[Experimental Study of Ginsenoside Rg1 Combined with Antibiotics in the Treatment of Acute Lung Injury in Mice with Sepsis].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the acute lung injury of sepsis in combination with the antibiotic imipenem in a mouse model of sepsis that induced by cecal puncture. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were used to establish the model of sepsis. The model mice were randomly divided into model group, imipenem group, ginsenoside Rg1 group, and ginsenoside Rg1+imipenem group, 10 mice in each group. Another 10 mice were set as control group. Sham operation was performed in the mice of control group. Each mice was intraperitoneally injected the corresponding drug in 2 h, 26 h and 50 h after surgery for three times. They were 2 h after surgery, 26 h after surgery and 50 h after surgery. 2 h after the last administration, the oxygenation index of the arterial blood was measured, the lung tissue was taken to measure lung wet/dry ratio (W/D), and HE staining was used to observe the lung inflammation. The ELISA kits were used to detect the levels of interleukin (IL)- 1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inalveolar lavage fluid. Western blot and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect NF-κB p65 expression in lung tissues. RESULTS: The drug-administered groups significantly reduced the W/D of the lungs in the septic mice and increased the oxygenation index in the blood ( P<0.01), and decreased the inflammation in lung and the levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB in the alveolar lavage fluid ( P<0.01), and decreased the expression of NF-κB p65 in lung tissue ( P<0.01). When ginsenoside Rg1 was combined with imipenem, the above indicators were closer to the control group than that in the ginsenoside Rg1 and imipenem groups. CONCLUSION: Rg1 can significantly inhibit lung inflammation in septic mice. It has a better therapeutic effect when combined with antibiotics.

TET1-GPER-PI3K/AKT pathway is involved in insulin-driven endometrial cancer cell proliferation.

Large amount of clinical evidence has demonstrated that insulin resistance is closely related to oncogenesis of endometrial cancer (EC). Despite recent studies showed the up-regulatory role of insulin in G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) expression, GPER expression was not decreased compared to control when insulin receptor was blocked even in insulin treatment. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible mechanism by which insulin up-regulates GPER that drives EC cell proliferation. For this purpose, we first investigated the GPER expression in tissues of endometrial lesions, further explored the effect of GPER on EC cell proliferation in insulin resistance context. Then we analyzed the role of Ten-Eleven Translocation 1 (TET1) in insulin-induced GEPR expression and EC cell proliferation. The results showed that GPER was highly expressed in endometrial atypical hyperplasia and EC tissues. Mechanistically, insulin up-regulated TET1 expression and the latter played an important role in up-regulating GPER expression and activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. TET1 mediated GPER up-regulation was another mechanism that insulin promotes EC cell proliferation.

The role of the SDF-1/ CXCR7 axis on the growth and invasion ability of endometrial cancer cells.

PURPOSE: Stroma-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) are involved in human endometrial carcinoma (EC) progression. CXCR7 is another important receptor of SDF-1 and has a higher affinity with SDF-1 compared with that of CXCR4. This paper aims to study the effects of the SDF-1/CXCR7 axis on the growth and invasion ability of EC cells. METHODS: CXCR7 expression was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry and Western blotting in EC cell lines and 30 cases of primary EC tissue from patients. EC cell line proliferation and migration were assessed following knockdown of CXCR7 by MTT and transwell assays. RESULTS: The results showed that CXCR7 was highly expressed at both mRNA and protein levels in the EC cells and tissue. siCXCR7 effectively silenced CXCR7 in Ishikawa and AN3CA cells. Treatment with 17ß-oestradiol (17ß-E2) significantly increased the levels of CXCR7 and SDF-1 in Con, siCon and siCXCR7 treated Ishikawa. siCXCR7 persistently inhibited CXCR7 expression, even in cells treated with 17ß-E2. Moreover, in vitro functional analyses, silencing CXCR7 resulted in decreased proliferation in Ishikawa and AN3CA cells. Treatment with 17ß-E2 and SDF-1 significantly promoted the growth and migration in siCon treated Ishikawa and AN3CA. Interestingly, in response to 17ß-E2 and SDF-1 stimulation, siCXCR7 continuously inhibited the growth and invasion of Ishikawa and AN3CA cells. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that SDF-1/CXCR7 plays a positive role in the proliferation and invasion of EC cells. CXCR7 inhibition treatment may provide a promising strategy for anti-tumour therapy for EC.

Network motifs in the transcriptional regulation network of cervical carcinoma cells respond to EGF.

PURPOSE: Cervical carcinoma is the second most prevalent and the fifth most deadly malignancy seen in women worldwide. Dysregulated activation of EGF ErbB system has been implicated in diverse types of human cancer; however, it is elusive how it is regulated in human cervical cancer cells. We herein aimed to explore the mechanisms of cervical carcinoma response to epidermal growth factor (EGF), with a view of the pathways activated by EGF. METHODS: Using the GSE6783 affymetrix microarray data accessible from gene expression omnibus database, we first identified the differentially expressed genes between EGF-stimulated and -unstimulated samples. Then we constructed a regulation network and identified the network motifs. We also performed biological process and pathway enrichment analyses to functionally classify the genes in the regulation network. RESULTS: A total of 11 network motifs were identified in the regulation network. EGF treatment could increase the risk of cancer via dysregulation of cancer-related pathways and immune response pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Network motif analysis is useful in mining the useful information underlying the network. We hope our work could serve as a basis for further experimentation.

Novel mutation in ODF2 causes multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella in an infertile male.

Numerous genes have been associated with multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF), which cause severe asthenozoospermia and lead to male infertility, while the causes of approximately 50% of MMAF cases remain unclear. To reveal the genetic causes of MMAF in an infertile patient, whole-exome sequencing was performed to screen for pathogenic genes, and electron microscope was used to reveal the sperm flagellar ultrastructure. A novel heterozygous missense mutation in the outer dense fiber protein 2 (ODF2) gene was detected, which was inherited from the patient's mother and predicted to be potentially damaging. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the outer dense fibers were defective in the patient's sperm tail, which was similar to that of the reported heterozygous Odf2 mutation mouse. Immunostaining of ODF2 showed severe ODF2 expression defects in the patient's sperm. Therefore, it was concluded that the heterozygous mutation in ODF2 caused MMAF in this case. To evaluate the possibility of assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment for this patient, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was performed, with the help of a hypo-osmotic swelling test and laser-assisted immotile sperm selection (LAISS) for available sperm screening, and artificial oocyte activation with ionomycin was applied to improve the fertilization rate. Four ICSI cycles were performed, and live birth was achieved in the LAISS-applied cycle, suggesting that LAISS would be valuable in ART treatment for MMAF.

Clinical benefits of a modified Cryopiece system for cryopreservation of rare ejaculated and testicular spermatozoa for ICSI.

Cryopreservation of rare testicular-retrieved spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in patients with severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia remains a major challenge in clinical practice. This study evaluated the Cryopiece system as a potential technique to cryopreserve rare human spermatozoa for ICSI. Small numbers of ejaculated (24 patients) and testicular (13 patients) spermatozoa were cryopreserved using the Cryopiece system. The total number of recovered spermatozoa and motility were assessed after thawing. Thirty-seven couples underwent ICSI using spermatozoa cryopreserved by the Cryopiece system, and ICSI outcomes (rates of fertilization, embryo cleavage, and clinical pregnancy) were evaluated. The average sperm post-thaw retrieval rate was 79.1%, and motility was 29.7%. Ejaculated spermatozoa had a higher post-thaw motility (32.5%) than testicular spermatozoa (21.8%; P = 0.005). ICSI achieved a fertilization rate of 61.9%, embryo cleavage rate of 84.6%, and clinical pregnancy rate of 43.3%. The ICSI outcomes in the ejaculated and testicular frozen-thawed spermatozoa were similar. Assisted oocyte activation (AOA) after ICSI with motile (72.1%) or immotile (71.9%) spermatozoa resulted in a significantly higher fertilization rate than that when using motile spermatozoa without AOA (52.0%; P = 0.005). However, AOA did not enhance the clinical pregnancy rate (55.6% or 40.0% vs 35.3%; P = 0.703). The Cryopiece system is simple and useful for the cryopreservation of small numbers of ejaculated or testicular spermatozoa for ICSI in patients with severe oligozoospermia or nonobstructive azoospermia.

[Expression of glyoxalase I and its effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis in endometrial carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the expressions of glyoxalase I (GLO-I) in endometrial cancer tissues and cell lines and to investigate the roles of GLO-I on proliferation and apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry, western blot and RT-PCR were used to investigate the expressions of GLO-I protein and mRNA in endometrial cancer tissues and Ishikawa cell lines;enzyme activity of GLO-I in normal endometrium, endometrial cancer and paraneoplastic tissue samples was detected with spectrophotometer;proliferation and apoptosis of Ishikawa cell before and after RNA interference (RNAi) procedure were detected by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS: (1) There were significant differences of GLO-I expression between normal endometrium (0/19) and endometrial cancer tissues (76%, 22/29); these were also significant differences of enzyme activity of GLO-I among normal endometrium, paraneoplastic and endometrial cancer tissues (1.1, 0.8 vs 92.3 IU/mg; P < 0.01). Enzyme activity of GLO-I in fresh normal endometrium and paraneoplastic tissues was weak, while that of fresh endometrial cancer tissues was as high as 92.3 IU/mg in average. (2) The expression of GLO-I mRNA in Ishikawa cell transfected with GLO-I siRNA was significantly lower than that in negative group (0.25 ± 0.06 vs 0.93 ± 0.10, P < 0.01), and the similar results that in the expression of GLO-I protein (0.38 ± 0.06 vs 0.94 ± 0.13, P < 0.01). (3) Proliferation in Ishikawa cell was significantly inhibited after silencing RNA expression of GLO-I (P = 0.028). The apoptosis rate of cells transfected with GLO-I siRNA was significantly higher than that of negative control group and blank control group [(6.7 ± 0.8) % vs (1.2 ± 0.4)%, (1.4 ± 0.4)%; P < 0.01]. CONCLUSION: The expression and enzyme activity of GLO-I is significantly increased in endometrial cancer, which could promote abnormal proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells.

Increased TET1 Expression in Inflammatory Microenvironment of Hyperinsulinemia Enhances the Response of Endometrial Cancer to Estrogen by Epigenetic Modulation of GPER.

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) has been well studied in the initiation and development of endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (EEC). As yet, it has been largely neglected for estrogen sensitivity in local endometrium in hyperinsulinemia-induced systemic microenvironment. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of insulin in regulating estrogen sensitivity and explore the potential mechanisms in insulin-driven inflammatory microenvironment. Methods: We first investigated the effect of insulin on estradiol-driven endometrial cancer cells proliferation in vitro to address the roles of insulin in modulating estrogen sensitivity. Then GPER, ERα and TET1 in EEC samples with or without insulin resistance were screened by immunohistochemistry to confirm whether insulin resistance regulates estrogen receptors. Further mechanism analysis was carried out to address whether TET1 was mediated epigenetic modulation of GPER in insulin-induced microenvironment. Results: Insulin enhanced estradiol-driven endometrial cancer cells proliferation by up-regulating G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) expression, but not ERα or ERß. Immunohistochemistry of EEC tissues showed that GPER expression was greatly increased in endometrial tissues from EEC subjects with insulin resistance and was positively correlated with Ten-eleven-translocation 1 (TET1) expression. Mechanistically, insulin up-regulates TET1 expression, and the latter, an important DNA hydroxymethylase, could up-regulate GPER expression through epigenetic modulation. Conclusion: This study identified TET1 as the upstream regulator of GPER expression and provides a possible mechanism that insulin-induced positive regulation of estrogen sensitivity in endometrial cancer cells. Increasing expression of GPER through TET1-mediated epigenetic modulation may emerge as the main regulator to enhance the response of endometrial cancer to estrogen in insulin-driven inflammatory microenvironment.

[Sequence and polymorphism analysis of porcine hormone-sensitive lipase gene 5'-UTR and exon I].

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is the key enzyme responsible for the mobilization of free acids from adipose tissue, and it is also the most important enzyme that affect fat deposition. In this paper, the porcine hormone-sensitive lipase gene 5'-UTR and exon I were sequenced. The sequence number in GenBank are AY332499, AY332497, AY332504, AY332505. A GC-CG in the DNA sequence -13 - -12 bp of porcine HSL gene 5'-UTR was detected between Duroc, Meishan, Qingping pig, Largewhite and Landrace. A G-->A missense mutation was detected in HSL gene exon I of different pig breeds. The characterization of the BsaH I PCR-RFLP polymorphism in exon I of the porcine HSL gene of different breeds and "Largewhite x Meishan" F2 group was analyzed. By association analysis between BsaH I PCR-RFLP polymorphism and GG, GG, AA genotypes of HSL gene exon I, a significant difference of pig eye area was found between AG and GG genotypes (P<0.05) in F2 group.

Nrf2 induces cisplatin resistance through activation of autophagy in ovarian carcinoma.

UNLABELLED: Cisplatin resistance is a major problem affecting ovarian carcinoma treatment. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a nuclear transcription factor, plays an important role in chemotherapy resistance. However, the underlying mechanism by which Nrf2 mediates cisplatin chemoresistance is unclear. METHODS: The human ovarian carcinoma cell line, A2780, and its cisplatin-resistant variant, A2780cp were cultivated. Cell viability was determined with WST-8 assay. Western blot was applied to detect the expression of Nrf2, Nrf2 target genes, and autophagy-related proteins. RNA interference was used to knock down target genes. Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining was utilized to quantify apoptosis. The ultrastructural analysis of autophagosomes was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: Nrf2 and its targeting genes, NQO1 and HO-1, are overexpressed in A2780cp cells compared with A2780 cells. Knocking down Nrf2 sensitized A2780cp cells to cisplatin treatment and decreased autophagy-related genes, Atg3, Atg6, Atg12 and p62 in both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in both cell lines cisplatin could induce the formation of autophagosomes and upregulate the expression of autophagy-related genes Atg3, Atg6 and Atg12. Treatment with an autophagy inhibitor, 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), or beclin 1 siRNA enhanced cisplatin-induced cell death in A2780cp cells, suggesting that inhibition of autophagy renders resistant cells to be more sensitive to cisplatin. Taken together, Nrf2 signaling may regulate cisplatin resistance by activating autophagy. CONCLUSIONS: Nrf2-activated autophagy may function as a novel mechanism causing cisplatin-resistance.

[Study on the in-situ measurement of greenhouse gas by an improved FTIR].

The real-time, automatic, highly accurate and efficient system for measuring the mixing ratios of CO2, CH4, CO and N2O has been developed by combining the commercial FTIR system (Wollongong University) with an auto-sampling system and a working standard module. Based on the tests conducted, the FTIR showed the high precision and a relatively low accuracy associated with its poor determination of correction factors. The absolute error of the mixing ratio of CO was above 38.8 x 10(-9), suggesting that FTIR alone could not meet the requirement for the real time measurement. Using the working standard gases to adjust results from the FTIR significantly improved the accuracy of measurements. For both static and dynamic conditions, the discrepancies between the measured results and the real values were below 0.11 x 10(-6), 1.8 x 10(-9), 0.15 x 10(-9) and 0.5 x 10(-9) for CO2, CH4, N2O and CO respectively, meeting the requirements for the atmospheric real-time measurements. During 6 days in-situ measurements of greenhouse gas outside the lab, the precision of target gas can reach 0.05 x 10(-6), 0.2 x 10(-9), 0.07 x 10(-9), 0.5 x 10(-9) for CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, and inaccuracy can be 0.09 x 10(-6), 0.4 x 10(-9), 0.14 x 10(-9), 0.5 x 10(-9), respectively.