Effects of oral stimulation with breast milk in preterm infants oral feeding: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of oral stimulation with breast milk for preterm infants. METHODS: A total of 68 subjects form neonatal intensive care unit were randomly assigned into control group (n=20), premature infant oral motor intervention (PIOMI) group (n=25) and premature infant oral motor intervention with breast milk (BM-PIOMI) group (n=23). RESULTS: BM-PIOMI group had significant shorter initiation of oral feeding (IOF) time compared to PIOMI group (2.95 days, 95% CI [0.42-5.48]) or control group (9.79 days, 95% CI [7.07-12.51]). BM-PIOMI group had significant sooner transition time from IOF to full oral feeding (FOF) compared to control group (6.68 days, 95% CI [2.2-11.16]), but not to PIOMI group (2.09 days, 95% CI [-2.07 to 6.25]). Length of hospital stay (LOS) did not show statistical different between three groups (control 38.85 ± 14.40 vs. PIOMI 38.48 ± 11.76 vs. BM-PIOMI 38.04 ± 12.2). Growth mixture model identified improvement in non-nutritive sucking (NNS) score in BM-PIOMI group compared to control and PIOMI group (0.8293, p<0.0001, and 0.8296, p<0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Oral stimulation with breast milk can better promotes the oral feeding process of premature infants than the simple oral stimulation, by shorten IOF time and improve early NNS score, but does not shorten transition time from IOF to FOF and LOS.

[Effects of high temperature on photosynthetic physiological characteristics of strawberry seedlings in greenhouse and construction of stress level.] / é«˜æ¸©å¯¹æ¸©å®¤è‰èŽ“å ‰åˆç”Ÿç†ç‰¹æ€§çš„å½±å“åŠèƒè¿«ç­‰çº§æž„å»º.

Strawberry variety 'Benihoppe' was used as the experimental material. The temperature treatments were set at 32 ℃/22 ℃, 35 ℃/25 ℃, 38 ℃/28 ℃ and 41 ℃/31 ℃ (daily maximum temperature/daily minimum temperature), and the stress days lasted for 2, 5, 8 and 11 d, with 28 ℃/18 ℃ as the control. We measured the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, reactive oxygen species, protective enzyme activity and membrane lipid peroxidation of strawberry under different high temperature treatments. The key indices were extracted by principal component analysis. The high temperature stress index (Z) was defined to divide the high temperature stress grade. The results showed that 1) with the aggravation of high temperature stress and the extension of stress time, chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), carotenoid (Car), light saturation point (LSP), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) and maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) decreased, while light compensation point (LCP) and dark respiration rate (Rd) increased. 2) High temperature hindered the energy transfer of thylakoid in PSⅡ center (ΔWOK＞0), and accelerated the reduction rate of PSⅠ terminal electron receptor pool. On the 11th day of the stress, except that under 32 ℃, all other oxygen evolution complexes (OEC) were inactivated. 3) The content of reactive oxygen species (H2O2 Content and O2-· production rate) and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased with the stress days under different high temperature treatments. 4) The protective enzyme activities and soluble protein content increased first and then decreased with stress duration. 5) Based on principal component analysis (PCA) and combined with the difficulty of index acquisition, Chl a, Pmax, Fv/Fm and MDA were extracted as the key indices, and Z value was calculated. Five high temperature stress grades were divided which were normal (0

Introducing Upfront Money Can Decrease Discounting in Intertemporal Choices with Losses.

People generally tend to advance gains and postpone losses in intertemporal choice. Jiang et al. (2014) recently showed that adding upfront losses or gains to both smaller and sooner (SS) and larger and later (LL) rewards can decrease people's discounting. To account for this decrease, they proposed the salience hypothesis, which states that introducing upfront losses or gains makes the money dimension more salient than not, thus increasing people's preference for LL rewards. Considering that decreasing the discounting of delayed losses is imperative and that most previous studies have focused on intertemporal choices with gains, in the current paper we conducted two experiments and used hypothetical money outcomes to examine whether the effect of upfront money could be extended to intertemporal choices with losses. The results showed that when both SS and LL intertemporal losses were combined with an upfront loss or gain, people's discounting rate decreased and the preference for the SS option increased. This finding further supports the salience account.