Examining the association between coping strategies and perceived social support among Vietnamese infertile women undergoing IVF treatment.

The purpose of the study was to examine the association between coping strategies and perceived social support among women diagnosed with infertility and undergoing IVF treatment. A total of 383 Vietnamese women were invited to participate in this study. Participants completed a questionnaire consisting of The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Copenhagen Multi-centre Psychosocial Infertility coping scales and the Fertility Problem Inventory, and other relevant questions. The results reveal that coping strategies significantly predict some specific types of perceived social supports among women undergoing IVF treatment. Specifically, passive-avoidance coping (PAC) and active-avoidance coping (AAC) predicts a decrease in receiving support from family and friends, whereas active-confronting coping (ACC) predicts an increase in receiving support from these two sources of support. Women who demonstrate increased meaning-based coping (MBC) received all three sources of support including family, friends, and significant others support. Despite some limitations, this study is useful in understanding how coping strategies among women undergoing IVF treatment affects the social support received in the Vietnamese social context. It also emphasizes the importance of psychological support for women facing IVF treatment distress.

Health Information Source Characteristics Matter: Adapting the Dissemination of an HPV Vaccine Intervention to Reach Latina and Vietnamese Women.

Latina and Vietnamese women are disproportionately burdened by human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer and underutilize the HPV vaccine, which is an effective cancer prevention measure. To inform the adaptation of a National Cancer Institute's evidence-based cancer control program, HPV Vaccine Decision Narratives, and because of the rapidly changing information concerning consumption patterns of young adults, we elicited preferences and characteristics associated with women's interest in various health information sources, specifically for HPV vaccination. We conducted 50 interviews with young Latina and Vietnamese women at two Planned Parenthood health centers in Southern California. Interview questions were guided by the Channel Complementarity Theory and focused on understanding the multiple communication channels women turn to for health, and the characteristics that motivate their use. Our results showed that Latina and Vietnamese women turn to many sources, from online and social media to school health classes, mothers, and doctors. Specific characteristics that motivate women's online use of health information included immediacy and access, convenience and credibility. When receiving HPV vaccine information, privacy, avoiding information overload, interpersonal engagement, and receiving health information from trusted sources was important. Our study advances the prevention literature by elevating the role of platform delivery considerations and emphasizing preferences to effectively reach Latina and Vietnamese women, who are disproportionately burdened by HPV cancers and are less aware of HPV vaccine prevention. These results can be used to further inform the dissemination of this cancer control program. Adaptation of the program should include changes to its delivery, such that trusted sources are used, and dissemination is coordinated to send a consistent message across multiple communication methods.

Trends and changes in the knowledge of mother-to-child transmission means of HIV among Vietnamese women aged 15-49 years and its associated factors: findings from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2000-2014.

This study aims to characterize trends and changes in the prevalence of knowledge of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) means of HIV as well as to identify its associated socioeconomic factors among Vietnamese women. This is a repeated cross-sectional study using data from the Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys 2000, 2006, 2011 and 2014. We found that a slow increase was found in the trend of adequate knowledge of HIV transmission means from mother to child among women between 2000 and 2014 (41.81% in 2000, 45.66% in 2006, 49.58% in 2011, and 46.83% in 2014). Most women knew that HIV could be transmitted during pregnancy, however, more than half of women did not know all three ways of MTCT. Socioeconomic factors including age, ethnicity, education level, and economic status as factors that affected full knowledge of MTCT means. The study helps to design public health programs to raise 15-49-year-old women's knowledge in HIV transmission means from mother to child as well as can provide a quite strong case for policy adaptation to improve women's health in the time to come.

Suc Khoe là Hanh Phúc (Health is Happiness): promoting mammography and pap test adherence among Vietnamese nail salon workers.

Vietnamese nail salon workers have low cancer screening rates and confront multiple socioeconomic disparities as immigrants to the US. The Suc Khoe là Hanh Phúc (Vietnamese for "Health is Happiness") program was adapted to the cultural and work needs of this population and implemented at nail salons to increase cancer screening adherence. A total of 186 study participants were recruited from 59 nail salons in a neighborhood with mostly Asian population. After being pretested, workers were enrolled in a cancer education session delivered by Vietnamese lay health workers. Non-adherent cases were offered navigation to cancer screening services to a local federally qualified health center. Participants completed a posttest survey five months, on average. At posttest, navigated non-adherent participants were more likely to report a recent Pap test compared to cases not navigated (83.8% vs. 50.0%), an effect not observed for mammography uptake (77.3% vs. 71.4%). Time in the US, marital status, insurance status, having a primary care provider and/or a gynecologist were significantly associated with cancer screening adherence. Low rates of adherence to cancer screening among Vietnamese nail salons workers can be improved by community based programs addressing cultural and work-related barriers confronted by this population.

Cultural beliefs about breast cancer in Vietnamese women.

BACKGROUND: This study examined factors influencing cultural beliefs associated with later-stage detection of breast cancer and determined what factors influence those cultural beliefs in Vietnamese women residing in a rural Vietnamese community. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 289 women aged 20-64 years from 12 villages using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Cultural beliefs were measured with a 13-item cultural beliefs scale consisting of four domains-characteristics of breast lumps, self-help techniques, faith-based beliefs, and futility of treatment. Data were collected in February 2017 and analyzed using chi-square tests, nonparametric tests, Fisher's exact tests, and multiple linear regression analyses with SPSS/WIN 24.0 statistical software. RESULTS: Although the total score was relatively low (3.4 out of 13), cultural beliefs that could contribute to later-stage breast cancer were identified. Younger women (ß = .15, p = .016) and women with a lower income (ß = .21, p < .001) held more erroneous cultural beliefs as compared to their counterparts. Most women believed they would not get breast cancer if they took care of themselves. More than one-third held cultural beliefs about breast lumps, thinking they would need to be painful and/or actively growing to be breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the urgent need for education concerning breast cancer health promotion, including breast cancer assessment as well as guidance on evidence-based and up-to-date detection measures to change rural Vietnamese women's cultural beliefs.

The Effects of an Educational Intervention on Preventing Cervical Cancer Among Vietnamese Women in Southern Taiwan.

This paper aims to conduct and evaluate an educational intervention on preventing cervical cancer among married immigrant women of Vietnamese origin. The study design was a quasi-experimental method with two groups. In total, 260 married immigrant women of Vietnamese origin with national health insurance at least 30 years of age were recruited from November 2013 to January 2015 in southern Taiwan. The effects of the educational intervention, including cervical cancer and Papanicolaou test knowledge, attitudes towards cervical cancer, fatalism, barriers to receiving Papanicolaou tests, intention for receiving Papanicolaou tests within the next year, and intention for receiving Papanicolaou tests within the next 3 years, were evaluated. Repeated measures analyses of variance showed significant interactions between the intervention group and time for cervical cancer knowledge, knowledge of Papanicolaou test, attitudes towards cervical cancer, and intention for receiving a Papanicolaou test within the next 3 years; in addition, 71.4 % reported being satisfied or very satisfied with the intervention. The results of this study can provide information for governments to make appropriate health policies for screening behavior of cervical cancer, increase healthcare professionals' competencies towards Vietnamese women, and increase Papanicolaou test screening rates to decrease cervical cancer mortality. Effective interventions may require particular consideration of married immigrant women.

Sex hormone levels as determinants of bone mineral density and osteoporosis in Vietnamese women and men.

This study sought to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis and the role of sex hormone levels in the determination of bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis in a Vietnamese population of women and men. The cross-sectional study involved 269 women and 222 men aged 13-83 years, who were randomly selected from urban and rural areas in northern Vietnam. Serum concentrations of estradiol and testosterone were analyzed, and BMD was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. We found that the prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women was 18, 17, and 37 % for the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine, respectively. For men aged 50 years or older, the corresponding values were 8, 7, and 12 %. In men, the most important predictors of BMD for the femoral neck and total hip were age, body mass index, and serum levels of estradiol. For the BMD of the lumbar spine, testosterone also had a significant influence. Determinants of osteoporosis in men for the total hip and lumbar spine were age, weight, and serum concentrations of estradiol and testosterone. In postmenopausal women, age, weight, and residence (urban vs rural) were the most important predictors of BMD and osteoporosis. For all women (including those of reproductive age), serum levels of estradiol were also significant. These data suggest that the prevalence of osteoporosis in the Vietnamese population is high also in men, and that estradiol levels are essential for bone mass in both men and women. The results should have clinical implications and increase awareness of an important health issue within Vietnamese society.

The genetic landscape of chromosomal aberrations in 3776 Vietnamese fetuses with clinical anomalies during pregnancy.

Background: Copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) is a powerful tool to discover structural genomic variation, but limitations associated with its retrospective study design and inadequate diversity of participants can be impractical for clinical application. Aim: This study aims to use CNV-seq to assess chromosomal aberrations in pregnant Vietnamese women. Materials & methods: A large-scale study was conducted on 3776 pregnant Vietnamese women with abnormal ultrasound findings. Results: Chromosomal aberrations were found in 448 (11.86%) women. Of these, 274 (7.26%) had chromosomal aneuploidies and 174 (4.61%) carried pathogenic/likely pathogenic CNVs. Correlations were established between chromosomal aberrations and various phenotypic markers. Conclusion: This comprehensive clinical study illuminates the pivotal role of CNV-seq in prenatal diagnosis for pregnancies featuring fetal ultrasound anomalies.

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Clinicopathological Risk Factors of Unfavorable Outcomes in Vietnamese Women with Primary Invasive Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: The rate of unfavorable outcomes, such as recurrence and death, in women with invasive breast cancer varies widely across countries and populations. Identifying those with high-risk profiles is critical so that early detection, prediction, and intervention can be made to improve their survival rate. Therefore, our study evaluated the rate of unfavorable outcomes and its association with clinicopathological characteristics in Vietnamese women with primary invasive breast cancer. Methods: A retrospective open cohort study was conducted on Vietnamese women with invasive breast cancer who underwent a mastectomy and were regularly followed up by the hospitals. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the rate of unfavorable outcomes to take into account the follow-up time of each patient. Univariate and multiple Cox regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between unfavorable outcomes and clinicopathological characteristics. Results: Among 204 women included in the data analysis, the mean age was 54.4 ± 10.9 years. The majority of patients were diagnosed with early-stage (76.5%) or locally advanced (22.5%) breast cancer. The 5-year rate of unfavorable outcomes was 12.8%, and the 8-year rate was 31.7%. Patients with advanced stages had a higher risk of unfavorable outcomes compared to those with early stages (IA, IIA, T2N1). Patients with lymph node metastases and those with triple-negative molecular classification had significantly higher rates of unfavorable outcomes. Conclusion: Although Vietnamese women with breast cancer have a relatively low rate of unfavorable outcomes compared to other countries, findings from this study emphasize the importance of early detection and underscore the need for targeted interventions for patients with advanced stages, lymph node metastases, and triple-negative breast cancer to optimize their treatment, outcomes, and overall prognosis.

Assessment of the validity and reliability of the Vietnamese version of the Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cultural adaptability and psychometric properties of the Vietnamese version of the Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire (BCSBQ). Methods: A total of 253 women aged 18 years and older with no history of breast cancer was included in the analysis. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit for the hypothesized three-factor structure of the original version of the BCSBQ. The results indicated that the frequency of women's breast cancer screening practices and their educational levels were significantly associated with "Attitudes towards general check-ups". Demonstrating the Cronbach's α of the three subscales ranged between 0.79 and 0.85 while the corrected item-total correlations for the hypothesized subscales ranged from 0.38 to 0.74, constituted a result which indicated that the Vietnamese version of the BCSBQ had satisfactory validity and internal consistency. Conclusions: The Vietnamese version of the BCSBQ is a culturally appropriate, valid, and reliable instrument for examining the beliefs, knowledge, and attitudes about breast cancer and breast cancer screening practices among Vietnamese women living in Australia.

Evaluating Clinical Features in Intracavitary Uterine Pathologies among Vietnamese Women Presenting with Peri-and Postmenopausal Bleeding: A Bicentric Observational Descriptive Analysis.

Background: Intracavitary uterine pathologies (IUPs) may be resulting in vaginal bleeding in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Especially, malignant disease needed to be investigated due to its adverse impact on the quality of mid-life women as well as the burden of health-care costs in low- and middle-income countries such as Vietnam. Objective: Thereby, through this study, we aimed to assess the major clinical features of IUPs in women with perimenopausal and postmenopausal bleeding women. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study at Hue University Hospital and Hue Central Hospital from June 2016 to June 2019. The study enrolled 150 women above 40 years old involving with intrauterine bleeding. Results: The mean age of the study population was 51.51 ± 7.65. The most common symptom in perimenopausal women was menorrhagia, up to 62.2% of cases. In addition to intrauterine bleeding, there were 54.7% of cases had at least one other functional symptom, they were pale skin (35.9%), and lower abdominal pain (31.3). Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) was the most common pathology in both groups with perimenopausal and postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), respectively, 66.7% and 51.7%. In PMB group, endometrial cancer (EC) occupied approximately 38.3% following EH. Our study revealed age, menstrual characteristics, and diabetes in relation to malignant disease. Other factors seemed to be less associated with EC. Conclusions: Menorrhagia was the most common type of abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal women. Besides vaginal bleeding, others symptoms such as pale skin, pelvic pain, and fatigue were also common. Length day and blood loss before hospitalization in perimenopausal women were greater significantly than that in postmenopausal women. Age, menstrual characteristics, and diabetes increased the risk of EC in women with PMB.

Is Pap Test Awareness Critical to Pap Test Uptake in Women Living in Rural Vietnam?

INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among Vietnamese females. By detecting precancerous cells, Pap test screening plays a critical role in the fight against cervical cancer. The present study aims to investigate health-related factors associated with receipt of Pap test among Vietnamese females living in rural Vietnam, particularly examining the correlation between awareness level of the Pap test and the receiving of Pap test. METHODS: Anderson's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use was utilized as the present study's theoretical framework. A self-administrated questionnaire was completed among 193 females residing in Quantri City, Vietnam. RESULTS: Only 15.5% (N=30) of participants in our sample have had a Pap test. Pap test awareness (OR = 18.38, p <.001) was a strong predictor of Pap test receipt. Participants who had heard about Pap test were 18.38 times more likely to take a Pap test compared to those who had no prior knowledge. Besides the awareness, variables including employment (OR = .18, p <.05), and health insurance coverage (OR = 10.75, p <.05) were significantly associated with Pap test uptake. CONCLUSION: Findings from the present study suggests interventions should be provided through public health efforts to enhance awareness of Pap test by aiming at increasing primary prevention of cervical cancer, especially among Vietnamese women living in rural areas, in order to reduce cancer health disparities.

Sexual self-disclosure, internalized homophobia and depression symptoms among sexual minority women in Vietnam.

This study used an online survey of a sample of sexual minority Vietnamese women (N = 302, Mean = 21.23) who self-identified as lesbian (48.7%), bisexual (42.2%), and other (8.9%). The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship among self-disclosure, internalized homophobia, and symptoms of depression. This topic has never before been studied in Vietnam. Structural equation modeling indicates that a higher level of self-disclosure with friends and coworkers leads to less self-stigmatization and less sexual prejudice. In addition, sexual minority women's self-disclosure affects all three aspects of depression (negative affect, positive affect, and interpersonal relationships).

Effect of a Nutrient-Rich, Food-Based Supplement Given to Rural Vietnamese Mothers Prior to or during Pregnancy on the Trajectories of Nutrient Biomarkers.

Nutrient interventions initiated after conception tend to have modest effects on maternal nutritional status and pregnancy outcomes. Thus, we compared the association between micronutrient intakes and the trajectories of their biomarkers before and during pregnancy. Data from a randomized trial of the effect of a nutrient-rich, food-based supplement given to 317 Vietnamese women prior to or during pregnancy on birth outcomes were used to assess nutrient intakes with biomarker trajectories of zinc, iron, folate, cobalamin, and vitamin A using linear mixed regression models. The circulating plasma or serum trajectories of all five micronutrients were associated to their baseline levels (p < 0.0001). Plasma zinc trajectories were also related to farm work (p = 0.024). Cobalamin and vitamin A trajectories were associated with gestational weight gain (p = 0.003 and p = -0.037, respectively). In this population of rural Vietnamese women, nutrient intakes during pregnancy did not affect biomarker trajectories. The primary determinant of each nutrient biomarker trajectory was its respective baseline level prior to conception.

Socioeconomic Inequalities in the HIV Testing during Antenatal Care in Vietnamese Women.

Although HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) testing for all women has been promoted by Vietnam's Ministry of Health since 2000, test acceptance rates in this country were reported to be less than 30% in the community. This country has been facing the barriers to approach the national services towards transmission prevention from mother to child including HIV testing during antenatal care (ANC) towards mothers. Here, we aim to assess the socioeconomic inequalities in HIV testing during ANC among Vietnamese women. This study used available data from the Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014. Overall, the prevalence of HIV testing during antenatal care was 30% and the concentrate index (CCI) was 0.1926. There was significant inequality between women classified as poor and rich, and when stratified by social characteristics, inequality was found in women aged 15-49 years (CCI: 0.4), living in rural areas (CCI: 0.3), belonging to ethnic minorities (CCI: 0.5) and having primary or less education (CCI: 0.4). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, ethnicity and socioeconomic status were significant factors associated with HIV testing during ANC. We found the prevalence of HIV testing during ANC was low, and its inequalities were associated with age, living area, ethnicity, education, and economic status.

Secular trends in HIV knowledge and attitudes among Vietnamese women based on the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2000, 2006, and 2011: what do we know and what should we do to protect them?

BACKGROUND: In Vietnam, women are at risk of HIV infection due to many factors. However, there is limited evidence about what women know and how they behave to protect themselves from HIV. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the trends in comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude, and associated factors among Vietnamese women from 2000 to 2011. DESIGN: Data from three waves of the Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (years 2000, 2006, and 2011) were used. Logistic regression methods examined factors associated with each of two dependent variables, HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitude toward HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: Although there was an increasing trend in basic HIV/AIDS knowledge and positive attitude toward the disease, in Vietnamese women in the general population over the survey years, the prevalence of women with basic HIV/AIDS knowledge and positive attitude toward HIV/AIDS was low. Multivariable models indicated that women who had higher levels of education, lived in urban areas, had higher economic status, and knew about places of HIV-related services were more likely to have good HIV/AIDS knowledge (e.g. in 2011, AOR's=3.01; 1.27; 1.88; 2.03, respectively). Women with higher educational attainment, knew about HIV services, and had better HIV knowledge were more likely to report positive attitude toward HIV/AIDS (e.g. in 2011, AOR's=2.50; 1.72; 2.23, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study recommends that public health programs for the control of HIV, such as behavioral change communication campaigns or social policies for women, should focus not only in improving the quality of existing HIV/AIDS counseling and testing services but also on expanding coverage to increase accessibility to these services for women in rural areas. In addition, efforts to raise the level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS and improve attitude toward the disease should be undertaken simultaneously. The results of this study can help inform HIV control policies and practices in other developing countries.

Awareness and knowledge of osteoporosis in Vietnamese women.

PURPOSE: Vietnamese women are at particular risk of osteoporosis and its complications. This study examined osteoporosis knowledge and awareness among Vietnamese women who have accessed health care. METHODS: A sample of 217 women, 13 to 76 years of age, who were attending 1 of 2 health care facilities in Da Nang, Vietnam, between November and December 2009 completed a questionnaire assessing their awareness of osteoporosis and measuring their knowledge using a 30-item instrument reflecting 9 knowledge domains (eg, risk factors, diagnosis, prognosis). RESULTS: A majority (81.6%) of the women had heard of osteoporosis. Awareness was associated with education, working in health care, and having a family member with osteoporosis. On average, Vietnamese women answered 49% of the knowledge questions correctly; scores ranged from 0 to 26 questions correct out of 30 (mean = 14.71 ± 5.2, median = 15). Mean knowledge scores were higher among those reporting a family member with osteoporosis, nurses (vs other vocations), and women with a high school education or greater (relative to those who had not completed high school). More than 90% of the women expressed interest in a prevention and treatment program. CONCLUSIONS: Vietnamese women may have heard of osteoporosis, yet they would benefit from education targeting prevention and treatment of the disease.

Association between high sensitivity C-reactive protein and dietary intake in Vietnamese young women.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a strong independent predictor of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We evaluated the relationship between hsCRP and dietary intake in apparently healthy young women living in southern Vietnam. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Serum hsCRP was measured and dietary intake data were obtained using the 1-day 24-hour recall method in women (n = 956; mean age, 25.0 ± 5.7 years) who participated in the International Collaboration Study for the Construction of Asian Cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) in 2011. RESULTS: Women in the high risk group (> 3 mg/L) consumed fewer fruits and vegetables, total plant food, potassium, and folate than those in the low risk group (< 1 mg/L). A multiple regression analysis after adjusting for covariates revealed a significant negative association between hsCRP and fruit and vegetable consumption. A logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) of having a high hsCRP level in women with the highest quartiles of consumption of fruits and vegetables [OR, 0.391; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.190-0.807], potassium [OR, 0.425; 95% CI, 0.192-0.939] and folate [OR, 0.490; 95% CI, 0.249-0.964] were significantly lower than those in the lowest quartiles. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, in young Vietnamese women, an increased consumption of fruit and vegetables might be beneficial for serum hsCRP, a risk factor for future CVD events.

Relationships of acculturative stress, depression, and social support to health-related quality of life in Vietnamese immigrant women in South Korea.

PURPOSE: Promoting the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important aim of nursing care for immigrant women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of HRQOL and its relationships with social support, acculturative stress, and depression among Vietnamese immigrant women. METHOD: A total of 216 Vietnamese immigrant women residing in South Korea participated in the study. Participants completed a series of questionnaires, including measures of social support, acculturative stress, depression, and HRQOL. For statistical analyses, a path analysis was applied. RESULTS: Social support, acculturative stress, depression, and HRQOL were interrelated. Acculturative stress and depression directly influenced the mental health component of HRQOL, whereas social support indirectly influenced HRQOL through acculturative stress and depression. Only depression directly influenced the physical health component of HRQOL. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that social support and acculturative stress are related factors in preventing depression and promoting HRQOL, especially mental health, among Vietnamese immigrant women.

A Comparative Study on the Postpartum Depression of Vietnamese Marriage Immigrant Women and Korean Women.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine postpartum depression of Vietnamese married immigrant women and Korean women, and to identify factors that affect postpartum depression. METHODS: Subjects of one hundred and thirty-five women who had delivered a baby within 3 years were part of the study. Of these women, sixty were Vietnamese married immigrant women and sixty -seven were Korean women living in Gangwon Province. Kim's (2005) Korean version of Cox's (1987) EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) was used to evaluate postpartum depression. The reliability of the entire subjects was Cronbach's alpha=.677, Vietnamese women .743, and Korean women .654. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the two groups in demographic data and obstetric history. There were significant differences in EPDS (t=-0.236, p=.814) of the type of household between the two groups. Korean women experienced more depression in the items of EPDS 1,2,5, and Vietnamese women experienced more depression in the items of EPDS 7, 8, and 10 when comparing item by item. The influencing factors of EPDS in entire subjects were marriage type, satisfaction of relationship with the husband and other household extended family members, and emotional experience during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Postpartum depression has occurred regardless of ethnicity, therefore prevention programs targeted at depression, and family support programs should be developed for all childbearing women.