[Research progress and application status of circumcision].

Circumcision is the simplest, most commonly used and most effective treatment for male prepuce overlength, phimosis and other diseases. There has also been a shift from traditional circumcision to simpler, faster, less invasive, instrument-based methods. This paper reviews the surgical methods of circumcision(Traditional circumcision、Electrosurgical circumcision、Laser circumcision、Sleeve circumcision, Dermotomy at the base of penis, Shangring, Gomco, Mogen, PlastiBell, PrePex, Alisklamp and Disposable circumcision suture apparatus), hoping to provide reference for clinicians to choose the appropriate circumcision methods for patients.

Influence of electronic and formulation variables on transdermal iontophoresis of tacrine hydrochloride.

Freshly excised rat skin and side-by-side permeation cells were used to study the effect of electronic and formulation variables on transdermal iontophoretic delivery of tacrine. Current strength at 0.1-0.3 mA was observed to be the driving force resulting in tacrine permation flux of 30.3-366.6 µg/cm(2)/h. Depot formation of tacrine and altered skin permeability resulted in post iontophoretic flux even after termination of applied current. Increase in the duration of current application did not show significant difference in tacrine permeation flux upto 6 h. Tacrine permeation was directly proportional to tacrine concentration upto 10 mg/ml but further increase in concentration (upto 20 mg/ml) exhibited permeation flux plateau. Buffer molarity had an inverse relationship on permeation flux and the presence of co-ions in formulation exhibited reduced permeation flux. Permeation flux decreased when pH of formulation was successively increased from 7.0 to 10.0 suggesting electromigration of tacrine. Alternate buffer systems including HEPES and Tris showed improved tacrine permeation due to their larger ion size compared to phosphate buffer ions. The results of this study show that transdermal tacrine permeation can be controlled by electronic and formulation variables which would be useful for the development of transdermal iontophoretic delivery of tacrine for the treatment of Alzehimer's disease.

In Situ Constructing a Catalytic Shell for Sulfur Cathode via Electrochemical Oxidative Polymerization.

Sluggish multiphase reaction kinetics and severe shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) are two major challenges facing lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, which largely prevent them from becoming a reality. Herein, a shell with catalytic function for sulfur cathode is in situ constructed through an ingenious electrochemical oxidative polymerization strategy by introducing hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene (HFPN) as additives, which suppresses the shuttle effect and promotes efficient sulfur conversion. The shell with abundant heteroatoms effectively confines polysulfides to the cathode matrix by chemically interacting with them to eliminate capacity degradation. Moreover, the shell exhibits high catalytic activities, which turns Li2S(2) into an activated state and facilitates its dissociation. The functionalized shell substantially advances the performance of Li-S batteries, thanks to efficient lithium-ion transportation and abundant adsorption-catalytic sites. As a result, Li-S batteries demonstrate superb resistance to self-discharge, ultrastable cycle performance, and greatly enhanced rate capability. Impressively, the batteries show an ultralow capacity decay rate of 0.034% throughout 700 cycles at 2C. They deliver a capacity of 517 mAh g-1 even at a 4C rate, exhibiting relieved electrochemical polarization and excellent sulfur utilization. This work provides an ingenious strategy to construct adsorption-catalytic nets for next-generation Li-S batteries with enhanced lifespan and electrochemical performance.

Homology modeling in drug discovery: Overview, current applications, and future perspectives.

Homology modeling is one of the computational structure prediction methods that are used to determine protein 3D structure from its amino acid sequence. It is considered to be the most accurate of the computational structure prediction methods. It consists of multiple steps that are straightforward and easy to apply. There are many tools and servers that are used for homology modeling. There is no single modeling program or server which is superior in every aspect to others. Since the functionality of the model depends on the quality of the generated protein 3D structure, maximizing the quality of homology modeling is crucial. Homology modeling has many applications in the drug discovery process. Since drugs interact with receptors that consist mainly of proteins, protein 3D structure determination, and thus homology modeling is important in drug discovery. Accordingly, there has been the clarification of protein interactions using 3D structures of proteins that are built with homology modeling. This contributes to the identification of novel drug candidates. Homology modeling plays an important role in making drug discovery faster, easier, cheaper, and more practical. As new modeling methods and combinations are introduced, the scope of its applications widens.

Current Applications of Gas Sensor Based on 2-D Nanomaterial: A Mini Review.

Gas sensor, as one of the most important devices to detect noxious gases, provides a vital way to monitor the concentration and environmental information of gas in order to guarantee the safety of production. Therefore, researches on high sensitivity, high selectivity, and high stability have become hot issues. Since the discovery of the nanomaterial, it has been increasingly applied to the gas sensor for its distinguishing surface performances. However, 0-D and 1-D nanomaterials, with limited electronic confinement effect and surface effect, cannot reach the requirement for the production of gas sensors. This paper gives an introduction about the current researching progress and development trend of 2-D nanomaterials, analyzes the common forms of 2-D nanoscale structure, and summarizes the mechanism of gas sensing. Then, widely concerned factors including morphological properties and crystalline structure of 2-D nanomaterial, impact of doped metal on the sensibility of gas sensors, impact of symmetry, and working temperature on the selectivity of gas sensors have been demonstrated in detail. In all, the detailed analysis above has pointed out a way for the development of new 2-D nanomaterial and enhancing the sensibility of gas sensors.

Current Application Status and Countermeasures of Antibiotics Irrational Use in China / 中国药师

In recent years,antibiotics have been playing more and more important roles in maintaining human health with the increasing variety and quantity.However,under the influence of different reasons caused by subjective or objective factors,antibiotics irrational use has induced bacterial resistance and adverse reactions,which are becoming more and more serious.The paper put forward the countermeasures of antibiotics irrational use and provided reference for rational use of antibiotics based on the present situation analysis in China and foreign experience in order to control the irrational use.