[Research practice and development direction of intelligent manufacturing of presonalized traditional Chinese medicine preparations].

In recent years, as people's living standards continue to improve, and the pace of life accelerates dramatically, the demand and quality of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) services from patients continue to rise. As an essential supplement to the existing forms of TCM application, such as Chinese patent medicine, decoction, and formulated granules, presonalized TCM preparations is facing an increasing market demand. Currently, manual and semi-mechanized production are the primary production ways in presonalized TCM preparations. However, the production process control level is low, and digitalization and informatization need to be improved, which restricts the automated and intelligent development of presonalized TCM preparations. Presonalized TCM preparations faces a significant opportunity and challenge in integrating with intelligent manufacturing through research and development of intelligent equipment and core technology. This paper overviews the connotation and characteristics of intelligent manufacturing and summarizes the application of intelligent manufacturing technologies such as "Internet of things" "big data", and "artificial intelligence" in the TCM industry. Based on the innovative research and development model of "intelligent classification of TCM materials, intelligent decision making of prescription and process, and online control and intelligent production" of presonalized TCM preparations, the research practice and achievements from our research group in the field of intelligent manufacturing of presonalized TCM preparations are introduced. Ultimately, the paper proposes the direction for developing intelligent manufacturing of presonalized TCM preparations, which will provide a reference for the research and application of automation and intelligence of presonalized TCM preparations.

Online updating of obstacle positions when intercepting a virtual target.

People rely upon sensory information in the environment to guide their actions. Ongoing goal-directed arm movements are constantly adjusted to the latest estimate of both the target and hand's positions. Does the continuous guidance of ongoing arm movements also consider the latest visual information of the position of obstacles in the surrounding? To find out, we asked participants to slide their finger across a screen to intercept a laterally moving virtual target while moving through a gap that was created by two virtual circular obstacles. At a fixed time during each trial, the target suddenly jumped slightly laterally while still continuing to move. In half the trials, the size of the gap changed at the same moment as the target jumped. As expected, participants adjusted their movements in response to the target jump. Importantly, the magnitude of this response depended on the new size of the gap. If participants were told that the circles were irrelevant, changing the gap between them had no effect on the responses. This shows that obstacles' instantaneous positions can be considered when visually guiding goal-directed movements.

Continuous use of visual information about the position of the moving hand.

People generally look at a target when they want to reach for it. Doing so presumably helps them continuously update their judgments about the target's position and motion. But not looking at their hand does not prevent people from updating judgments about its position on the basis of visual information, because people do respond to experimental perturbations of visual information about the position of their hand. Here, we study such responses by adding jitter to the movement of a cursor that follows participants' fingers. We analyse the response to the jitter in a way that reveals how the vigour of the response depends on the moment during the movement at which the change in cursor position occurs. We compare the change in vigour to that for equivalent jitter in the position of the target. We find that participants respond to jitter in the position of a cursor in much the same way as they respond to jitter in the target's position. The responses are more vigorous late in the movement, when adjustments need to be made within less time, but similarly so for the cursor as for the target. The responses are weaker for the cursor, presumably because of the jitter-free kinaesthetic information about the position of the finger.

Tapping on a target: dealing with uncertainty about its position and motion.

Reaching movements are guided by estimates of the target object's location. Since the precision of instantaneous estimates is limited, one might accumulate visual information over time. However, if the object is not stationary, accumulating information can bias the estimate. How do people deal with this trade-off between improving precision and reducing the bias? To find out, we asked participants to tap on targets. The targets were stationary or moving, with jitter added to their positions. By analysing the response to the jitter, we show that people continuously use the latest available information about the target's position. When the target is moving, they combine this instantaneous target position with an extrapolation based on the target's average velocity during the last several hundred milliseconds. This strategy leads to a bias if the target's velocity changes systematically. Having people tap on accelerating targets showed that the bias that results from ignoring systematic changes in velocity is removed by compensating for endpoint errors if such errors are consistent across trials. We conclude that combining simple continuous updating of visual information with the low-pass filter characteristics of muscles, and adjusting movements to compensate for errors made in previous trials, leads to the precise and accurate human goal-directed movements.

Development of tissue culture system with automated pulsation and Kalman filter control for an artificial artery model.

Tissue-engineered arterial vessels have been used as substitutes for unnecessary animal experiments to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of drugs targeting various arteriopathies caused by structural or physiological arterial defects. An arterial tissue culture system was established to simulate the mechanical characteristics of a heart-beating pump and to do online feedback control of lactate and glucose concentrations. The mechanically controlled flow pump mimicked the heart pumping inside a tissue-engineered artery composed of muscle and endothelial cells within a nanofibrous scaffold. After monitoring the pH of the culture medium online, lactate and glucose were estimated using the Kalman filter algorithm, and the set-point online control was operated to maintain glucose for artery tissue engineering. The composition of the artificial artery was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining, and its mechanical characteristics were examined. The online automated system successfully demonstrated its applicability as a standardized process for arterial tissue culture to replace animal arterial experiments.

Eye-hand coordination during online reach corrections is task dependent.

To produce accurate movements, the human motor system needs to deal with errors that can occur due to inherent noise, changes in the body, or disturbances in the environment. Here, we investigated the temporal coupling of rapid corrections of the eye and hand in response to a change in visual target location during the movement. In addition to a "classic" double-step task in which the target stepped to a new position, participants performed a set of modified double-step tasks in which the change in movement goal was indicated by the appearance of an additional target, or by a spatial or symbolic cue. We found that both the absolute correction latencies of the eye and hand and the relative eye-hand correction latencies were dependent on the visual characteristics of the target change, with increasingly longer latencies in tasks that required more visual and cognitive processing. Typically, the hand started correcting slightly earlier than the eye, especially when the target change was indicated by a symbolic cue, and in conditions where visual feedback of the hand position was provided during the reach. Our results indicate that the oculomotor and limb-motor system can be differentially influenced by processing requirements of the task and emphasize that temporal eye-hand coupling is flexible rather than rigid.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Eye movements support hand movements in many situations. Here, we used variations of a double-step task to investigate temporal coupling of corrective hand and eye movements in response to target displacements. Correction latency coupling depended on the visual and cognitive processing demands of the task. The hand started correcting before the eye, especially when the task required decoding a symbolic cue. These findings highlight the flexibility and task dependency of eye-hand coordination.

How similar are responses to background motion and target displacements?

When making a goal-directed movement towards a target, our hand follows abrupt background motion. This response resembles that of a shift in the target's position. Does background motion simply change the position towards which the movement is guided? If so, the response to background motion should resemble the response to a target displacement. To find out whether this is the case, we ran two exploratory studies where we asked participants to hit a moving target at a specified moment. At various times during the hand's movement, the background could move briefly at one of several speeds, and for various durations. The response to abrupt background motion was larger when the background moved later in the movement and when the background moved faster, in line with known responses to target displacements. The response to a second epoch of background motion was smaller than it would have been if there had been no first epoch, in contrast to responses to multiple target displacements. If the background was already moving before the target appeared, the hand even moved in the opposite direction. Thus, the response to background motion and that to a target displacement are clearly not identical, but they do share several features.

The influences of target size and recent experience on the vigour of adjustments to ongoing movements.

People adjust their on-going movements to changes in the environment. It takes about 100 ms to respond to an abrupt change in a target's position. Does the vigour of such responses depend on the extent to which responding is beneficial? We asked participants to tap on targets that jumped laterally once their finger started to move. In separate blocks of trials the target either remained at the new position so that it was beneficial to respond to the jump, or jumped back almost immediately so that it was disadvantageous to do so. We also varied the target's size, because a smaller, less vigorous adjustment is enough to place the finger within a larger target. There was a systematic relationship between the vigour of the response and the remaining time until the tap: the shorter the remaining time the more vigorous the response. This relationship did not depend on the target's size or whether or not the target jumped back. It was already known that the vigour of responses to target jumps depends on the magnitude of the jump and on the time available for adjusting the movement to that jump. We show that the vigour of the response is precisely tuned to the time available for making the required adjustment irrespective of whether responding in this manner is beneficial.

Investigating the online control of goal-directed actions to a tactile target on the body.

Movement corrections to somatosensory targets have been found to be shorter in latency and larger in magnitude than corrections to external visual targets. Somatosensory targets (e.g., body positions) can be identified using both tactile (i.e., skin receptors) and proprioceptive information (e.g., the sense of body position derived from sensory organs in the muscles and joints). Here, we investigated whether changes in tactile information alone, without changes in proprioception, can elicit shorter correction latencies and larger correction magnitudes than those to external visual targets. Participants made reaching movements to a myofilament touching the index finger of the non-reaching finger (i.e., a tactile target) and a light-emitting diode (i.e., visual target). In one-third of the trials, target perturbations occurred 100 ms after movement onset, such that the target was displaced 3 cm either away or toward the participant. We found that participants demonstrated larger correction magnitudes to visual than tactile target perturbations. Moreover, we found no differences in correction latency between movements to perturbed tactile and visual targets. Further, we found that while participants detected tactile stimuli earlier than visual stimuli, they took longer to initiate reaching movements to an unperturbed tactile target than an unperturbed visual target. These results provide evidence that additional processes may be required when planning movements to tactile versus visual targets and that corrections to changes in tactile target positions alone may not facilitate the latency and magnitude advantages observed for corrections to somatosensory targets (i.e., proprioceptive-tactile targets).

Control Centre for Intensive Care as a Tool for Effective Coordination, Real-Time Monitoring, and Strategic Planning During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In the Czech Republic, the strategic data-based and organizational support for individual regions and for providers of acute care at the nationwide level is coordinated by the Ministry of Health. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the country needed to very quickly implement a system for the monitoring, reporting, and overall management of hospital capacities. The aim of this viewpoint is to describe the purpose and basic functions of a web-based application named "Control Centre for Intensive Care," which was developed and made available to meet the needs of systematic online technical support for the management of intensive inpatient care across the Czech Republic during the first wave of the pandemic in spring 2020. Two tools of key importance are described in the context of national methodology: one module for regular online updates and overall monitoring of currently free capacities of intensive care in real time, and a second module for online entering and overall record-keeping of requirements on medications for COVID-19 patients. A total of 134 intensive care providers and 927 users from hospitals across all 14 regions of the Czech Republic were registered in the central Control Centre for Intensive Care database as of March 31, 2021. This web-based application enabled continuous monitoring and decision-making during the mass surge of critical care from autumn 2020 to spring 2021. The Control Center for Intensive Care has become an indispensable part of a set of online tools that are employed on a regular basis for crisis management at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Digital Twin-Driven Rear Axle Assembly Torque Prediction and Online Control.

During the assembly process of the rear axle, the assembly quality and assembly efficiency decrease due to the accumulation errors of rear axle assembly torque. To deal with the problem, we proposed a rear axle assembly torque online control method based on digital twin. First, the gray wolf-based optimization variational modal decomposition and long short-term memory network (GWO-VMD-LSTM) algorithm was raised to predict the assembly torque of the rear axle, which solves the shortcomings of unpredictable non-stationarity and nonlinear assembly torque, and the prediction accuracy reaches 99.49% according to the experimental results. Next, the evaluation indexes of support vector machine (SVM), recurrent neural network (RNN), LSTM, and SVM, RNN, and LSTM based on gray wolf optimized variational modal decomposition (GWO-VMD) were compared, and the performance of the GWO-VMD-LSTM is the best. For the purpose of solving the insufficient information interaction capability problem of the assembly line, we developed a digital twin system for the rear axle assembly line to realize the visualization and monitoring of the assembly process. Finally, the assembly torque prediction model is coupled with the digital twin system to realize real-time prediction and online control of assembly torque, and the experimental testing manifests that the response time of the system is about 1 s. Consequently, the digital twin-based rear axle assembly torque prediction and online control method can significantly improve the assembly quality and assembly efficiency, which is of great significance to promote the construction of intelligent production line.

The relationship between the implicit visuomotor control and the motor planning accuracy.

It has been well established that an implicit motor response can be elicited by a target perturbation or a visual background motion during a reaching movement. Computational studies have suggested that the mechanism of this response is based on the error signal between the efference copy and the actual sensory feedback. If the implicit motor response is based on the efference copy, the motor command accuracy would affect the amount of the modulation of the motor response. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between the implicit motor response and the motor planning accuracy. We used a memory-guided reaching task and a manual following response (MFR) which is induced by visual grating motion. Participants performed reaching movements toward a memorized-target location with a beep cue which was presented 0 or 3 s after the target disappeared (0-s delay and 3-s delay conditions). Leftward or rightward visual grating motion was applied 400 ms after the cue. In addition, an event-related potential (ERP) was recorded during the reaching task, which reflects the motor command accuracy. Our results showed that the N170 ERP amplitude in the parietal electrodes and the MFR amplitude were significantly larger for the 3-s delay condition than the 0-s delay condition. These results suggest that the motor planning accuracy affects the amount of the implicit visuomotor response. Furthermore, there was a significant within-subjects correlation between the MFR and the N170 amplitude, which could corroborate the relationship between the implicit motor response and the motor planning accuracy.

Neurophysiological evidence of how quiet eye supports motor performance.

Prolonged quiet eye (QE) duration is associated with greater performance in various types of targeting and interceptive tasks. However, the mechanism by which QE affects performance remains debatable. This study aimed to test the validity of the pre-programming and online control hypotheses using electromyography (EMG), electrooculography (EOG) and electroencephalography (EEG) during a golf putting task. Twenty-one college students were recruited for this study. Each participant performed 100 golf putting trials during which the putting performance, EMG, EOG, and EEG signals were recorded. The QE duration including the pre- and post-movement initiation components, and movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) were analyzed off-line. We found that successful putts were associated with longer QEtotal (the total QE duration from QE onset to QE offset), QEpre (QE occurring before movement initiation), and QEpost (QE occurring after movement initiation) durations than failed putts. Greater cortical activation in the MRCPs was observed within the prefrontal, premotor, and parietal cortices during successful putts compared with failed putts. These findings suggest that QE serves both pre-programming and online control roles in supporting golf putting performance.

Some binocular advantages for planning reach, but not grasp, components of prehension.

Proficient (fast, accurate, precise) hand actions for reaching-to-grasp 3D objects are known to benefit significantly from the use of binocular vision compared to one eye alone. We examined whether these binocular advantages derive from increased reliability in encoding the goal object's properties for feedforward planning of prehension movements or from enhanced feedback mediating their online control. Adult participants reached for, precision grasped and lifted cylindrical table-top objects (two sizes, 2 distances) using binocular vision or only their dominant/sighting eye or their non-dominant eye to program and fully execute their movements or using each of the three viewing conditions only to plan their reach-to-grasp during a 1 s preview, with vision occluded just before movement onset. Various kinematic measures of reaching and grasping proficiency, including corrective error rates, were quantified and compared by view, feedback and object type. Some significant benefits of binocular over monocular vision when they were just available for pre-movement planning were retained for the reach regardless of target distance, including higher peak velocities, straighter paths and shorter low velocity approach times, although these latter were contaminated by more velocity corrections and by poorer coordination with object contact. By contrast, virtually all binocular advantages for grasping, including improvements in peak grip aperture scaling, the accuracy and precision of digit placements at object contact and shorter grip application times preceding the lift, were eliminated with no feedback available, outcomes that were influenced by the object's size. We argue that vergence cues can improve the reliability of binocular internal representations of object distance for the feedforward programming of hand transport, whereas the major benefits of binocular vision for enhancing grasping performance derive exclusively from its continuous presence online.

Rapid online corrections for upper limb reaches to perturbed somatosensory targets: evidence for non-visual sensorimotor transformation processes.

When performing upper limb reaches, the sensorimotor system can adjust to changes in target location even if the reaching limb is not visible. To accomplish this task, sensory information about the new target location and the current position of the unseen limb are used to program online corrections. Previous researchers have argued that, prior to the initiation of corrections, somatosensory information from the unseen limb must be transformed into a visual reference frame. However, most of these previous studies involved movements to visual targets. The purpose of the present study was to determine if visual sensorimotor transformations are also necessary for the online control of movements to somatosensory targets. Participants performed reaches towards somatosensory and visual targets without vision of their reaching limb. Target positions were either stationary, or perturbed before (~ 450 ms), or after movement onset (~ 100 ms or ~ 200 ms). In response to target perturbations after movement onset, participants exhibited shorter correction latencies, larger correction magnitudes, and smaller movement endpoint errors when they reached to somatosensory targets as compared to visual targets. Because reference frame transformations have been shown to increase both processing time and errors, these results indicate that hand position was not transformed into visual reference frame during online corrections for movements to somatosensory targets. These findings support the idea that different sensorimotor transformations are used for the online control of movements to somatosensory and visual targets.

Goal-directed reaching: the allocentric coding of target location renders an offline mode of control.

Reaching to a veridical target permits an egocentric spatial code (i.e., absolute limb and target position) to effect fast and effective online trajectory corrections supported via the visuomotor networks of the dorsal visual pathway. In contrast, a response entailing decoupled spatial relations between stimulus and response is thought to be primarily mediated via an allocentric code (i.e., the position of a target relative to another external cue) laid down by the visuoperceptual networks of the ventral visual pathway. Because the ventral stream renders a temporally durable percept, it is thought that an allocentric code does not support a primarily online mode of control, but instead supports a mode wherein a response is evoked largely in advance of movement onset via central planning mechanisms (i.e., offline control). Here, we examined whether reaches defined via ego- and allocentric visual coordinates are supported via distinct control modes (i.e., online versus offline). Participants performed target-directed and allocentric reaches in limb visible and limb-occluded conditions. Notably, in the allocentric task, participants reached to a location that matched the position of a target stimulus relative to a reference stimulus, and to examine online trajectory amendments, we computed the proportion of variance explained (i.e., R2 values) by the spatial position of the limb at 75% of movement time relative to a response's ultimate movement endpoint. Target-directed trials performed with limb vision showed more online corrections and greater endpoint precision than their limb-occluded counterparts, which in turn were associated with performance metrics comparable to allocentric trials performed with and without limb vision. Accordingly, we propose that the absence of ego-motion cues (i.e., limb vision) and/or the specification of a response via an allocentric code renders motor output served via the 'slow' visuoperceptual networks of the ventral visual pathway.

Using proprioception to control ongoing actions: dominance of vision or altered proprioceptive weighing?

Visual feedback is crucial for movement accuracy (e.g., Keele and Posner, J Exp Psychol 77:155-158, 1968). As well, proprioception has been argued to be important for the control of voluntary movements (e.g., Bagesteiro et al., Exp Brain Res 171:358-370, 2006; Rossetti et al., J Neurophysiol 74:457-463, 1995). While tendon vibration (TVib) has been used to perturb proprioceptive information during limb matching tasks (Goodwin et al., Science 175:1382-1384, 1972), the current study employed between-trial dual-muscle TVib, coupled with vision occlusion, to assess the use of vision and proprioception for the online control of voluntary movements. Participants (n = 17) performed an upper-limb reaching task (30 cm). TVib influenced both accuracy and precision of movement endpoint. Critically, variability analyses showed that participant's performance was most affected by TVib at 75% of the movement duration, even in the presence of vision. These findings demonstrate that between-trial dual-muscle tendon vibration can perturb proprioceptive feedback, and further, suggest that proprioception can be important for the online control of reaches, even when vision is available.

Examining the response programming function of the Quiet Eye: Do tougher shots need a quieter eye?

Support for the proposition that the Quiet Eye (QE) duration reflects a period of response programming (including task parameterisation) has come from research showing that an increase in task difficulty is associated with increases in QE duration. Here, we build on previous research by manipulating three elements of task difficulty that correspond with different parameters of golf-putting performance; force production, impact quality and target line. Longer QE durations were found for more complex iterations of the task and furthermore, more sensitive analyses of the QE duration suggest that the early QE proportion (prior to movement initiation) is closely related to force production and impact quality. However, these increases in QE do not seem functional in terms of supporting improved performance. Further research is needed to explore QE's relationship with performance under conditions of increased difficulty.

Modulation of Neural Variability in Premotor, Motor, and Posterior Parietal Cortex during Change of Motor Intention.

The time course of neural variability was studied in three nodes of the parieto-frontal system: the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd, area 6), primary motor cortex (MI, area 4), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC, area 5) while monkeys made either direct reaches to visual targets or changed reach direction in response to an unexpected change of target location. These areas are crucial nodes in the distributed control of reaching and their lesion impairs trajectory formation and correction under different circumstances. During unperturbed reaches, neural variability declined before the onset of hand movement in both frontal and parietal cortex. When the original motor intention suddenly changed, neural variability displayed a complex and area-specific modulation because the perturbation of the motor state was signaled earlier in PMd than in MI and PPC. The comparison of perturbed versus unperturbed reaches revealed that, in the time between the onset of correction signal and trajectory change, identical hand movements were associated with different, therefore context-dependent, patterns of neural variability induced by the instruction to change hand movement direction. In PMd, neural variability was higher before the initiation of hand reach than before its correction, thus providing a neural underpinning to the phenomenon that it takes less time to correct than to initiate hand movement. Furthermore, neural variability was an excellent predictor of slow and fast reach corrections because it was lower during the latter than the former. We conclude that the analysis of neural variability can be an important tool for the study of complex forms of motor cognition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: No single study has been performed on neural variability during update of motor intention across monkey premotor, motor, and posterior parietal cortex. In perturbed reaches, target location changed unexpectedly during reaction time and the correction of hand trajectory required updating the original motor plan. Comparing unperturbed versus perturbed reaches revealed that neural variability displayed a complex context- and area-dependent pattern of modulation because, before trajectory correction, similar initial hand movements were associated with different patterns of variability depending on the instruction signal, and therefore on the future hand path and final destination. Furthermore, neural variability predicted both slow and fast hand movement corrections, also offering a neural underpinning to the phenomenon that it takes less time to correct than to initiate hand movement.

An optimal velocity for online limb-target regulation processes?

The utilization of visual information for the control of ongoing voluntary limb movements has been investigated for more than a century. Recently, online sensorimotor processes for the control of upper-limb reaches were hypothesized to include a distinct process related to the comparison of limb and target positions (i.e., limb-target regulation processes: Elliott et al. in Psychol Bull 136:1023-1044. doi: 10.1037/a0020958 , 2010). In the current study, this hypothesis was tested by presenting participants with brief windows of vision (20 ms) when the real-time velocity of the reaching limb rose above selected velocity criteria. One experiment tested the perceptual judgments of endpoint bias (i.e., under- vs. over-shoot), and another experiment tested the shifts in endpoint distributions following an imperceptible target jump. Both experiments revealed that limb-target regulation processes take place at an optimal velocity or "sweet spot" between movement onset and peak limb velocity (i.e., 1.0 m/s with the employed movement amplitude and duration). In contrast with pseudo-continuous models of online control (e.g., Elliott et al. in Hum Mov Sci 10:393-418. doi: 10.1016/0167-9457(91)90013-N , 1991), humans likely optimize online limb-target regulation processes by gathering visual information at a rather limited period of time, well in advance of peak limb velocity.