a non-contact, continuous, and accurate manner.

CREB-upregulated lncRNA MEG3 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis by regulating miR-302a-3p-CRTC2 axis.

Hepatic gluconeogenesis is the major contributor to hyperglycemia in diabetes. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) has been shown to promote hepatic insulin resistance; however, the underlying mechanism involving hepatic gluconeogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the potential role of MEG3 in hepatic gluconeogenesis. Mouse primary hepatocytes were used in this study. Cell transfection was performed for the overexpression or knockdown of specific genes. Expressions of MEG3, miR-302a-3p, CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 2 (CRTC2), protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pc) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. The association among MEG3, miR-302a-3p, and CRTC2 was disclosed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. MEG3 was highly expressed in high glucagon-treated mouse primary hepatocytes. CREB-induced MEG3 upregulation increased gluconeogenic gene expression in high glucagon-treated primary hepatocytes, while MEG3 interference led to an opposite effect. MEG3 served as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to upregulate CRTC2 by targeting miR-302a-3p in primary hepatocytes, thereby increasing PGC-1α-PEPCK/G6Pc. CREB-upregulated MEG3-enhanced hepatic gluconeogenesis via mediating miR-302a-3p-CRTC2 axis, revealing that MEG3 might be a potential target and therapeutic strategy for diabetes.

An R1R2R3 MYB Transcription Factor, MnMYB3R1, Regulates the Polyphenol Oxidase Gene in Mulberry (Morus notabilis).

The aim of this study was to determine how the mulberry (Morus notabilis) polyphenol oxidase 1 gene (MnPPO1) is regulated during plant stress responses by exploring the interaction between its promoter region and regulatory transcription factors. First, we analyzed the cis-acting elements in the MnPPO1 promoter. Then, we used the MnPPO1 promoter region [(1268 bp, including an MYB3R-binding cis-element (MSA)] as a probe to capture proteins in DNA pull-down assays. These analyses revealed that the MYB3R1 transcription factor in M. notabilis (encoded by MnMYB3R1) binds to the MnPPO1 promoter region. We further explored the interaction between the MnPPO1 promoter and MYB3R1 with the dual luciferase reporter, yeast one-hybrid, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. These analyses verified that MnMYB3R1 binds to the MSA in the MnPPO1 promoter region. The overexpression of MnMYB3R1 in tobacco upregulated the expression of the tobacco PPO gene. This observation as well as the quantitative real-time PCR results implied that MnMYB3R1 and PPO are involved in the abscisic acid-responsive stress response pathway.

[Endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic bifurcation stenosis by unibody bifurcation stent graft].

OBJECTIVE: To sum up experience in unibody bifurcation stent graft in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm with aortic bifurcation stenosis. METHODS: Clinical data of 19 cases of abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic bifurcation stenosis received endovascular treatment using unibody bifurcation stent graft in Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital during March 2009 and March 2018 were collected. The clinical characteristics, surgery procedure and follow-up results were reviewed. RESULTS: Stent graft was successful in all patients, and the average operation time was (70.0±2.3) min. Leakage was found in 3 patients, in which 2 patients with type Ⅰ leakage and 1 patient with type Ⅱ leakage. All leakage disappeared 15 days after surgery. The 19 cases were followed-up for 9-48 months with the median follow-up time of 27 months, and no displacement, leakage and lower limb ischemia was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Unibody bifurcation stent graft is of satisfactory long-term effect for patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic bifurcation stenosis, and can avoid displacement of stent graft after operation.

MiR-181c restrains nitration stress of endothelial cells in diabetic db/db mice through inhibiting the expression of FoxO1.

Endothelial dysfunction played an important role in the progression of diabetes mellitus (DM). miR-181c has been implicated in many diseases, including DM. However, the molecular mechanisms of miR-181c regulate this process remained poorly understood. Healthy ICR mice were divided into control group (n = 10) and db/db DM group (n = 10). The expression of miR-181c and FoxO1 were both investigated in diabetic db/db mice or high glucose-induced endothelial cells (MAECs and END-D). Here we found that down-regulation of miR-181c and the activation of FoxO1/iNOS were observed in mice and endothelial cells. Furthermore, we verified that miR-181c directly targeted and inhibited FoxO1 gene expression by targeting its 3'-UTR through luciferase reporter assay. Knockdown of FoxO1 reversed the up-regulation of iNOS, nitrotyrosine and the down-regulation of p-eNOSSer1177/eNOS in high glucose (30 mM)-induced MAECs cells. In addition, over-expression of miR-181c could reverse the enhanced nitration stress induced by high glucose, while this effect could be attenuated by pcDNA-FoxO1 in MAECs. These results shown that miR-181c attenuated nitration stress through regulating FoxO1 expression and affecting endothelial cell function, which offering a new target for the development of preventive or therapeutic agents against DM.

Small-molecule factor D inhibitors selectively block the alternative pathway of complement in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome are diseases of excess activation of the alternative pathway of complement that are treated with eculizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the terminal complement component C5. Eculizumab must be administered intravenously, and moreover some patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria on eculizumab have symptomatic extravascular hemolysis, indicating an unmet need for additional therapeutic approaches. We report the activity of two novel small-molecule inhibitors of the alternative pathway component Factor D using in vitro correlates of both paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Both compounds bind human Factor D with high affinity and effectively inhibit its proteolytic activity against purified Factor B in complex with C3b. When tested using the traditional Ham test with cells from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients, the Factor D inhibitors significantly reduced complement-mediated hemolysis at concentrations as low as 0.01 µM. Additionally the compound ACH-4471 significantly decreased C3 fragment deposition on paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes, indicating a reduced potential relative to eculizumab for extravascular hemolysis. Using the recently described modified Ham test with serum from patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, the compounds reduced the alternative pathway-mediated killing of PIGA-null reagent cells, thus establishing their potential utility for this disease of alternative pathway of complement dysregulation and validating the modified Ham test as a system for pre-clinical drug development for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Finally, ACH-4471 blocked alternative pathway activity when administered orally to cynomolgus monkeys. In conclusion, the small-molecule Factor D inhibitors show potential as oral therapeutics for human diseases driven by the alternative pathway of complement, including paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.

The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio, a validated prognostic score, predicts outcome of surgical renal cell carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND: The preoperative C-reactive protein/Albumin (CRP/Alb) ratio has been shown to be valuable in predicting the prognosis of patients with certain cancers. The aim of our study is to explore its prognostic value in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 570 RCC patients underwent radical or partial nephrectomy including 541 patients who received full resection of localized (T1-3 N0/+ M0) RCC. The optimal cutoff value of CRP/Alb was determined by the receive operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The impact of the CRP/Alb and other clinicopathological characteristics on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was evaluated using the univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: The optimal cutoff of CRP/Alb ratio was set at 0.08 according to the ROC analysis. Multivariate analysis indicated that CRP/Alb ratio was independently associated with OS of RCC patients underwent radical or partial nephrectomy (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.94; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.12-3.36; P = 0.018), and DFS of localized RCC patients underwent full resection (HR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.22-3.75; P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Elevated CRP/Alb ratio was an independent prognostic indicator for poor OS in patients underwent radical or partial nephrectomy and DFS of localized RCC patients underwent full resection. Overall, CRP/Alb may help to identify patients with high relapse risk.

Biotic stress-induced expression of mulberry cystatins and identification of cystatin exhibiting stability to silkworm gut proteinases.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Biotic stresses induce the expression of mulberry cystatins. MaCPI-4 protein is stable in silkworm digestive fluid and accumulates in gut food debris and frass. Plant cystatins are considered to be involved in defense responses to insect herbivores though little is known about how cystatins from the natural host respond to a specialist herbivory and the following postingestive interaction is also poorly understood. Here, we studied the biotic stress-mediated inductions of cystatins from mulberry tree, and examined the stability of mulberry cystatin proteins in the gut of silkworm, Bombyx mori, a specialist insect feeding on mulberry leaf. First, we cloned and characterized six cystatin genes from a mulberry cultivar, Morus atropurpurea Roxb., named as MaCPI-1 to MaCPI-6. The recombinant MaCPI-1, MaCPI-3 and MaCPI-4 proteins, which showed inhibitory effects against papain in vitro, were produced. Silkworm herbivory as well as methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment induced the expression of five mulberry cystatin genes, and the highest inductions were observed from MaCPI-1 and MaCPI-6. Mechanical wounding led to the inductions of four cystatin genes. The differential induction occurred in MaCPI-2. The induced protein changes were detected from three mulberry cystatins comprising MaCPI-1, MaCPI-3 and MaCPI-4. In vivo and in vitro assays showed that MaCPI-1 and MaCPI-3 proteins were susceptible to silkworm digestive fluid and MaCPI-4 had an antidigestive stability, and was detected in silkworm gut and frass. Collectively, our data indicated that biotic stresses resulted in the transcriptional inductions and protein changes of mulberry cystatins (MaCPIs), and identified MaCPI-4 with stability in the gut of its specialist herbivore.

Ferulic Acid Exerts Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Tumor Activity by Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1-Mediated Angiogenesis.

Most anti-angiogenic therapies currently being evaluated target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway; however, the tumor vasculature can acquire resistance to VEGF-targeted therapy by shifting to other angiogenesis mechanisms. Therefore, other therapeutic agents that block non-VEGF angiogenic pathways need to be evaluated. Here, we identified ferulic acid as a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor and a novel agent with potential anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer activities. Ferulic acid demonstrated inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in response to basic fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1). In ex vivo and in vivo angiogenesis assays, ferulic acid suppressed FGF1-induced microvessel sprouting of rat aortic rings and angiogenesis. To understand the underlying molecular basis, we examined the effects of ferulic acid on different molecular components and found that ferulic acid suppressed FGF1-triggered activation of FGFR1 and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling. Moreover, ferulic acid directly inhibited proliferation and blocked the PI3K-Akt pathway in melanoma cell. In vivo, using a melanoma xenograft model, ferulic acid showed growth-inhibitory activity associated with inhibition of angiogenesis. Taken together, our results indicate that ferulic acid targets the FGFR1-mediated PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, leading to the suppression of melanoma growth and angiogenesis.

Endovenous Microwave Ablation Versus Laser Ablation for Small Saphenous Vein Varicosis.

INTRODUCTION: Laser and radiofrequency ablation are two thermal ablation methods currently widely used to treat lower limb venous insufficiency. However, very few studies have been conducted on the use of microwaves, a form of thermal ablation, for the treatment of small saphenous vein (SSV) insufficiency. This study aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of endovenous microwave ablation (EMA) for the treatment of SSV insufficiency. METHODS: The clinical data of 126 patients (126 lower limbs) with SSV insufficiency (SSV trunk reflux time ≥ 500 ms on lower limb color Doppler ultrasound) treated at the Surgery Department of The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhuji from January 2020 to June 2022 were analyzed retrospectively; 64 patients underwent EMA and 62 underwent endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). The perioperative marker data [duration of surgery, duration of hospitalization, length of thermal ablation, duration of thermal ablation, number of incisions, and numerical pain rating scale (NPRS)], complication data [skin ecchymosis, skin burns, surgical site infection, paresthesia, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT)], venous clinical severity score (VCSS), chronic venous disease quality of life questionnaire (CIVIQ-20) before and 1, 3, 12 months after surgery, and SSV trunk occlusion rate at 12 months after surgery were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: No significant differences in the surgery or hospitalization durations were observed between the two groups. There were no significant differences in the length of the SSV that required thermal ablation between the two groups; however, the thermal ablation time was shorter in the EMA group than that in the EVLA group (6.14 ± 1.47 min vs 7.05 ± 1.16 min, P < 0.001). There were no statistical differences in the number of incisions, volume of tumescent solution used, or quantity of sclerosing foam used. The NPRS scores of the EMA group at 24 h and 72 h after surgery were significantly greater than those of the EVLA group (4.03 ± 0.98 vs 3.52 ± 1.28, P = 0.013; 3.78 ± 1.06 vs 3.15 ± 1.03, P = 0.001). Moreover, the two groups showed no significant difference in the NPRS score at 1 month (1.14 ± 0.84 vs 1.07 ± 0.75, P = 0.623). The EMA and EVLA group patients experienced similar postoperative complications. The VCSS and CIVIQ-20 score significantly improved at 1, 3, and 12 months after surgery. The VCSS and CIVIQ-20 scores were compared between the two groups at 12 months after surgery, and there were no significant differences (1.44 ± 0.63 vs 1.56 ± 0.56, P = 0.261; 24.24 ± 4.96 vs 25.19 ± 5.36, P = 0.304). There was no significant difference in the incidence of SSV trunk occlusion at 12 months after surgery between the two groups (95.31% vs 96.77%, OR 1.475; 95% CI 0.238-9.146, P = 1.000). CONCLUSION: EMA and EVLA are equally effective treatment methods for SSV insufficiency. EMA is associated with higher NPRS scores in the early postoperative period.

Redistribution of defective mitochondria-mediated dihydroorotate dehydrogenase imparts 5-fluorouracil resistance in colorectal cancer.

Although 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the primary chemotherapy treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC), its efficacy is limited by drug resistance. Ferroptosis activation is a promising treatment for 5-FU-resistant cancer cells; however, potential therapeutic targets remain elusive. This study investigated ferroptosis vulnerability and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) activity using stable, 5-FU-resistant CRC cell lines and xenograft models. Ferroptosis was characterized by measuring malondialdehyde levels, assessing lipid metabolism and peroxidation, and using mitochondrial imaging and assays. DHODH function is investigated through gene knockdown experiments, tumor behavior assays, mitochondrial import reactions, intramitochondrial localization, enzymatic activity analyses, and metabolomics assessments. Intracellular lipid accumulation and mitochondrial DHODH deficiency led to lipid peroxidation overload, weakening the defense system of 5-FU-resistant CRC cells against ferroptosis. DHODH, primarily located within the inner mitochondrial membrane, played a crucial role in driving intracellular pyrimidine biosynthesis and was redistributed to the cytosol in 5-FU-resistant CRC cells. Cytosolic DHODH, like its mitochondrial counterpart, exhibited dihydroorotate catalytic activity and participated in pyrimidine biosynthesis. This amplified intracellular pyrimidine pools, thereby impeding the efficacy of 5-FU treatment through molecular competition. These findings contribute to the understanding of 5-FU resistance mechanisms and suggest that ferroptosis and DHODH are promising therapeutic targets for patients with CRC exhibiting resistance to 5-FU.

Growth hormone improves insulin resistance in visceral adipose tissue after duodenal-jejunal bypass by regulating adiponectin secretion.

BACKGROUND: The mechanism of improvement of type 2 diabetes after duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery is not clear. AIM: To study the morphological and functional changes in adipose tissue after DJB and explore the potential mechanisms contributing to postoperative insulin sensitivity improvement of adipose tissue in a diabetic male rat model. METHODS: DJB and sham surgery was performed in a-high-fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. All adipose tissue was weighed and observed under microscope. Use inguinal fat to represent subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and mesangial fat to represent visceral adipose tissue. RNA-sequencing was utilized to evaluate gene expression alterations adipocytes. The hematoxylin and eosin staining, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to study the changes. Insulin resistance was evaluated by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: After DJB, whole body blood glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue improved. Fat cell volume in both visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and SAT increased. Compared to SAT, VAT showed more significantly functional alterations after DJB and KEGG analysis indicated growth hormone (GH) pathway and downstream adiponectin secretion were involved in metabolic regulation. The circulating GH and adiponectin levels and GH receptor and adiponectin levels in VAT increased. Cytological experiment showed that GH stimulated adiponectin secretion and improve insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION: GH improves insulin resistance in VAT in male diabetic rats after receiving DJB, possibly by increasing adiponectin secretion.

Duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery activates eNOS and enhances antioxidant system by activating AMPK pathway to improve heart oxidative stress in diabetic cardiomyopathy rats.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a serious complication of obesity with type 2 diabetes and is a major cause of mortality. Metabolic surgery, such as duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB), can effectively improve diabetic cardiomyopathy; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Oxidative stress is one of the pivotal mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Our objective was to investigate the effect and potential mechanisms of DJB on oxidative stress in the heart of diabetic cardiomyopathy rats. METHODS: High-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin was used to establish diabetic cardiomyopathy rats. DJB was performed on diabetic cardiomyopathy rats, and high glucose and palmitate were used to simulate diabetic cardiomyopathy in H9C2 cells in vitro. Sera from different groups of rats were used for experiments in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: DJB effectively improved oxidative stress and activated the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway to increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation level and the expression of antioxidative system-related proteins and genes in the heart of diabetic cardiomyopathy rats. AMPK agonists and serum from DJB rats activated the AMPK pathway to increase eNOS phosphorylation level and the expression of antioxidative system-related proteins and genes and decreased the content of reactive oxygen species in H9C2 cells, but this improvement was almost eliminated by the addition of AMPK inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: DJB activates eNOS and enhances the antioxidant system by activating the AMPK pathway-and not solely by improving blood glucose-to improve oxidative stress in the heart of diabetic cardiomyopathy rats.

Bile Acid Detection Techniques and Bile Acid-Related Diseases.

Bile acid is a derivative of cholinergic acid (steroidal parent nucleus) that plays an important role in digestion, absorption, and metabolism. In recent years, bile acids have been identified as signaling molecules that regulate self-metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy balance, and glucose metabolism. The detection of fine changes in bile acids caused by metabolism, disease, or individual differences has become a research hotspot. At present, there are many related techniques, such as enzyme analysis, immunoassays, and chromatography, that are used for bile acid detection. These methods have been applied in clinical practice and laboratory research to varying degrees. However, mainstream detection technology is constantly updated and replaced with the passage of time, proffering new detection technologies. Previously, gas chromatography (GS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were the most commonly used for bile acid detection. In recent years, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) has developed rapidly and has gradually become the mainstream bile acid sample separation and detection technology. In this review, the basic principles, development and progress of technology, applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of various detection techniques are discussed and the changes in bile acids caused by related diseases are summarized.