Detection and Clearance of Type-Specific and Phylogenetically Related Genital Human Papillomavirus Infections in Young Women in New Heterosexual Relationships.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is essential to cervical cancer prevention planning. We estimated HPV type-specific infection detection and clearance in young women. METHODS: The HPV Infection and Transmission among Couples through Heterosexual activity (HITCH) study is a prospective cohort of 502 college-age women who recently initiated a heterosexual relationship. We tested vaginal samples collected at 6 clinical visits over 24 months for 36 HPV types. Using rates and Kaplan-Meier analysis, we estimated time-to-event statistics with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for detection of incident infections and clearance of incident and present-at-baseline infections (separately). We conducted analyses at the woman- and HPV-levels, with HPV types grouped by phylogenetic relatedness. RESULTS: By 24 months, we detected incident infections in 40.4% (CI, 33.4%-48.4%) of women. Incident subgenus 1 (43.4; CI, 33.6-56.4), 2 (47.1; CI, 39.9-55.5), and 3 (46.6; CI, 37.7-57.7) infections cleared at similar rates per 1000 infection-months. We observed similar homogeny in HPV-level clearance rates among present-at-baseline infections. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses provide type-specific infection natural history estimates for cervical cancer prevention planning. HPV-level analyses did not clearly indicate that high oncogenic risk subgenus 2 infections persist longer than their low oncogenic risk subgenera 1 and 3 counterparts.

Critical evaluation on roles of macrophagic myofasciitis and aluminum adjuvants in HPV vaccine-induced adverse events.

Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which is preventable by HPV vaccines. In Japan, the HPV vaccination rate has remained extremely low due to the concerns for alleged neuropsychological symptoms or "diverse symptoms" following injections of two HPV vaccines, Cervarix and Gardasil, in HPV vaccine lawsuits. In the lawsuits, the attorneys' group has used several manuscripts proposing that aluminum (Al) adjuvant contained in HPV vaccines causes an immune-mediated disease, called macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF), as well as pathology in the central nervous system (CNS). We scientifically evaluated these manuscripts describing the "Al adjuvant-induced pathologies," particularly MMF. Although MMF patients have been reported to develop clinical symptoms/signs in various organs, including the CNS, muscle biopsy of the patients and animal experiments demonstrated that MMF pathology was localized only at the injected muscle. No muscle pathology which characterizes MMF was observed in any other muscles; thus, the systemic and neurological signs of MMF cases were irrelevant to localized MMF pathology. We evaluated that MMF-like pathology was induced as a local inflammatory response following vaccinations; MMF pathology was not the cause of systemic inflammation or "diverse symptoms." Lastly, MMF cases have been reported after vaccinations with Al-hydroxide-containing vaccines exclusively. As Al-hydroxide is a component of Cervarix, but not Gardasil, "diverse symptoms" following two HPV vaccinations in Japan cannot be explained by MMF. Our evaluation would help readers understand the validity of the manuscripts on the role of Al adjuvants or MMF for the alleged "diverse symptoms."

Detecting anal human papillomavirus infection in men who have sex with men living with HIV: implications of assay variability.

BACKGROUND: Incidence of anal cancer (AC) caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has risen in the last years in men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV. There is consensus that this population should be screened for anal precancerous lesions, but the role of HPV DNA testing in AC screening programmes is still under debate. OBJECTIVES: This study employed two molecular test to detect anal HPV DNA and compared assay performance and prognostic value for the diagnosis of histology proven high-grade intraepithelial anal lesions. METHODS: MSM living with HIV attended their regular check-up visits consisting of detection of anal HPV infection, anal cytology, digital anorectal examination and high resolution anoscopy. HPV DNA was detected using Hybrid Capture 2 High-Risk test (HC2, total assay) and LINEAR ARRAY HPV Genotyping Test (LA, type-specific assay) RESULTS: Among 274 participant, prevalence of HPV DNA was 48.5% by HC2 and 89.4% by LA. HPV16 (30.6%) and HPV6 (19.6%) were the most common genotypes identified. Prevalence of multiple HPV infections was 56.2%. Agreement between HPV DNA assays was 75.2% (κ=0.51; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.60). Total HPV detection demonstrated high sensitivity (90%; 95% CI 68.3 to 98.8) and moderate specificity (58.4%; 95% CI 50.2 to 66.3), while type-specific HPV16/18 genotyping provided an increase in specificity and showed the highest area under the curve (0.81; 95% CI 0.74 to 0.89) and Youden's index (0.63). CONCLUSIONS: Both methodologies identified a high prevalence of anal HPV infection and multiple HPV infections in MSM living with HIV, showing a moderate overall agreement between them. Either total HPV detection or type-specific HPV16/18 detection together with a threshold ≥atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance for abnormal cytology showed an acceptable diagnostic accuracy.

High-grade and low-grade HPV-induced urethral lesions treated by CO2 laser under colposcopy.

OBJECTIVES: This study is reporting the CO2 laser treatment efficiency on urethral lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and the correlation between the type of lesion high-grade and low-grade on the histology and the HPV genotype(s). METHODS: Sixty-nine patients (59 men and 10 women) with urethral lesions were screened for HPV genotype(s) by in situ hybridisation and PCR. HPV lesions were biopsied and p16INK4a expression was tested to confirm urethral high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (U HSIL) on the histology prior to CO2 laser treatment under colposcopy. The patients were followed up for 12 months. RESULTS: We observed urethral low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (U LSIL) in 54/69 cases (78.3%) and U HSIL in 7/69 cases (10%) confirmed by p16INK4a staining. Then we looked at the HPV genotype present in each lesion. We observed the following: 31/69 (45%) patients have a unique HPV genotype, with 12/31 (38.7%) of high risk; 21/54 (38.8%) of U LSIL and 1/7 (14%) of U HSIL have HPV low-risk and high-risk coinfections. Efficient treatment with CO2 laser under colposcopy was done using a meatal spreader to help visualisation of 20 mm in the distal urethra. We cured 64/69 (92.7%) patients at 3 months with 4/69 (5.7%) meatotomy and persistent 1/67 (1.4%) urethral stricture at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: HSIL was present in the urethra without being able to define specific clinical criteria. Treatment with a CO2 laser under colposcopy with a meatus spreader is a simple surgical procedure with high efficiency and few complications that could prevent the risk of HPV-induced carcinoma.

Health inequities in human papillomavirus prevention, diagnostics and clinical care in the USA: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) represents the most common STI in the USA. HPV inequities in prevention, diagnostics and clinical care persist. We define inequities as systematic, avoidable and unfair differences in health outcomes. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this scoping review are to chart existing data on HPV-related inequities, identify gaps in existing literature and guide future research to reduce these inequities. METHODS: We completed a scoping review following guidelines from the Joanna Briggs Institute and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses scoping reviews extension. We performed a literature search on PubMed and Ovid Embase in July 2022 for articles pertaining to HPV and evaluating populations within the USA. We included English language publications from 2018 to 2022 evaluating at least one health inequity outlined by the National Institutes of Health. General publication characteristics and health inequity data were charted in a masked, duplicate fashion using a pilot-tested Google Form. We analysed frequencies of health inequities and summarised main findings from included studies. RESULTS: Our final sample included 170 publications. The most common inequities examined were race/ethnicity (140 studies), sex or gender (97 studies), and income (69 studies). Many historically marginalised racial/ethnic groups had lower rates of HPV-related knowledge, vaccination and worse overall outcomes related to HPV. Compared with women, men had lower rates of HPV vaccination and provider recommendation, and higher rates of HPV-infection. Results regarding income were largely conflicting. CONCLUSION: Findings from our review demonstrate clear gaps in HPV-related inequity research. Vaccine completion, provider recommendation and intersectionality should continue to be evaluated to implement targeted interventions.

Discovery of novel papillomaviruses in the critically endangered Malayan and Chinese pangolins.

Pangolins are scaly and toothless mammals which are distributed across Africa and Asia. Currently, the Malayan, Chinese and Philippine pangolins are designated as critically endangered species. Although few pangolin viruses have been described, their viromes have received more attention following the discovery that they harbour sarbecoviruses related to SARS-CoV-2. Using large-scale genome mining, we discovered novel lineages of papillomaviruses infecting the Malayan and Chinese pangolins. We were able to assemble three complete circular papillomavirus genomes with an intact coding capacity and five additional L1 genes encoding the major capsid protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that seven out of eight L1 sequences formed a monophyletic group which is the sister lineage to the Tupaia belangeri papillomavirus 1, isolated from Yunnan province in China. Additionally, a single L1 sequence assembled from a Chinese pangolin was placed in a clade closer to Alphapapillomavirus and Omegapapillomavirus. Examination of the SRA data from 95 re-sequenced genomes revealed that 49.3% of Malayan pangolins and 50% of Chinese pangolins were positive for papillomavirus reads. Our results indicate that pangolins in South-East Asia are the hosts of diverse and highly prevalent papillomaviruses, and highlight the value of in silico mining of host sequencing data for the discovery of novel viruses.

Frequency of human papilomavirus and associated factors in gypsy and quilombola women : Human papillomavirus in gypsy and quilombola women.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the general population is widely known, however, there are still few studies related to this infection in minority groups, Thus, the objective is to analyze the frequency of human papillomavirus and associated factors in quilombola and gypsy women. METHODS: Cross-sectional research with 145 quilombola and gypsy women from Caxias, Maranhão. Two Pap smear collections were performed and a questionnaire with 46 questions was applied between January, 2020 and March, 2021. Descriptive analysis and Odds Ratio with 95% confidence interval were performed. The research was approved by the ethics committee. RESULTS: There were 09 cases of atypia. The frequency of human papillomavirus was 41.37%, with a higher risk in quilombolas 55 (91.70%). Multiple infections were prevalent (53%) with high-risk genotypes 21 (35%). Types 16 and 18 together accounted for 42.85% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of human papillomavirus infection was higher than those recorded in the Northeast and Brazil, and therefore type 16 predominated. Due to limitations, the virus lineages and sublineages were not evaluated. Quilombola women had a higher rate of infection than gypsies.

Proportion of Incident Genital Human Papillomavirus Detections not Attributable to Transmission and Potentially Attributable to Latent Infections: Implications for Cervical Cancer Screening.

BACKGROUND: Infections with human papillomaviruses (HPVs) may enter a latent state, and eventually become reactivated following loss of immune control. It is unclear what proportion of incident HPV detections are reactivations of previous latent infections vs new transmissions. METHODS: The HPV Infection and Transmission among Couples through Heterosexual activity (HITCH) cohort study prospectively followed young newly formed heterosexual partners recruited between 2005 and 2011 in Montréal, Canada. We calculated the fraction of incident HPV detections nonattributable to sexual transmission risk factors with a Bayesian Markov model. Results are the median (2.5th-97.5th percentiles) of the estimated posterior distribution. RESULTS: A total of 544 type-specific incident HPV detection events occurred in 849 participants; 33% of incident HPV detections occurred in participants whose HITCH partners were negative for that HPV type and who reported no other sex partners over follow-up. We estimate that 43% (38%-48%) of all incident HPV detections in this population were not attributable to recent sexual transmission and might be potentially reactivation of latent infections. CONCLUSIONS: A positive HPV test result in many cases may be a reactivated past infection, rather than a new infection from recent sexual behaviors or partner infidelity. The potential for reactivation of latent infections in previously HPV-negative women should be considered in the context of cervical cancer screening.

High prevalence of anal papillomavirus infection in men who have sex with men PrEP users.

OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI and is associated with a wide range of diseases from anogenital warts to malignancies. Anal HPV infection is considerably more common in men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV. Aims of the present study are to (i) describe the prevalence of anal HPV infection in MSM who started pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and (ii) analyse factors associated with anal infection from genotypes that would be covered by nonavalent vaccination. METHODS: This monocentric, cross-sectional study included all subjects who started PrEP from May 2018 to November 2021. PrEP candidates underwent full behavioural and clinical evaluation, including digital anal rectal examination and swabbing for HPV determination. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test for continuous and χ2 tests for categorical variables were adopted. Unadjusted and adjusted regression analyses were performed to assess factors associated with positive anal swabs and to the presence of genotypes covered by the nonavalent vaccination. RESULTS: The analysis included 288 subjects: anal swabs tested positive in 87.2% of cases, 79.2% of the subjects had a high-risk genotype (mainly 16), whereas 67.4% had a genotype covered by nonavalent vaccine. Sexual role was the only factor associated with anal HPV infection. Use of recreational drugs and a diagnosis of ≥2 STIs correlated with the presence of genotypes that would have been covered by vaccine, while previous vaccination had a protective role. CONCLUSIONS: PrEP candidates showed a high prevalence of anal HPV infection, especially due to high-risk genotypes, comparable to what has been reported in MSM living with HIV.

Analysis of cervical HPV infections among unvaccinated young adult women to inform vaccine strategies in this age group: the Costa Rica HPV Vaccine Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines protect against incident HPV infections, which cause cervical cancer. OBJECTIVES: We estimated the prevalence and incidence of HPV infections in young adult women to understand the impact of an HPV vaccination programme in this population. METHODS: We collected cervical specimens from 6322 unvaccinated women, aged 18-37 years, who participated in the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial and its long-term follow-up. Women were followed for (median) 4.8 years and had (median) 4.0 study visits. Cervical specimens were tested for the presence/absence of 25 HPV genotypes. For each age band, we estimated the percentage of women with 1+ prevalent or 1+ incident HPV infections using generalised estimating equations. We also estimated the prevalence and incidence of HPV as a function of time since first sexual intercourse (FSI). RESULTS: The model estimated HPV incident infections peaked at 28.0% (95% CI 25.3% to 30.9%) at age 20 years then steadily declined to 11.8% (95% CI 7.6% to 17.8%) at age 37 years. Incident oncogenic HPV infections (HPV16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59) peaked and then declined from 20.3% (95% CI 17.9% to 22.9%) to 7.7% (95% CI 4.4% to 13.1%); HPV16/18 declined from 6.4% (95% CI 5.1% to 8.1%) to 1.1% (95% CI 0.33% to 3.6%) and HPV31/33/45/52/58 declined from 11.0% (95% CI 9.3% to 13.1%) to 4.5% (95% CI 2.2% to 8.9%) over the same ages. The percentage of women with 1+ incident HPV of any, oncogenic, non-oncogenic and vaccine-preventable (HPV16/18, HPV31/33/45, HPV31/33/45/52/58, and HPV6/11) types peaked <1 year after FSI and steadily declined with increasing time since FSI (p for trends <0.001). We observed similar patterns for model estimated HPV prevalences. CONCLUSION: Young adult women may benefit from HPV vaccination if newly acquired vaccine-preventable oncogenic infections lead to cervical precancer and cancer. HPV vaccination targeting this population may provide additional opportunities for primary prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00128661.

Type-specific concurrent anogenital HPV detection among young women and MSM attending Dutch sexual health clinics.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate type-specific concurrent anogenital human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and examine associations with concurrent detection. METHODS: Data from a Dutch repeated cross-sectional study among young sexual health clinic visitors (Papillomavirus Surveillance among STI clinic Youngsters in the Netherlands) between 2009 and 2019 were used. Cohen's kappa was used to assess the degree of type-specific concordance of HPV detection between anal and genital sites for 25 HPV genotypes for women and men who have sex with men (MSM) separately. Associations with type-specific concurrent HPV were identified. Receptive anal intercourse (RAI) was forced into the model to investigate its influence. RESULTS: Among women (n=1492), type-specific concurrent anogenital detection was common; kappa was above 0.4 for 20 genotypes. Among MSM (n=614), kappa was <0.4 for all genotypes. The only significant association with type-specific concurrent anogenital detection among women was genital chlamydia (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2). RAI was not associated. CONCLUSIONS: Type-specific concurrent anogenital HPV detection was common among young women, and uncommon among MSM. For women, concurrent HPV detection was associated with genital chlamydia. Our results are suggestive of autoinoculation of HPV among women.

Longitudinal uptake of the human papillomavirus vaccine among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in British Columbia, Canada 2012-2019.

OBJECTIVES: In 2015, a publicly funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was implemented for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) up to age 26 years in British Columbia, Canada. We assessed trends and correlates of HPV vaccine uptake from 2012 to 2019 in a cohort of gbMSM in Vancouver. METHODS: We recruited sexually active gbMSM aged ≥16 years using respondent-driven sampling from February 2012 to February 2015 and followed them until July 2019. We evaluated self-reported HPV vaccine trends using mixed-effects logistic regression and identified factors associated with uptake using multivariable mixed-effects Poisson regression. RESULTS: A total of 719 participants were recruited and completed the baseline visit, of whom 549 were unvaccinated with at least one follow-up visit. The median age was 33 years and 23% were living with HIV. HPV vaccination increased from 4% in 2012 to 28% in 2019 (p<0.001) among gbMSM >26 years, and from 9% in 2012 to 20% in 2017 (p<0.001) among gbMSM ≤26 years. Vaccination uptake increased after September 2015, following vaccination policy expansion (adjusted rate ratio (aRR)=1.82, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.12). In multivariable models, increased vaccination was associated with age ≤26 years vs ≥45 years (aRR=3.90; 95% CI 1.75 to 8.70), age 27-44 vs ≥45 years (aRR=2.86; 95% CI 1.46 to 5.62), involvement in gay community sports teams (aRR=2.31; 95% CI 1.15 to 4.64) and other groups (aRR=1.71; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.79), awareness of HIV-postexposure prophylaxis (aRR=5.50; 95% CI 1.31 to 23.09), recent sexually transmitted infection testing (aRR=2.72; 95% CI 1.60 to 4.60) and recent sex-work (aRR=2.59; 95% CI 1.08 to 6.19). CONCLUSIONS: Although we observed increases in HPV vaccination uptake from 2012, by 2019 HPV vaccination still remained below 30% among gbMSM in Vancouver, BC. Additional interventions are needed to increase vaccine uptake.

Sexual behaviours associated with incident high-risk anal human papillomavirus among gay and bisexual men.

OBJECTIVE: High-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) causes anal cancer, which disproportionately affects gay and bisexual men (GBM). We examined sexual behaviours associated with incident anal HRHPV in an observational cohort study of GBM in Sydney, Australia. METHODS: GBM aged 35 years and above were enrolled in the Study of the Prevention of Anal Cancer. Detailed information on sexual practices in the last 6 months, including receptive anal intercourse (RAI) and non-intercourse receptive anal practices, was collected. Anal human papillomavirus (HPV) testing was performed at the baseline and three annual follow-up visits. Risk factors for incident HRHPV were determined by Cox regression using the Wei-Lin-Weissfeld method. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2015, 617 men were recruited and 525 who had valid HPV results at baseline and at least one follow-up visit were included in the analysis. The median age was 49 years (IQR 43-56) and 188 (35.8%) were HIV-positive. On univariable analysis, incident anal HRHPV was associated with being HIV-positive (p<0.001), having a higher number of recent RAI partners regardless of condom use (p<0.001 for both), preference for the receptive position during anal intercourse (p=0.014) and other non-intercourse receptive anal sexual practices, including rimming, fingering and receptive use of sex toys (p<0.05 for all). In multivariable analyses, being HIV-positive (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.85, p=0.009) and reporting condom-protected RAI with a higher number of sexual partners (p<0.001) remained significantly associated with incident HRHPV. When stratified by recent RAI, non-intercourse receptive anal practices were not associated with incident HRHPV in men who reported no recent RAI. CONCLUSION: GBM living with HIV and those who reported RAI were at increased of incident anal HRHPV. Given the substantial risk of anal cancer and the difficulty in mitigating the risk of acquiring anal HRHPV, HPV vaccination should be considered among sexually active older GBM. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ANZCTR365383.

Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after vaccination against human papillomavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 1 January 2000 to 4 April 2020.

BackgroundGuillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune disease that can follow viral infections and has in a few cases been linked to vaccinations. Pre-licensure clinical trials did not observe an association between human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and GBS, a post-marketing study from 2017 reported an increased relative risk.AimWe assessed the risk of GBS after HPV vaccination through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.MethodsWe searched Embase, MEDLINE and Cochrane for studies reporting on the risk of GBS after HPV vaccination in individuals aged ≥ 9 years, published between 1 January 2000 and 4 April 2020, excluding studies without a comparator group. Seven studies reporting relative effect sizes were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. We assessed quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. Study protocol was registered (PROSPERO No. #CRD42019123533).ResultsOf 602 identified records, we included 25 studies. Based on over 10 million reports, cases of GBS were rare. In 22 studies no increased risk was observed, while in three studies a signal of increased risk of GBS after HPV vaccination was identified. Meta-analysis yielded a pooled random-effects ratio of 1.21 (95% CI: 0.60-2.43); I2 = 72% (95% CI: 36-88). This translates to a number needed to harm of one million to be vaccinated to generate one GBS case. Quality of evidence was very low.ConclusionsThe absolute and relative risk of GBS after HPV vaccination is very low and lacks statistical significance. This is reassuring for the already implemented vaccination programmes and should be used in respective communication activities.

Timing, number, and type of sexual partners associated with risk of oropharyngeal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Case-control studies from the early 2000s demonstrated that human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-OPC) is a distinct entity associated with number of oral sex partners. Using contemporary data, we investigated novel risk factors (sexual debut behaviors, exposure intensity, and relationship dynamics) and serological markers on odds of HPV-OPC. METHODS: HPV-OPC patients and frequency-matched controls were enrolled in a multicenter study from 2013 to 2018. Participants completed a behavioral survey. Characteristics were compared using a chi-square test for categorical variables and a t test for continuous variables. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 163 HPV-OPC patients and 345 controls were included. Lifetime number of oral sex partners was associated with significantly increased odds of HPV-OPC (>10 partners: odds ratio [OR], 4.3 [95% CI, 2.8-6.7]). After adjustment for number of oral sex partners and smoking, younger age at first oral sex (<18 vs >20 years: aOR, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.1-3.2]) and oral sex intensity (>5 sex-years: aOR, 2.8 [95% CI, 1.1-7.5]) remained associated with significantly increased odds of HPV-OPC. Type of sexual partner such as older partners when a case was younger (OR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1-2.6]) or having a partner who had extramarital sex (OR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.1-2.4]) was associated with HPV-OPC. Seropositivity for antibodies to HPV16 E6 (OR, 286 [95% CI, 122-670]) and any HPV16 E protein (E1, E2, E6, E7; OR, 163 [95% CI, 70-378]) was associated with increased odds of HPV-OPC. CONCLUSION: Number of oral sex partners remains a strong risk factor for HPV-OPC; however, timing and intensity of oral sex are novel independent risk factors. These behaviors suggest additional nuances of how and why some individuals develop HPV-OPC.

Prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral mucosal lesions in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of oral lesions is controversial. There has been no comprehensive study about HPV prevalence in Iran. This systematic review and meta-analysis were aimed at finding HPV prevalence of oral lesions and normal oral mucosa in Iran. International (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) and national (Iranmedex, Irandoc, and SID) databases were searched systematically until October 2020. Studies that examined the prevalence of HPV in oral lesions by polymerase chain reaction method were included. The heterogeneity of articles was assessed with the Cochran test and I-Square statistics. The prevalence rate of HPV was calculated using a random-effect model. Of 3729 initially searched articles, 29 articles were eligible for inclusion. The overall prevalence of HPV in oral lesions was 21%. The prevalence was the highest in Rasht (50%) city. Lip lesions had the highest HPV prevalence (40%). According to the classification of lesions, the highest prevalence was of precancerous lesions (29%) and the lowest in normal mucosa (8%). Well-differentiated tumors showed a higher prevalence than poorly-differentiated ones. The highest prevalence of HPV was hairy leukoplakia (70%) and the lowest was of pyogenic granuloma (6%). Also, the prevalence was 31% in oral squamous cell carcinoma. There are differences between HPV prevalence according to the geographical area, intraoral location, type of lesion, and grading. As HPV prevalence was fairly high, further attention to vaccination and treatment for HPV in Iran, as a potential risk factor for oral precancerous and cancerous lesions is recommended.

The effect of the Affordable Care Act dependent coverage provision on HPV vaccine uptake in young adult women, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2016.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine protects against cancers caused by HPV. The study objective was to examine the effect of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) dependent child coverage provision on HPV vaccination initiation, HPV vaccine completion, HPV infection, and health insurance coverage among young women. Using cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2172 female participants were included. The impact of the dependent coverage provision on the four outcomes was examined using difference-in-difference analyses with linear probability regressions, controlling for race/ethnicity, age, income, head of household education, and family employment. ACA exposure group was operationalized by age, with those targeted by the dependent coverage provision (ages 19-25) serving as the intervention group and those similar in age but not targeted (ages 18 and 26) serving as the control group. From 2007 to 2016, HPV vaccine initiation, HPV vaccine completion, and health insurance prevalence increased and HPV infection prevalence decreased. In the difference-in-difference adjusted models, ACA exposure was not associated with HPV vaccine initiation (0.045 percentage points [95% CI -0.087, 0.178]), completion (-0.044 percentage points [95% CI -0.152, 0.063]), HPV 16/18 infection (-0.051 percentage points [95% CI -0.123, 0.021]), or health insurance (0.065 percentage points [95% CI -0.032, 0.162]) among women aged 19 to 25. The dependent coverage provision may not have addressed relevant barriers to HPV vaccination. However, given that the effect of the dependent coverage provision on HPV vaccination and health insurance has been demonstrated previously, small sample size is a concern.

Relationship between GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and HPV infection: a systematic review.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer, although not the only one. The allelic polymorphism of enzymes acting on carcinogen metabolism has shown to influence the risk of both intraepithelial lesions and cervical carcinogenesis. Several studies found an association between GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes and risk of cancer. This research aimed to review studies addressing the relationship between GSTT1 and GSTM1 and HPV infection in women, with or without cervical pathologies. A database search was conducted in four databases - PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and Virtual Health Library - using the following descriptors: Glutathione transferase, HPV, and Genetic polymorphism. In total, we found 319 studies. After screening titles and abstracts, 27 articles were selected for full-text read, among which 20 were excluded and 7 were included in the review. No study has exclusively approached the relationship between the virus and GSTM1/GSTT1 variants. However, studies investigating the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and cervical lesions or cancer found a probable relationship between them and infections with high-risk oncogenic subtypes. Although inconclusive, GSTT1 null alleles were more common in women with more aggressive HPV than GSTM1.

Human papillomavirus prevalence in oral potentially malignant disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to provide pooled estimates of human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and evaluate the impact of presence of epithelial dysplasia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for studies that examined the prevalence of HPV DNA in OPMD tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Across 52 eligible studies (2,677 cases), we found an overall pooled HPV prevalence of 22.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 16.6-29.0). Between-study heterogeneity was 93%. When stratified by subgroup, the pooled HPV prevalence in leukoplakia (1,232 cases) was 20.2% (95% CI 11.2-31.1), lichen planus (767 cases) 23.0% (95% CI 15.0-32.2), oral submucous fibrosis (238 cases) 28.6% (95% CI 23.0-34.5), proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (60 cases) 24.7% (95% CI 1.8-62.0), and OPMD unspecified (377 cases) 25.4% (95% CI 16.2-35.8). Information on presence of epithelial dysplasia was available in 19 studies, and the results did not vary substantially between non-dysplastic and dysplastic samples. HPV16 was the predominant genotype among HPV-positive OPMD cases (48.2%, 95% CI 31.4-65.2). CONCLUSION: We found a pooled HPV DNA prevalence of 22.5% in OPMD cases with great between-study heterogeneity. The HPV prevalence appeared to be comparable across subgroups and independent of epithelial dysplasia.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between periodontitis and oral high-risk human papillomavirus infection.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) is increasing globally. Common oral conditions such as periodontitis may contribute. We undertook a meta-analysis to quantify the association between periodontitis, oral HPV and OPSCCs. METHODS: Multiple electronic databases were searched until 12 February 2020. Studies conducted in males and/or females aged ≥ 18 years that examined periodontitis, periodontal procedures, oral HPV infection, and where possible, oral cancers, were eligible. Meta-analyses were conducted and the GRADE approach was used to examine the quality of evidence. RESULTS: Of 2709 studies identified, 13 met the eligibility criteria. Five studies could be included in the meta-analyses. There was no significant increase in the odds of high-risk oral HPV infection among individuals with confirmed periodontitis (odds ratio 4.71, 95% confidence interval 0.57-38.97). Individuals with periodontitis had a 3.65 times higher odds of having any type of oral HPV infection compared with those without periodontitis (95% confidence interval 1.67-8.01). The overall body of evidence was rated as low to very-low certainty. CONCLUSION: Meta-analysis confirms there is a positive association between periodontitis and oral HPV infection, although the overall quality of this evidence is low. Evidence for an association between periodontitis and high-risk oral HPV infection is inconclusive.