Mast cell stabilizer, an anti-allergic drug, reduces ventricular arrhythmia risk via modulation of neuroimmune interaction.

Mast cells (MCs) are important intermediates between the nervous and immune systems. The cardiac autonomic nervous system (CANS) crucially modulates cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis, but whether and how MC-CANS neuroimmune interaction influences arrhythmia remain unclear. Our clinical data showed a close relationship between serum levels of MC markers and CANS activity, and then we use mast cell stabilizers (MCSs) to alter this MC-CANS communication. MCSs, which are well-known anti-allergic agents, could reduce the risk of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) after myocardial infarction (MI). RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis to investigate the underlying mechanism by which MCSs could affect the left stellate ganglion (LSG), a key therapeutic target for modulating CANS, showed that the IL-6 and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic system may be involved in this process. Our findings demonstrated that MCSs reduce VA risk along with revealing the potential underlying antiarrhythmic mechanisms.

Role of ventrolateral part of ventromedial hypothalamus in post-myocardial infarction cardiac dysfunction induced by sympathetic nervous system.

Psychological stress has been recognized as a contributing factor to worsened prognosis in patients with cardiac failure following myocardial infarction (MI). Although the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHVL) has been implicated in emotional distress, its involvement in post-MI cardiac dysfunction remains largely unexplored. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the VMHVL activation in the MI rat model and its underlying mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate that activation of VMHVL neurons enhances the activity of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system through the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and superior cervical ganglion (SCG). This activation leads to an elevation in catecholamine levels, which subsequently modulates myosin function and triggers the release of anti-inflammatory factors, to exacerbate the post-MI cardiac prognosis. The denervation of the superior cervical ganglion (SGN) effectively blocked the cardiac sympathetic effects induced by the VMHVL activation, and ameliorated the cardia fibrosis and dysfunction. Therefore, our study identified the role of the "VMHVL-PVN-SCG" sympathetic pathway in the post-MI heart, and proposed SGN as a promising strategy in mitigating cardiac prognosis in stressful rats.

Efficacy of a WeChat-Based Multimodal Digital Transformation Management Model in New-Onset Mild to Moderate Hypertension: Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The advantages of multimodal digitally transformed mobile health management for patients diagnosed with mild to moderate hypertension are not yet established. OBJECTIVE: We aim to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of a novel WeChat-based multimodal digital transforming management model in mobile health blood pressure (BP) management. METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial included 175 individuals with new-onset mild to moderate hypertension who were admitted to our center between September and October 2022. The patients were randomly assigned to either the multimodal intervention group (n=88) or the usual care group (n=87). The primary composite outcome was home and office BP differences after 6 months. The major secondary outcomes were 6-month quality-of-life scores, including the self-rating anxiety scale, self-rating depression scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. RESULTS: The mean home BP decreased from 151.74 (SD 8.02)/94.22 (SD 9.32) to 126.19 (SD 8.45)/82.28 (SD 9.26) mm Hg in the multimodal intervention group and from 150.78 (SD 7.87)/91.53 (SD 9.78) to 133.48 (SD 10.86)/84.45 (SD 9.19) mm Hg in the usual care group, with a mean difference in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of -8.25 mm Hg (95% CI -11.71 to -4.78 mm Hg; P<.001) and -4.85 mm Hg (95% CI -8.41 to -1.30 mm Hg; P=.008), respectively. The mean office BP decreased from 153.64 (SD 8.39)/93.56 (SD 8.45) to 127.81 (SD 8.04)/ 82.16 (SD 8.06) mm Hg in the multimodal intervention group and from 151.48 (SD 7.14)/(91.31 (SD 9.61) to 134.92 (SD 10.11)/85.09 (SD 8.26) mm Hg in the usual care group, with a mean difference in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of -9.27 mm Hg (95% CI -12.62 to -5.91 mm Hg; P<.001) and -5.18 mm Hg (95% CI -8.47 to -1.89 mm Hg; P=.002), respectively. From baseline to 6 months, home BP control <140/90 mm Hg was achieved in 64 (72.7%) patients in the multimodal intervention group and 46 (52.9%) patients in the usual care group (P=.007). Meanwhile, home BP control <130/80 mm Hg was achieved in 32 (36.4%) patients in the multimodal intervention group and 16 (18.4%) patients in the usual care group (P=.008). After 6 months, there were significant differences in the quality-of-life total and graded scores, including self-rating anxiety scale scores (P=.04), self-rating depression scale scores (P=.03), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores (P<.001), in the multimodal intervention group compared with the usual care group. CONCLUSIONS: The WeChat-based multimodal intervention model improved the BP control rates and lowered the BP levels more than the usual care approach. The multimodal digital transforming management model for hypertension represents an emerging medical practice that utilizes the individual's various risk factor profiles for primary care and personalized therapy decision-making in patients with hypertension. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2200063550; https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=175816.

Metabolism regulator adiponectin prevents cardiac remodeling and ventricular arrhythmias via sympathetic modulation in a myocardial infarction model.

The stellate ganglia play an important role in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). This study aimed to investigate whether adiponectin (APN), an adipokine mainly secreted by adipose tissue, could modulate the left stellate ganglion (LSG) and exert cardioprotective effects through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in a canine model of MI. APN microinjection and APN overexpression with recombinant adeno-associated virus vector in the LSG were performed in acute and chronic MI models, respectively. The results showed that acute APN microinjection decreased LSG function and neural activity, and suppressed ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmia. Chronic MI led to a decrease in the effective refractory period and action potential duration at 90% and deterioration in echocardiography performance, all of which was blunted by APN overexpression. Moreover, APN gene transfer resulted in favorable heart rate variability alteration, and decreased cardiac SNS activity, serum noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y, which were augmented after MI. APN overexpression also decreased the expression of nerve growth factor and growth associated protein 43 in the LSG and peri-infarct myocardium, respectively. Furthermore, RNA sequencing of LSG indicated that 4-week MI up-regulated the mRNA levels of macrophage/microglia activation marker Iba1, chemokine ligands (CXCL10, CCL20), chemokine receptor CCR5 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6, and downregulated IL1RN and IL10 mRNA, which were reversed by APN overexpression. Our results reveal that APN inhibits cardiac sympathetic remodeling and mitigates cardiac remodeling after MI. APN-mediated gene therapy may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MI.

Nanopore Targeted Sequencing for the Accurate and Comprehensive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses.

The ongoing global novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID-19 outbreak has engendered numerous cases of infection and death. COVID-19 diagnosis relies upon nucleic acid detection; however, currently recommended methods exhibit high false-negative rates and are unable to identify other respiratory virus infections, thereby resulting in patient misdiagnosis and impeding epidemic containment. Combining the advantages of targeted amplification and long-read, real-time nanopore sequencing, herein, nanopore targeted sequencing (NTS) is developed to detect SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses simultaneously within 6-10 h, with a limit of detection of ten standard plasmid copies per reaction. Compared with its specificity for five common respiratory viruses, the specificity of NTS for SARS-CoV-2 reaches 100%. Parallel testing with approved real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction kits for SARS-CoV-2 and NTS using 61 nucleic acid samples from suspected COVID-19 cases show that NTS identifies more infected patients (22/61) as positive, while also effectively monitoring for mutated nucleic acid sequences, categorizing types of SARS-CoV-2, and detecting other respiratory viruses in the test sample. NTS is thus suitable for COVID-19 diagnosis; moreover, this platform can be further extended for diagnosing other viruses and pathogens.

Bone marrow sympathetic activation regulates post-myocardial infarction megakaryocyte expansion but not platelet production.

After myocardial infarction (MI), increased platelet number and size are inversely related to the outcomes of patients. Our previous study confirmed an excessive thrombopoiesis taking place in the bone marrow after MI. However, the mechanisms remain unknown. It has been reported that the sympathetic stimulation by noise or exercise can promote megakaryocyte (MK) producing platelets which is mediated by α2-adrenoceptor. Here, using whole-mount staining combined with western blotting and ELISA assay, we vividly showed an activation of the bone marrow sympathetic nervous system (SNS) after MI. Interestingly, we observed a direct spatial attachment between MKs and the sympathetic nerves. The administration of α-adrenoceptor antagonist, phentolamine or prazosin, could effectively attenuate post-MI MK cellularity and maturity, and alter the distribution of MK away from the bone marrow vessels. Surprisingly, the antagonists did not suppress the final stage of platelet formation. MI mice treated with phentolamine or prazosin showed elevating circulating platelets comparable as those treated with PBS as the control. Together, this study demonstrated that the activation of bone marrow SNS after MI regulates megakaryocyte expansion but not platelet production. Therefore, targeting sympathetic activation might become a novel approach for controlling post-MI bone marrow MK development, but other approaches are still needed to effectively reduce the platelet numbers.

The Use of Noninvasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation to Inhibit Sympathetically Induced Sinus Node Acceleration: A Potential Therapeutic Approach for Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia.

BACKGROUND: Hyperactivity of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system may underlie the pathogenesis of inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST). Studies have proven that cervical vagal stimulation could inhibit stellate ganglion neural activity. SUBJECTS: To investigate whether noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation (NVNS) could inhibit sympathetically induced sinus node acceleration by reducing right stellate ganglion (RSG) neural activity. METHODS: Sixteen anesthetized dogs were randomly divided into NVNS group (with NVNS, n = 8) and control group (with sham NVNS, n = 8). NVNS was delivered to the vagus nerve innervating at the right tragus with a voltage of 80% below the threshold, the minimal voltage to slow the sinus rate or atrioventricular conduction. The maximal sinus rate accelerations induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of RSG and RSG neural activity were measured at baseline and 3 hours after NVNS. At the end, SK2, c-fos, and NGF protein expression in RSG were examined in both groups. RESULTS: Compared to baseline, the maximal sinus node acceleration induced by RSG stimulation and the RSG neural activity were both significantly attenuated after 3 hours of NVNS (P < 0.05 for both). However, these indices did not change significantly in the control group (P > 0.05). SK2 expression in RSG was significantly higher and c-fos and NGF expressions were significantly lower in the NVNS group than those in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation may suppress RSG activity possibly by modulating SK2, c-fos, and NGF expressions in RSG, thus inhibiting sympathetically induced sinus node acceleration.

Low-Level Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Myocardial Ischemic Reperfusion Injury by Antioxidative Stress and Antiapoptosis Reactions in Canines.

BACKGROUND: Low-level vagus nerve stimulation (LL-VNS) has been demonstrated to protect myocardium against acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the underlying mechanism of this protective effect remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to test the hypothesis that LL-VNS exerts cardioprotective effect on acute I/R injury in canines via antioxidative stress and antiapoptosis reactions. METHOD: Thirty anesthetized mongrel dogs were randomly divided into three groups: I/R group (N = 12, the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 1 hour following by 1 hour reperfusion), LL-VNS group (N = 9, I/R plus LL-VNS), and sham group (N = 9, sham surgery without LL-VNS). The voltage threshold was set at 80% of the voltage required to slow the sinus rate. Infarct size was assessed with Evans Blue and triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Activity assays, TUNEL staining, and western blotting were performed to determine markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis. RESULTS: LL-VNS significantly decreased the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, increased vagal tone, as confirmed by heart rate viability, and reduced infarct size compared with the I/R group. This improvement was associated with a reduction in myocardial neutrophil infiltration, the inhibition of oxidative stress, and the suppression in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In contrast, the lack of LL-VNS in the I/R group induced the opposite effect compared with the sham group. CONCLUSION: LL-VNS exerts protective effects on myocardial I/R injury. Its potential mechanisms involve the suppression of oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis.

Left-sided Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation Suppresses Atrial Fibrillation by Upregulating Atrial Gap Junctions in Canines.

BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that right-sided low-level tragus nerve stimulation (LL-TS) is an effective approach for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) induced by rapid atrial pacing (RAP) and acts by preventing the loss of atrial connexins (Cxs). Whether a left-sided approach would achieve the same effect remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that left-sided LL-TS would inhibit AF by preserving atrial Cxs as effectively as right-sided LL-TS. METHODS: Bilateral thoracotomies allowed the attachment of multielectrode catheters to the pulmonary vein and non-pulmonary vein sites in 32 anaesthetized beagles. The dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups: RAP group (9 hours of RAP at the left appendage, n = 10), LL-TS group (9-hour RAP plus LL-TS, n = 12), and control group (sham RAP without LL-TS, n = 10). Alligator clips were clipped on the tragus of the left ear for electrical stimulation (20 Hz, 1 millisecond square waves). A voltage of stimulation setting at 80% below the threshold that slowed the sinus rate was defined as LL-TS. Electrophysiological parameters were measured at baseline and 9 hours after pacing. Connexin proteins from atrial tissues were measured at the end of the protocol. RESULTS: RAP induced a significant reduction in the effective refractory period and an increase in AF inducibility (P < 0.05). However, left-sided LL-TS reversed the effective refractory period reduction induced by RAP and the increase in AF inducibility. It also shortened the AF duration and prolonged the AF cycle length, which are associated with Cx40 and Cx43 upregulation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We propose that left-sided LL-TS exerts its anti-AF effects through upregulation of Cxs as effectively as right-sided LL-TS, suggesting that LL-TS for AF suppression is not unique to the right tragus nerve.

Low-level transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the auricular branch of vagus nerve ameliorates left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction by downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and transforming growth factor ß1.

Vagus nerve stimulation improves left ventricular (LV) remodeling by downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1). Our previous study found that low-level transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (LL-TS) could be substituted for vagus nerve stimulation to reverse cardiac remodeling. So, we hypothesize that LL-TS could ameliorate LV remodeling by regulation of MMP-9 and TGF-ß1 after myocardial infarction (MI). Twenty-two beagle dogs were randomly divided into a control group (MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left coronary artery, n = 8), an LL-TS group (MI with long-term intermittent LL-TS, n = 8), and a normal group (sham ligation without stimulation, n = 6). At the end of 6 weeks follow-up, LL-TS significantly reduced LV end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions, improved ejection fraction and ratio of early (E) to late (A) peak mitral inflow velocity. LL-TS attenuated interstitial fibrosis and collagen degradation in the noninfarcted myocardium compared with the control group. Elevated level of MMP-9 and TGF-ß1 in LV tissue and peripheral plasma were diminished in the LL-TS treated dogs. LL-TS improves cardiac function and prevents cardiac remodeling in the late stages after MI by downregulation of MMP-9 and TGF-ß1 expression.

Identification and Antioxidant Properties of Phenolic Compounds during Production of Bread from Purple Wheat Grains.

Phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of purple wheat varieties were investigated to document the effects of bread-making. Bread crust and crumb along with samples collected after mixing, 30 min fermenting, 65 min fermenting, and baking were examined. Free phenolic content (105.4 to 113.2 mg FAE/100 g) significantly (p < 0.05) increased during mixing, fermenting, and baking (65% to 68%). Bound phenolics slightly (p > 0.05) decreased after 30 min fermentation (7% to 9%) compared to the dough after mixing, but increased significantly (p < 0.05) during 65 min fermenting and baking (16% to 27%). Their antioxidant activities followed a similar trend as observed for total phenolic content. The bread crust demonstrated increased free (103% to 109%) but decreased bound (2% to 3%) phenolic content, whereas bread crumb exhibited a reversal of these results. Total anthocyanin content (TAC) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by 21% after mixing; however, it gradually increased to 90% of the original levels after fermenting. Baking significantly (p < 0.05) decreased TAC by 55%, resulting in the lowest value for bread crust (0.8 to 4.4 mg cyn-3-glu equiv./100 g). p-Hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids were detected in free-phenolic extracts, while protocatechuic, caffeic syringic, and sinapic were additional acids in bound-phenolic extracts. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was the detectable anthocyanin in purple wheat. Bread-making significantly (p < 0.05) increased the phenolic content and antioxidant activities; however, it compromised the anthocyanin content of purple wheat bread.

Left renal nerves stimulation facilitates ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmia by increasing nerve activity of left stellate ganglion.

INTRODUCTION: Renal sympathetic nerve (RSN) activity plays a key role in systemic sympathetic hyperactivity. Previous studies have shown that cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity, especially the left stellate ganglion (LSG), contributes to the pathogenesis of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-eight dogs received 3 hours of continuous left-sided electrical stimulation of RSN (LRS; Group-1, n = 9), sham RSN stimulation (Group-2, n = 9), or LSG ablation plus 3 hours of LRS (Group-3, n = 10) were included. AMI was induced by ligating the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. LRS was performed using electrical stimulation on the adventitia of left renal artery at the voltage increasing the systolic blood pressure (BP) by 10%. BP, heart rate variability (HRV), serum norepinephrine (NE) level, and LSG function were measured at baseline and the end of each hour of LRS. C-fos and nerve growth factor (NGF) protein expressed in the LSG were examined in Group-1 and Group-2. Compared with baseline, 3 hours of LRS induced a significant increase in BP, sympathetic indices of HRV, serum NE level, and LSG function. The incidence of VAs in Group-1 was significantly higher than other groups. The expression of c-fos and NGF protein in the LSG was significantly higher in Group-1 than Group-2. CONCLUSION: Three hours of LRS induces both systemic and cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity and increases the incidence of ischemia-induced VAs.

Renal sympathetic denervation modulates ventricular electrophysiology and has a protective effect on ischaemia-induced ventricular arrhythmia.

Recently, a beneficial effect of renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) has been seen in patients with ventricular electrical storm. However, the effect of RSD on ventricular electrophysiology remains unclear. Thirty-three mongrel dogs were included in the present study. Renal sympathetic denervation was performed by radiofrequency ablation of the adventitial surface of the renal artery. In group 1 (n = 8), programmed stimulation was performed before and after RSD to determine the ventricular effective refractory period (ERP) and action potential duration (APD) restitution properties. The same parameters were measured in five other animals that underwent sham RSD to serve as controls. In group 2 (n = 10), acute myocardial ischaemia (AMI) was induced by ligating the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery after the performance of RSD, and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) was calculated during 1 h of recording. In another 10 dogs (group 3), AMI was induced and VA was measured with sham RSD. In group 1, RSD significantly prolonged ventricular ERP and APD, reduced the maximal slope (Smax) of the restitution curve and suppressed APD alternans at each site. Renal sympathetic denervation also significantly decreased the spatial dispersion of ERP, APD and Smax. In the five control animals, no significant electrophysiological change was detected after sham RSD. The occurrence of spontaneous VA during 1 h of AMI in group 2 was significantly lower than that in group 3. These data suggest that RSD stabilizes ventricular electrophysiological properties in normal hearts and reduces the occurrence of VA in hearts experiencing AMI.

Carotid baroreceptor stimulation prevents arrhythmias induced by acute myocardial infarction through autonomic modulation.

: Electrical carotid baroreceptor stimulation (CBS) has shown therapeutic potential for resistant hypertension and heart failure by resetting autonomic nervous system, but the impacts on arrhythmias remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of CBS on ventricular electrophysiological properties in normal dog heart and arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In the acute protocol, anesthetized open chest dogs were exposed to 1 hour left anterior descending coronary occlusion as AMI model. Dogs were received either sham treatment (Control group, n = 8) or CBS (CBS group, n = 8), started 1 hour before AMI. CBS resulted in pronounced prolongation of ventricular effective refractory period and reduction of the maximum action potential duration restitution slope (from 0.85 ± 0.15 in the baseline state to 0.67 ± 0.09 at the end of 1 hour, P < 0.05) before AMI. Number of premature ventricular contractions (277 ± 168 in the Control group vs. 103 ± 84 in the CBS group, P < 0.05) and episodes of ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (7 ± 3 in the Control group vs. 3 ± 2 in the CBS group, P < 0.05) was decreased compared with the control group during AMI. CBS buffered low-frequency/high-frequency ratio raise during AMI. Ischemic size was not affected by CBS. CBS may have a beneficial impact on ventricular arrhythmias induced by AMI through modulation of autonomic tone.

Spinal cord stimulation suppresses focal rapid firing-induced atrial fibrillation by inhibiting atrial ganglionated plexus activity.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to demonstrate that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) could suppress high-frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced focal atrial fibrillation (AF) at atrial and pulmonary vein (PV) sites by inhibiting atrial ganglionated plexus (GP) activity. METHODS: Multielectrode catheters were attached to atria and all PV sites. SCS was performed at the T1-T5 spinal region for 1 hour. At the baseline state and the end of 1 hour of SCS, 40 milliseconds of HFS was delivered 2 milliseconds after atrial pacing to determine the AF threshold at each site. One electrode was attached to the superior left GP so that HFS to this site induced sinus rate slowing. Microelectrodes inserted into the anterior right GP recorded neural firing. RESULTS: SCS induced a significant increase in AF threshold at all sites (all P < 0.05). The sinus rate slowing response induced by superior left GP stimulation was blunted by SCS (17% ± 3.6% vs. 39% ± 3.8%, P < 0.05). The frequency (32 ± 4 vs. 87 ± 6 impulses per minute, P < 0.05) and amplitude (0.16 ± 0.02 vs. 0.42 ± 0.04 mv, P < 0.05) of the neural activity recorded from the anterior right GP were markedly inhibited by SCS. CONCLUSIONS: SCS may prevent episodic AF caused by rapid PV and non-PV firing through modulating GP activity.

Effect of Th17 and Treg axis disorder on outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in connective tissue diseases.

This prospective cohort study is to verify the hypothesis that the balance of Th17 and Treg cells frequencies in the peripheral circulation is disturbed in patients with varying degrees of connective tissue diseases-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (CTD-aPAH) and to prove the influence of Th17/Treg imbalance on prognosis. We detected the frequencies and absolute counts of Th17 and Treg cells and related serum cytokines secretion and expressions of key transcription factors in 117 patients with connective tissue diseases (CTD), 53 patients with CTD-aPAH, and 48 healthy volunteers. Moreover, the median value according to levels of Th17/Treg ratios in patients with CTD-aPAH was chosen as basis of group division for survival analysis. CTD-aPAH patients revealed significant increase in peripheral Th17 cells, Th17-related cytokines, and ROR γt mRNA levels. They also presented a significant decrease in Treg cells, Treg-related cytokines, and Foxp3 mRNA levels as compared with CTD patients and healthy controls. More importantly, the Th17/Treg ratio was significantly related to the severity and prognosis of CTD-aPAH. This study indicated that the Th17/Treg axis disorder plays a critical role in CTD-aPAH. Furthermore, the dynamic balance between Th17 and Treg cells was likely to influence prognosis of patients with CTD-aPAH.

A Biomimetic Nociceptor Using Centrosymmetric Crystals for Machine Intelligence.

Pain sensation is a crucial aspect of perception in the body. Force-activated nociceptors encode electrochemical signals and yield multilevel information of pain, thus enabling smart feedback. Inspired by the natural template, multi-dimensional mechano-sensing materials provide promising approaches for biomimetic nociceptors in intelligent terminals. However, the reliance on non-centrosymmetric crystals has narrowed the range of these materials. Here centrosymmetric crystal Cr3+ -doped zinc gallogermanate (ZGGO:Cr) with multi-dimensional mechano-sensing is reported, eliminating the limitation of crystal structure. Under forces, ZGGO:Cr generates electrical signals imitating those of neuronal systems, and produces luminescence for spatial mapping of mechanical stimuli, suggesting a path toward bionic pain perception. On that basis, a wireless biomimetic nociceptor system is developed and a smart pain reflex in a robotic hand and robot-assisted biopsy surgery of rat and dog is achieved.

Self-Adapting Biomass Hydrogel Embodied with miRNA Immunoregulation and Long-Term Bacterial Eradiation for Synergistic Chronic Wound Therapy.

Chronic wound rescue is critical for diabetic patients but is challenging to achieve with a specific and long-term strategy. The prolonged bacterial inflammation is particularly prevalent in hyperglycemia-induced wounds, usually leading to severe tissue damage. Such a trend could further suffer from an environmental suitability provided by macrophages for persisting Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and even deteriorate by their mutual reinforcement. However, the strategy of both suppressing bacteria growth and immunoreprogramming the inflammatory type of macrophages to break their vicious harm to wound healing is still lacking. Here, a self-adapting biomass carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) hydrogel comprising immunomodulatory nanoparticles is reported to achieve Gram-negative/Gram-positive bacteria elimination and anti-inflammatory cytokines induction to ameliorate the cutaneous microenvironment. Mechanistically, antibacterial peptides and CMCs synergistically result in a long-term inhibition against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) over a period of 7 days, and miR-301a reprograms the M2 macrophage via the PTEN/PI3Kγ/mTOR signaling pathway, consequently mitigating inflammation and promoting angiogenesis for diabetic wound healing in rats. In this vein, immunoregulatory hydrogel is a promising all-biomass dressing ensuring biocompatibility, providing a perspective to regenerate cutaneous damaged tissue, and repairing chronic wounds on skin.

Noninvasive neuromodulation protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and inhibits tumor growth.

Doxorubicin (Dox) poses a considerable threat to patients owing to its cardiotoxicity, thus limiting its clinical utility. Optimal cardioprotective intervention strategies are needed to suppress tumor growth but also minimize cardiac side effects. Here, we showed that tragus vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) improved the imbalanced autonomic tone, ameliorated impaired cardiac function and fibrosis, attenuated myocyte apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction compared to those in the Dox group. The beneficial effects were attenuated by methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA). The transcript profile revealed that there were 312 differentially expressed genes and the protection of tVNS and retardation of MLA were related to inflammatory response and NADPH oxidase activity. In addition, tVNS synergizing with Dox inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis and promoted apoptosis of tumor cells in an anti-tumor immunity manner. These results indicated that non-invasive neuromodulation can play a dual role in preventing Dox-induced cardiotoxicity and suppressing tumor growth through inflammation and oxidative stress.