Enhancement of the Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Anti-Hyaluronidase Activity of Morus alba L. Leaf Extract by Pulsed Electric Field Extraction.

In this study we aimed to compare the chemical composition and biological activity between Morus alba L. leaf extract obtained with 95% v/v ethanol using a pulsed electric field (PEF) and the conventional maceration method. Extracts of M. alba leaves collected from Chiang Mai (CM), Sakon Nakon (SK), and Buriram (BR), Thailand, were investigated for 1-deoxynojirimycin content by high-performance liquid chromatography and for total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was investigated by 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Anti-tyrosinase and anti-hyaluronidase activity was investigated by in vitro spectrophotometry. The results show that this is the first study to indicate PEF as a novel method for enhancing the phenolic content and antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-hyaluronidase activity of M. alba leaf extract (P < 0.05). PEF extract of M. alba leaves collected from BR had comparable ABTS•+ scavenging activity to l-ascorbic acid and comparable anti-tyrosinase activity to kojic acid (P > 0.05). On the other hand, PEF extract of M. alba leaves collected from SK exhibited significantly high anti-hyaluronidase activity, comparable to that of oleanolic acid (P > 0.05). Therefore, PEF is suggested for further M. alba leaf extraction in the production of natural whitening and anti-aging cosmetic ingredients.

Enhancing catechins, antioxidant and sirtuin 1 enzyme stimulation activities in green tea extract through pulse electric field-assisted water extraction: Optimization by response surface methodology approach.

Green tea is an economic resource in Thailand because it is derived from smallholder agriculture and has expanded into food production. The purpose of this study is to optimize the parameters of pulsed electric field (PEF) assisted green tea extraction to produce a natural health product. A central composite design was involved to determine the effect of independent variables, including the intensity of electric field (I; 3-5 kV/cm), number of pulses (Np; 1000 to 3000 pulses) and green tea-to-water ratio (GT/W; 0.05-0.15 g/mL) on catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), total phenolic compound, antioxidant and sirtuin 1 enzyme stimulating activities. The results indicated that the Np had the most significant impact (p < 0.05) on the content of catechin and its derivatives and sirtuin 1 enzyme stimulating activity. The observations revealed that the I had a greater impact on antioxidant activities compared to the Np. The optimal conditions for PEF using the response surface method were determined to be I of 5 kV/cm, Np of 3000 pulses, GT/W of 0.14 g/mL and specific energy of 27 kJ/kg. Under the optimized conditions, the content of C, EC, ECG, EGC and EGCG were 7.34 ± 0.33, 11.26 ± 0.25, 3.75 ± 0.13, 7.53 ± 0.77 and 37.78 ± 0.58 mg/g extract, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that green tea extract exhibited the ability to modulate the deacetylation activity of the sirtuin 1 enzyme, with a value of 22.63 ± 0.17 FIR. The results emphasized that the PEF led to achieving better responses compared to without pre-treatment using the PEF. Therefore, innovative technologies as PEF can be utilized for green tea extraction to produce natural ingredients, which can contribute to improved accessibility to healthcare. Additionally, the implementation of innovation techniques, such as PEF, in the extraction industry can enhance productivity growth and economic development.

Antimicrobial Properties Related to Anti-Acne and Deodorant Efficacy of Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig Extracts from Pulsed Electric Field Extraction.

This study investigated the potential of pulsed electric field (PEF) extraction in enhancing the antimicrobial properties related to anti-acne and deodorant properties of Hedychium coronarium extract. The dried leaf and rhizome of H. coronarium were extracted using 95% v/v ethanol through both conventional solvent extraction and PEF extraction techniques (10, 14, and 20 kV/cm). The chemical composition of the extracts was analyzed. The antimicrobial activities, specifically in relation to acne treatment against Cutibacterium acnes and deodorant properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, were determined. The irritation profile of was evaluated using the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane test. The results showed that PEF extraction increased the extract yield, particularly at an electric field strength of 20 kV/cm. Furthermore, PEF extraction significantly enhanced the ellagic acid content, particularly in the leaf extract. Furthermore, the leaf extract demonstrated stronger inhibitory effects against microorganisms associated with body odor and acne compared to the rhizome extract. Notably, all extracts exhibited no signs of irritation, indicating their safety. Overall, the findings suggest that PEF extraction from H. coronarium enhances yield, bioactive compound content, and antimicrobial effects. This indicates the potential of the extract for acne treatment and deodorant use.

Ultrasound-assisted green extraction methods: An approach for cosmeceutical compounds isolation from Macadamia integrifolia pericarp.

This study aimed was to examine the potential of several green extraction methods to extract cosmetic/cosmeceutical components from Macadamia integrifolia pericarps, which were a by-product of the macadamia nut industry. M. integrifolia pericarps were extracted by conventional solvent extraction process using 95% v/v ethanol and various green extraction methods, including infusion, ultrasound, micellar, microwave, and pulsed electric field extraction using water as a clean and green solvent. The extracts were evaluated for total phenolic content using Folin-Ciocalteu method.The antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing/antioxidant power, and ferric-thiocyanate method. The anti-skin ageing activities were investigated by means of collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibition using enzyme-substrate reaction assay. The irritation profile of the extracts was evaluated by the hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test. The results noted that ultrasound-assisted extraction yielded the significantly highest extract amount with the significantly highest total phenolic content (p < 0.05), especially when the extraction time was 10 min. The aqueous extract from ultrasound-assisted extraction possessed the most potent antioxidant and anti-skin ageing activities (p < 0.05). Its antioxidant activities were comparable to ascorbic acid and Trolox, whereas the anti-skin ageing activities were equivalent to epigallocatechin-3-gallate and oleanolic acid. Besides, the extract was safe since it induced no irritation in the HET-CAM test. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted extraction was suggested as an environmentally friendly extraction method for M. integrifolia pericarp extraction and further application in the cosmetic/cosmeceutical industries.

Optimization of the pulse electric field assisted extraction of black rice grain for antioxidant and sirtuin1 enzyme stimulation activities.

Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and peonidin-3-glucoside (P3G) in black rice grain (BRG) demonstrate many beneficial health effects, including antioxidant and anti-aging properties. This research aimed to study on pulsed electric field assisted water extraction (PEF-AWE) on BRG using pre-treatment technique, which was determined for enhanced yields of C3G and P3G, antioxidant and sirtuin1 enzyme stimulation activities. The effects of operating parameters for PEF-AWE (intensity of electric field, X1: 3-5 kV/cm, number of pulse, X2: 1000-3000 pulse and BRG/water ratio, X3: 0.1-0.5 g/mL) were determined using regression analysis and optimized PEF-AWE condition using the response surface methodology. Regression models showed the intensity of electric field and BRG/water ratio were the strong influence parameters significantly on C3G (p < 0.01). The results highlighted optimized conditions of PEF-AWE followed by 5 kV/cm, 3000 pulse and 0.5 g/mL leading to achieve higher C3G (92.59 ± 4.79 mg/g) and P3G (4.59 ± 0.27 mg/g) than no pre-treatment by PEF process, approximately 60%. Additionally, PEF extracts of BRG can modulate the ability of surtuin1 enzyme to deacetylate substrate proteins (26.78 ± 0.50 FIR). Thus, PEF-AWE can be applied to produce BRG extract as natural antioxidant compound and functional ingredient.

Dose-Dependent Blood-Feeding Activity and Ovarian Alterations to PM2.5 in Aedes aegypti.

High levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution are a concern for human health. Several studies have examined the effects of air pollution on human and animal health. However, there is a lack of knowledge about its effects on arbovirus vectors. Thus, we investigated whether PM2.5 concentration alters the blood-feeding activity of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. We investigated the effect on the females' propensity to blood feed at eight concentrations of PM2.5 ranging from 100 to 1000 µg/m3. Correlation analysis showed blood-feeding activity had a significant strong negative correlation with concentration of PM2.5 (rp = -0.85; p ≤ 0.00001). Exploratory linear and non-linear models showed an exponential decay relationship was the best fitting model (corrected Akaike's information criterion, 193.0; Akaike's weight, 0.766; adjusted R2, 0.780). Ultrastructural study demonstrated PM2.5 did not obstruct the respiratory system, but some fine particles were present on the antenna and abdominal body parts. Ovaries showed a dose-response relationship between PM2.5 level and vacuolated degeneration. In conclusion, the blood-feeding behavior of Ae. aegypti females may have an exponential decay relationship with PM2.5 level, and their ovaries may demonstrate dose-dependent degeneration. These findings may be important in understanding the vector's biology and disease transmission in settings with high PM2.5 levels. These results are important to understand blood-feeding and feeding pattern of mosquitoes during PM2.5 pollution, which is important for disease transmission and vector control.