Improving SERS Sensitivity toward Trace Sulfonamides: The Key Role of Trade-Off Interfacial Interactions among the Target Molecules, Anions, and Cations on the SERS Active Surface.

In recent years, ensuring the rational use and effective control of antibiotics has been a major focus in the eco-environment, which requires an effective monitoring method. However, on-site rapid detection of antibiotics in water environments remains a challenging issue. In this study, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to systematically achieve selective, rapid, and highly sensitive detection of sulfonamides, based on their fingerprint characteristics. The results show that the trade-off between the competitive and coadsorption behaviors of target molecules and agglomerates (inorganic salts) on the surface of the SERS substrate determines whether the molecules can be detected with high sensitivity. Based on this, the qualitative differentiation and quantitative detection of three structurally similar antibiotics, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine, were achieved, with the lowest detectable concentration being 1 µg/L for sulfadiazine and 50 µg/L for sulfamerazine and sulfamethazine.

Efficacy and safety of endovascular thrombectomy in mild ischemic stroke: results from a retrospective study and meta-analysis of previous trials.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy has been proven as a standard care for moderate to severe ischemic stroke with anterior large vessel occlusion (LVO); however, whether it is equally effective in mild ischemic stroke (MIS) is controversial. METHODS: In this retrospective study, a total of 177 Chinese patients presenting with MIS (NIHSS ≤8) and LVO between January 2014 and September 2017 from seven comprehensive stroke centers were identified. Odds of good outcome with endovascular thrombectomy versus medical treatment were obtained by logistic regression analysis and propensity-score matching method, and a meta-analysis pooled results from six studies (n = 733). RESULTS: Good outcome (mRS: 0-1) was 58.2% (46/79) in the thrombectomy and 46.9% (46/98) in the medical group, which showed no statistical significance before adjustment (P = 0.13; OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.86 to 2.86). The adjusted ORs of thrombectomy versus medical group were 3.23 (95% CI, 1.35 to 7.73; P = 0.008) by multivariable logistic analysis, 2.78 (1.12 to 6.89; P = 0.02) by propensity score matching analysis, and 3.20 (1.22 to 8.37; P = 0.01) by propensity score matching analysis with additional adjustments, respectively. Thrombectomy treatment did not result in excessive mortality or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after adjustments. The meta-analysis did not confirm the associations between good outcome and endovascular treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The current study indicates that endovascular thrombectomy is associated with good functional outcome in MIS patients with LVO, and without additional risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality. Although the meta-analysis failed to demonstrate its superiority compared to medical treatment, randomized clinical trials are needed.

Asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones by new recyclable ionic tagged ferrocene-ruthenium catalyst system.

Newly developed ferrocene-oxazoline-phosphine ligands containing quaternary ammonium ionic groups exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogenation of aromatic ketonic substrates to give chiral secondary alcohols with high levels of conversions and enantioselectivities. Simple manipulation process, water tolerance, high activity and good recyclable property make this catalysis practical and appealing.

Increased serum levels of interleukin-18, -23 and -17 in Chinese patients with Alzheimer's disease.

AIMS: To evaluate the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-18, IL-23 and IL-17 in Chinese patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and explore correlations between the three cytokines and relevant parameters. METHODS: Serum concentrations of IL-18, IL-23 and IL-17 were measured by ELISA for 53 AD patients and 53 sex- and age-matched healthy controls in a community of elderly individuals in a Shanghai suburb. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of IL-18, IL-23 and IL-17 were significantly higher in AD patients than controls. The serum level of IL-23 was observed to be significantly higher (p = 0.049) in female AD patients than male AD patients. In addition, a significantly inverse correlation was found between IL-18 and MMSE score (rs = -0.356, p = 0.011) for all AD patients. CONCLUSION: Elevated IL-18, IL-23 and IL-17 levels are observed in AD patients and differences may exist between males and females. Besides, IL-18 may correlate with the severity of AD.

[Mutation analysis of UGT1A1 gene in patients with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze potential mutations of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) gene in patients with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and to explore the correlation between the mutations and total serum bilirubin levels. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of patients. Coding sequence and promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene were amplified. Mutations were identified through DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Mutations of the UGT1A1 gene were found in 46 out of 61 patients with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Five types of mutations were detected, with a decreasing order of 211G>A, TA insertion in the TATAA promoter element, 686C>A, 1091C>T and 1352C>T. Compared with those carrying a single homozygous mutation or compound heterozygous mutations, total serum bilirubin was higher in those carrying a homozygous mutation in combination with other heterozygous mutations (P< 0.05). Based on the UGT1A1 gene mutations and level of total serum bilirubin, 44 patients were diagnosed with Gilbert syndrome, and 2 were diagnosed with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 2. CONCLUSION: The level of total serum bilirubin is correlated with the number of UGT1A1 gene mutations as well as their heterozygous or homozygous status.

[Effects of allitridi capsules on endothelial function and clinical prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in coronary artery disease patients with diabetes mellitus].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of allitridi capsules on endothelial function and clinical prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: A total of 120 CAD patients with DM undergoing PCI were randomly assigned to receive conventional (control, n = 60) and additional allitridi treatment (120 mg/day, n = 60) for 3 months.Serum nitric oxide (NO) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immediately and at 3 months post-PCI. Endothelial function was assessed by endothelium dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Duration of follow-up was 1 year after PCI. RESULTS: The clinical characteristics, serum NO and ICAM-1 levels and FMD at baseline were not different between two groups. At Month 3 post-PCI, serum NO level was markedly higher ((147 ± 32) vs (112 ± 24) µmol/L, P = 0.009) and serum ICAM-1 level was significantly lower ((182 ± 21) vs (232 ± 29) µmol/L, P = 0.021) in the allitridi group than in the control group.Furthermore, treatment of allitridi resulted in a significant improvement of FMD (8.2% ± 2.4% vs 6.4% ± 2.3%, P = 0.013). At Year 1 post-PCI, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) was lower in the allitridi group than that in the control group (10.5% vs 17.2%, P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Allitridi capsules significantly improve the clinical prognosis after PCI in CAD patients with DM. Its mechanism may lies in improved endothelial function and vascular inflammatory state.

[Effects of trimetazidine therapy on left ventricular function after percutaneous coronary intervention].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of trimetazidine therapy on left ventricular (LV) function after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: A total of 106 patients with unstable angina pectoris underwent successful elective PCI were randomly assigned to standard therapy group (control, n = 55) or trimetazidine group (n = 51, 60 mg trimetazidine loading dose prior to PCI followed by 20 mg Tid after PCI on top of standard therapy). cTnI level was measured before and at 16-18 hours after PCI. LV function was evaluated by echocardiography and major adverse cardiac events (MACE, including death, re-infarction and target vessel revascularization) at 12 months after PCI was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Post procedural cTnI level increased from [0.02 (0.01, 0.03)] µg/L at baseline to [0.11 (0.07, 0.13)] µg/L (P < 0.05) at 16-18 hours in the trimetazidine group, while [0.02(0.01, 0.03)] µg/L to [1.31(0.44, 2.31)] µg/L in the control group (P < 0.05). Post procedural cTnI level was significantly reduced in the trimetazidine group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). At 12 months follow-up, left ventricular ejection fraction in the trimetazidine group was significantly higher than in control group [(65.65 ± 3.94)% vs. (62.29 ± 3.06)%, P < 0.01] while incidence of MACE was similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Trimetazidine can reduce the post-PCI cTnI release and improve left ventricular function after PCI in patients with unstable angina pectoris.

Using shape-memory alloy staples to treat comminuted manubrium sterni fractures: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Comminuted manubrium sterni fractures are rare, and internal fixation methods are limited. This report explored a practical and feasible method of internal fixation for comminuted manubrium sterni fractures. CASE SUMMARY: A 17-year-old female was injured in a car accident for which she underwent debridement and suturing of her head and anterior chest wounds in another hospital. Eight days later, the patient was transferred to our hospital for surgical treatment. The manubrium sterni was found intraoperatively to be split into three irregular fragments with obvious overlap and separation displacement. Meanwhile, a manubriosternal joint dislocation and left first rib cartilage fracture were observed. The retraction force of the shape-memory alloy staples was used to pull the fracture fragments together. Two more titanium locking plates were then used to fix the manubrium sterni and corpus sterni longitudinally, and the left first rib cartilage fracture was repositioned and fixed with a titanium locking plate. A postoperative computed tomography scan showed reduced and rigid fixation of the comminuted manubrium sterni fractures. The patient recovered well with no significant complaints of discomfort. The patient was discharged 10 days postoperatively after the stitches had been removed. CONCLUSION: Shape-memory alloy staples had the advantage of being safe and effective during the repositioning and internal fixation of comminuted manubrium sterni fractures. Therefore, they provided a new surgical option for comminuted manubrium sterni fractures.

Feasibility and clinical benefits of the double-ProGlide technique for hemostasis after cryoballoon atrial fibrillation ablation with uninterrupted oral anticoagulants.

OBJECTIVE: To access the efficacy and safety of the double-ProGlide technique for the femoral vein access-site closure in cryoballoon ablation with uninterrupted oral anticoagulants (OAC), and its impact on the electrophysiology laboratory time as well as hospital stay after the procedure in this observational study. METHODS: Patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cryoballoon ablation with uninterrupted OAC at Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China from May 2019 to May 2021 were enrolled in this study. From October 2020, double-ProGlide technique was consistently used for hemostasis (ProGlide group), and before that conventional manual compression was utilized (manual compression group). The occurrence of vascular and groin complications was accessed during the hospital stay and until the three-month follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 140 participants (69.30% of male, mean age: 59.21 ± 10.29 years) were evaluated, 70 participants being in each group. Immediate hemostasis was achieved in all the patients with ProGlide closure. No major vascular complications were found in the ProGlide group while two major vascular complications were occurred in the manual compression group. The incidence of any groin complication was obviously higher in subjects with manual compression than patients with ProGlide devices (15.71% vs. 2.86%, P = 0.009). In addition, compared with the manual compression group, the ProGlide group was associated with significantly shorter total time in the electrophysiology laboratory [112.0 (93.3-128.8) min vs. 123.5 (107.3-158.3) min, P = 0.006], time from sheath removal until venous site hemostasis [3.8 (3.4-4.2) min vs. 8.0 (7.6-8.5) min, P < 0.001], bed rest time [8.0 (7.6-8.0) h vs. 14.1 (12.0-17.6) h, P < 0.001] and hospital stay after the procedure [13.8 (12.5-17.8) h vs. 38.0 (21.5-41.0) h, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: Utilization of the double-ProGlide technique for hemostasis after cryoballoon ablation with uninterrupted OAC is feasible and safe, which has the clinical benefit in reducing the total electrophysiology laboratory time and the hospital stay length after the procedure.

Catalytic effect and recyclability of imidazolium-tagged bis(oxazoline) based catalysts in asymmetric Henry reactions.

Functional imidazolium ionic liquids have been developed as a new class of versatile catalysts. C(2)-symmetric imidazolium-tagged bis(oxazoline) ligands were prepared, and the anions of the ligands were altered. The catalysts based on the new ligands and Cu(OAc)(2)·H(2)O were applied in asymmetric Henry reactions between various aldehydes 3 and CH(3)NO(2)4. The catalysts achieved a high level of enantioselectivity; product (R)-5n was attained at 94% ee in MeOH. Moreover, the catalyst could be recycled 6 times without an obvious loss of activity or enantioselectivity. In addition, a theoretical mechanistic study was conducted to explain the origin of the enantioselectivity.

Design, synthesis and biological activity of 6-substituted carbamoyl benzimidazoles as new nonpeptidic angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists.

A series of 6-substituted carbamoyl benzimidazoles were designed and synthesised as new nonpeptidic angiotensin II AT(1) receptor antagonists. The preliminary pharmacological evaluation revealed a nanomolar AT(1) receptor binding affinity for all compounds in the series, and a potent antagonistic activity in an isolated rabbit aortic strip functional assay for compounds 6f, 6g, 6h and 6k was also demonstrated. Furthermore, evaluation in spontaneous hypertensive rats and a preliminary toxicity evaluation showed that compound 6g is an orally active AT(1) receptor antagonist with low toxicity.

Noncovalent immobilization of ionic-tagged box-Cu(OAc)2 complex and its application in asymmetric Henry reaction.

Immobilized Cu(OAc)(2)-bis(oxazolines) via hydrogen bonding by SBA-15 was applied to asymmetric Henry reaction, and good enantioselectivities were obtained (up to 83% ee) between 2-methoxybenzaldehyde and CH(3)NO(2) in isopropyl alcohol (iPrOH). The catalyst could be reused seven times without any obvious loss in enantioselectivity. For the first time, this facile and clean immobilization method is applied to the use of bis(oxazolines) complexes.

[Analysis of characteristics of road traffic injuries in Bao'an District, Shenzhen from 2004 to 2011].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of road traffic accidents in Bao'an District, Shenzhen from 2004 to 2011, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of traffic accidents. METHODS: The traffic injury cases recorded by Shenzhen traffic police from 2004 to 2011 were analyzed, including the time (year, month, date); the space (crossings and road segments, road type); the injury of patients (injuries, death). RESULTS: A total of 422 730 accidents from road traffic occurred in Bao'an District, Shenzhen from 2004 to 2011, with 63 809 people injured and 2 790 people died, and the mortality ratio was 22.87:1. Traffic accidents occurred in Bao'an District showed an increasing trend, especially in 2010, and the highest number up to 90 358, while the most deaths occurred in 2007, up to 473 people. As to the single month, the highest traffic accident rate was in August, accounting for 9.77% of the total, while the lowest was in February, accounting for 5.39% of the total; mortality rate in December reached 9.02%. As to one single day, the peaks of accidents occurred in two periods: 9:00-11:00 and 15:00-18:00, and 3:00-6:00 had the smallest number. Traffic injuries often occurred in the intersection, straight line, main road and the section only marked marking. CONCLUSION: According to the characteristics of regional traffic injury, we should enhance the populace traffic safe awareness, efficiently arrange the human resources, such as emergency personnel, traffic management personnel, set scientific preventive measures, and modify the emergency system and service mode. All of these are essential measures for the prevention and control of traffic injuries.

Qualitative analysis of trace quinolone antibiotics by SERS with fine structure dependent sensitivity.

Antibiotics are widely used in daily life, which has created a global scenario where many pathogenic organisms have become effectively resistant to antibiotics. The abuse or overuse of antibiotics causes significant environmental pollution and even endangers human health. It is well-known that antibiotics' efficacy (toxicity) is determined by molecular structure. Therefore, structure-level qualitative analysis with high sensitivity and accuracy is vitally important. Characterized by fingerprinting recognition, Raman spectroscopy, especially surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), has become an essential qualitative analysis tool in various fields, such as environmental monitoring and food safety. With the exception of chirality, this study completed the qualitative trace analysis of 16 quinolone antibiotics (QNs) with fine molecular structure differences using SERS. The sensitivity was tuned in by one order of magnitude through the different electronegativity and steric hindrances of the slightly changed functional groups in the specific antibiotics. The fine structure dependent sensitivity enables SERS to be a powerful on-site monitoring tool to control the abuse of antibiotics with high toxicity; thus, decreasing the subsequent risk to the environmental ecology and human society.

Activity of the chelerythrine, a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid from Chelidonium majus L. on Dactylogyrus intermedius.

Dactylogyrus intermedius is a significant monogenean parasite on the gills of cyprinid fishes and can cause severe economic losses in aquaculture and ornamental fish breeding. In the present study, bioactivity-guide fractionation was employed to identify active compound from Chelidonium majus L. against D. intermedius. In vivo anthelmintic activity of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-butanol extracts of C. majus were tested. Among them, only the n-butanol extract exhibited promising anthelmintic efficacy, and therefore subjected to the further isolation and purification using various chromatographic techniques. A compound showing potent activity was obtained and identified by hydrogen, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and electron ionization mass spectrometry as chelerythrine. In vivo anthelmintic efficacy tests exhibited that chelerythrine was 100% effective against D. intermedius at a concentration of 1.60 mg L(-1), with LC(50) values of 0.68 mg L(-1) after 48 h of exposure. The 48-h LC(50) value (acute toxicity tests) of chelerythrine was found to be 3.59 mg L(-1) for grass carp. These results provided evidence that chelerythrine can be selected as a lead compound for the development of new drugs against D. intermedius.

In vivo anthelmintic activity of chelidonine from Chelidonium majus L. against Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus.

Dactylogyrus intermedius is one of the most common and serious cause of parasitic diseases of freshwater fish in aquaculture, and can cause morbidity and high mortality in most species of freshwater fish worldwide. To attempt controlling this parasite and explore novel potential antiparasitic agents, the present study was designed to ascertain the anthelmintic activity of Chelidonium majus L. whole plant and to isolate and characterize the active constituents against D. intermedius. The ethanol extract from C. majus whole plant showed significant anthelmintic activity against D. intermedius [EC(50) (median effective concentration) value = 71.5 mg L(-1)] and therefore subjected to further isolation and purification using various chromatographic techniques. A quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid exhibited significant activity against D. intermedius was obtained and identified as chelidonine. In vivo anthelmintic efficacy tests exhibited that chelidonine was 100% effective against D. intermedius at a concentration of 0.9 mg L(-1), with EC(50) value of 0.48 mg L(-1) after 48 h of exposure, which is more effective than the positive control, mebendazole (EC(50) value = 1.3 mg L(-1)). In addition, the 48-h median lethal concentration (LC(50)) for chelidonine against the host (Carassius auratus) was 4.54 mg L(-1). The resulting therapeutic index for chelidonine was 9.46. These results provided evidence that chelidonine might be potential sources of new antiparasitic drugs for the control of Dactylogyrus.

Radiomics-based classification models for HBV-related cirrhotic patients with covert hepatic encephalopathy.

INTRODUCTION: The significant abnormalities of precuneus (PC), which are associated with brain dysfunction, have been identified in cirrhotic patients with covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE). The present study aimed to apply radiomics analysis to identify the significant radiomic features in PC and their subregions, combine with clinical risk factors, then build and evaluate the classification models for CHE diagnosis. METHODS: 106 HBV-related cirrhotic patients (54 had current CHE and 52 had non-CHE) underwent the three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging. For each participant, PC and their subregions were segmented and extracted a large number of radiomic features and then identified the features with significant discriminative power as the radiomics signature. The logistic regression analysis was employed to develop and evaluate the classification models, which are constructed using the radiomics signature and clinical risk factors. RESULTS: The classification model (R-C model) achieved best diagnostic performance, which incorporated radiomics signature (4 radiomic features from right PC), venous blood ammonia, and the Child-Pugh stage. And the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values were 0.926, 1.000, 0.765, and 0.848, in the testing set. Application of the radiomics nomogram in the testing set still showed a good predictive accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: This study presented the radiomic features of the right PC, as a potential image marker of CHE. The radiomics nomogram that incorporates the radiomics signature and clinical risk factors may facilitate the individualized prediction of CHE.

Anatomical study of forearm arteries with ultrasound for percutaneous coronary procedures.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the radial artery (RA) has become an alternative vascular access site for percutaneous coronary procedures, and the ulnar artery (UA) is another possibility. The objective of this study was to investigate the anatomy of the forearm arteries with ultrasound (US) and to evaluate the effect of the anatomy of the right RA (RRA) on the outcomes of transradial coronary procedures. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 638 patients undergoing transradial coronary procedures were examined with US for measurement of the diameters of the forearm arteries and determination of their anatomical abnormalities before the procedures. The next day the incidence of RA occlusion was recorded. The diameters of the radial and ulnar arteries were similar (P>0.05). The procedure time was longer in patients with anatomical abnormalities (P<0.05) and whose RRA had a diameter <2 mm (P<0.05). The incidence of procedure failure, and of RA occlusion one day after the procedure was also higher in patients with an anatomical abnormality of the RRA (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively) and whose RRA diameter was <2 mm (P<0.05 and P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The diameters of the forearm arteries of Chinese people are similar. The small diameter and anatomical abnormalities of the RRA could result in longer procedure time, more incidence of procedure failure and RA occlusion.

High frequencies of HLA-B27 in Chinese patients with suspected of ankylosing spondylitis.

This study was performed to investigate the frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 in Chinese patients with suspected of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to assess the clinical significance of HLA-B27 typing. A total of 1,016 patients suspected of AS were classified into six groups based on one major AS-related clinical manifestation. HLA-B27 was determined by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers. The frequency of B27 ranged between 24.3 and 46.7% among the patient groups, significantly higher than in healthy controls (2.4%). In the same group, the frequency of B27 in young (< or = 40 years) and in male patients was significantly higher than in the old and in female (P < 0.01). During a 1-year follow-up, 102 subjects were definitely diagnosed as AS, but only one B27(-) patient. Of the 102 definite patients, 69 (67.6%) definite patients were distributed in group 1 (low back pain and stiffness) with the higher incidence (28.5%) of AS. The incidence of AS in the same group was found with a similar pattern to the frequency of B27, in male and young patients significantly greater, except groups 4 and 6 (peripheral arthritis and alteration of skin). These findings confirm that HLA-B27 is one of sensitive diagnostic tools for early AS and suggest that there was a remarkable clinical significance of HLA-B27 typing in Chinese patients suspected of AS, particularly a young man who presents with low back pain and stiffness for > 3 months.

[Influencing factors for cerebral microbleeds in patients with acute ischemic stroke].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between cerebral microbleeds (CMB), cardiovascular risk factors, and plasma fibrinogen in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients with acute ischemic stroke from June 2008 to March 2009 were enroued prospectively. All patients received cranial magnetic resonance imaging at the first week, and T2(*)-weighted gradient echo MRI sequence was performed to detect CMB. Plasma fibrinogen, uric acid levels and other biochemical parameters were measured on the next day of admission. All data were selected from Nanjing Stroke Registry Program. RESULTS: Among a total 68 patients, 29 (43%) patients had 109 lesions of cerebral microbleeds on gradient-echo MRI. Age, hypertension, fibrinogen and uric acid were significantly associated with the presence of CMB (P = 0.004, 0.024, 0.020, 0.027 respectively). Through a logistic regression analysis, age, hypertension and plasma fibrinogen were significantly associated with the presence of cerebral microbleeds [(P = 0.02, OR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.02 to 1.19; P = 0.003, OR = 9.35, 95%CI 2.17 to 40.23; P = 0.019, OR = 1.01, 95%CI 1.00 to 1.02]. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of CMB in patients with acute ischemic stroke. And it has a strong relationship with high plasma fibrinogen.