Temporomandibular joint disorders and associated factors in a Turkish pediatric population.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the presence and severity of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) signs and symptoms in a Turkish pediatric population, as well as their relationship to parafunctional behaviors, bruxism, malocclusion, anxiety, and sociodemographic traits. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with patients between the ages of 5-15. Demographic variables, TMD signs and symptoms, parafunctional habits, bruxism, and malocclusion were evaluated by clinical examination. Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI) was used to determine the presence and severity of TMD. State-Trait Anxiety Scale for Children (STAI-C) was used to evaluate the anxiety. Student t, Mann-Whitney U, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-two participants (85 girls, 77 boys) with a mean age of 10.03 ± 1.88 years were included. The frequency of the participants who reported signs/symptoms of TMD was 19.7% according to FAI scores. Logistic regression analysis with the associated factors showed a significant relationship between the presence of the signs/symptoms of TMD and parafunctional habits (OR 4.24, 95% CI 1.64-10.93), and the presence of signs/symptoms of anxiety (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.16). CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents who exhibit parafunctional behaviors and anxiety had a higher likelihood of having TMD signs/symptoms of varying degrees of severity.

Influence of psychiatric symptom profiles of parents on sleep bruxism intensity of their children.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of parental anxiety, depression levels and psychiatric symptom profiles of parents on the occurrence of sleep bruxism in children. MATERIAL & METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 94 children aged 6 to 12 years, divided into two groups: with sleep bruxism (bruxism group-BG) and without sleep bruxism (control group-CG). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), Symptom Checklist and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-Parent (SCARED-P) scale were used to assess anxiety and depression levels of parents. All questionnaires were filled out by parents of children. Intraoral and extraoral examinations were carried out of children in the clinic and sleep bruxism was determined. All stress conditions were investigated by logistic regression analysis. In the comparison of the qualitative data, chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used. RESULTS: The data revealed that participants whose mothers had high anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity scores, and participants whose fathers had a medium level of obsessive-compulsive disorder were more likely to have an SB problem (p < 0.05). According to the results of BDI, the fathers' results between the BG and the CG were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, the mothers' results between the BG and the CG were statistically significant (p < 0.05) When all subscales of SCARED-P were evaluated, the separation anxiety disorder subscore was statistically significant in the bruxism group. CONCLUSION: The psychological status of parents is a significant risk factor associated with SB development in school-age children.

A worldwide bibliometric analysis of the research trends and hotspots of bruxism in adults during 1991-2021.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: With the increasing attention to bruxism, the research on bruxism is increasing rapidly. However, there is still a lack of systematic bibliometric analysis in the field of bruxism in adults. This study aimed to comprehensively explore and visualize the global trends and research hotspots in the field of bruxism in adults during 1991-2021. METHODS: The study searched the literature published during 1991-2021 in the Web of Science Core Collection database without language restrictions. VOSviewer, CiteSpace and Microsoft Excel were applied to analyse the authors, institutions, journals, countries, cited references, keywords and other information of the included publications, and construct visualized cooperation networks. RESULTS: A total of 878 articles were finally included. The top two most productive authors in the past 30 years were Lobbezoo F and Manfredini D. ACTA-Amsterdam, Univ Sao Paulo, Univ Helsinki, Univ Padua, Univ Montreal, et al. were prominent institutions in this field. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation made outstanding contributions in this field. The United States produced the most documents in this field, followed by Brazil. Both countries and authors cooperated closely around the world. The two most cited articles focused on the definition, assessment and classification of bruxism. In recent years, diagnostic criteria and stress have begun to receive a lot of attention. CONCLUSION: From 1991 to 2021, the attention to bruxism in adults continued to increase. Diagnostic criteria and stress may be potential research hotspots in this field. This study references relevant scholars on development trends and research hotspots.

The association between orthodontic treatment and temporomandibular disorders diagnosis and disease characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The association between orthodontic treatment and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) has been contentious in the literature. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the associations between orthodontic treatment and TMD diagnosis and diseases characteristics. METHODS: This case-control study included 291 individuals, 192 TMDs and 99 controls. All patients underwent assessment based on a questionnaire and a clinical examination according to Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Differences in orthodontic treatment between TMDs and controls, as well as across different TMD diagnoses within the TMD group were analysed. Patients who underwent orthodontic treatment were compared to those who did not, regarding their trauma history, bruxism, aggressive teeth brushing, level of oral hygiene, pain scores, muscle tenderness scores and subjective sleep quality. RESULTS: Of the 291 participants, 119 (40.9%) underwent orthodontic treatment and 172 (59.1%) had no orthodontics experience. Orthodontic treatment included: mandibular orthodontic treatment (102 subjects) and maxillary orthodontic treatment (113 subjects) of those 47 used a headgear. Following multivariate analysis among TMDs, orthodontic treatment was associated with a good level of oral hygiene versus poor (Odds ratio [OR]: 5.17 [1.04-25.59]), lower number of tender muscles [OR = 0.84 (0.74-0.96)] and lower (better) Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores (OR = 0.86 [0.76-0.97]). None of the studied parameters maintained a statistically significant association with orthodontic treatment in the multivariate analysis among the entire study population. CONCLUSIONS: Utilising a holistic approach, this study supports the main hypothesis that orthodontic treatment is not associated with TMD diagnosis and disease characteristics.

Self-reported sleep bruxism and mortality in 1990-2020 in a nationwide twin cohort.

BACKGROUND: The association of sleep bruxism with mortality has not been studied. OBJECTIVES: Altogether 12 040 subjects from the nationwide Finnish twin cohort were included in the analyses. We examined whether self-reported sleep bruxism is associated with increased risk of mortality, and if so, whether the effect is independent of known common risk factors. The time span of the follow-up was 30 years. METHODS: Cox proportional hazards regression models (Hazard Ratios and their 95% Confidence Intervals) adjusted by age, sex and covariates were used to assess the effect of baseline bruxism status in 1990 on future mortality in 1990-2020. RESULTS: The risk of mortality among all participants (n = 12 040), independent of missing covariates and adjusted by age and sex, was 40% higher in weekly bruxers than in never bruxers (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.16-1.68, p < .001). However, when adjusted by all studied covariates, (n = 11 427) the risk was no longer observed (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.86-1.25, p = .717). Despite the overall lack of between bruxism and mortality after adjustment for covariates, we examined the cause-specific risks for major cause-of-death groups. There were no substantial associations of weekly bruxism with major disease outcomes by the fully adjusted hazard ratios for them. CONCLUSION: Bruxism does not kill-in line with its definition of being rather a behaviour (with all its phenotypes) than a disease.

Bruxism and oro-facial pain not related to temporomandibular disorder conditions: Comorbidities or risk factors?

INTRODUCTION: Bruxism has historically been of particular interest to the field of dentistry, primarily due to the inferred damage it may cause to the dentition and supporting periodontal structures. The definition of bruxism itself has undergone multiple changes over time. In addition, the effects of bruxism as it relates to oro-facial pain conditions has remained a debatable topic. PURPOSE: To review the available literature relating to bruxism and non-temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain conditions. METHODS: A literature search was conducted with the assistance of an expert librarian. The following databases were reviewed: PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar. For additional references, articles were also retrieved by hand search from the selected papers. Any articles that were not published in English, or the focus were related to temporomandibular disorders were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: While bruxism and certain headache conditions do tend to occur together frequently, evidence relating to any clear common pathophysiological mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. Robust evidence as it relates to the relationship between bruxism and other non-TMD oro-facial pains is also lacking.

Oral habits and temporomandibular joint disorders according to stress levels among military personnel in South Korea: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Military personnel suffer from stress-induced temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). No previous studies have evaluated the oral habits and TMD in military personnel based on their stress levels. OBJECTIVES: To examine the correlation between oral habits and TMD based on stress levels. In addition, we assessed the relationship between stress levels and TMD by military rank as well as the impact of oral habits on TMD. METHOD: This cross-sectional survey included 89 military personnel who visited the Armed Forces Medical Center in Korea with discomfort in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discomfort. Oral habits, stress level, TMD and general characteristics of the subjects were investigated. A questionnaire was distributed to the subjects who agreed to the study, and they were asked to respond in a self-written form. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine the factors that affect oral habits and TMJ symptoms. RESULTS: Stress scores and oral habits were highest in the 'Private' rank. In contrast, temporomandibular joint symptoms were highest in the 'Corporal' rank. Additionally, the high-risk stress group exhibited higher scores in oral habits and TMD compared to the potential stress group. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between an increase in high-risk stress scores and a rise in oral habits. And individuals with more oral habits are at an increased likelihood of experiencing TMD. CONCLUSION: Our study findings suggest that military personnel with prevent TMD and improve oral habits by addressing stress levels.

Do symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders have an association with breathing pattern: a cross-sectional study on Turkish children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: This paper aimed to explore the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) signs/symptoms, and to investigate the possible link between signs/symptoms of TMDs and mouth breathing (MB) by evaluating along with other risk factors, in a Turkish subpopulation of children and adolescence. METHODS: This study was conducted with the archival data of the patients who applied with orthodontic complaints. Data on demographic characteristics, family-related factors, systemic status, occlusion, breathing patterns, oral habits, and bruxism were retrieved from the archival records. RESULTS: Nine hundred forty-five children and adolescents with a mean age of 14.82 ± 2.06 years were included in the study. Of the participants, 66% were girls, 60.4% were delivered by C-section, 8.4% of the participants had at least one systemic disease, 9.2% of the participants had allergy, and 4.3% of the participants' parents were divorced, 18.7% have an oral habit, 6.6% have bruxism, 29.8% have malocclusion and 14.1% have MB. Eight-point-five percent of participants have signs/symptoms of TMD. Among them 2.9% have pain, 3.7% have joint sounds, 1.4% have deflection, and 3.9% have deviation. Evaluation of the risk factors revealed a significant relation between the signs/symptoms of TMD and bruxism (OR 8.07 95% CI 4.36-14.92), gender (OR 2.01 95% CI 1.13-3.59), marital status of parents (OR 2.62 95% CI 1.07-6.42), and MB (OR 3.26 95% CI 1.86-5.71). CONCLUSIONS: According to the study's findings, girls and those with bruxism, divorced parents, and MB behavior are more likely to have signs/symptoms of TMD. Age found to have significant effect on the occurrence of the signs/symptoms of TMD alone, but together with other factors the effect of the age is disappeared. Early screening and intervention of MB as well as the signs/symptoms of TMD can help to limit detrimental effects of these conditions on growth, and quality of life of children and adolescents.

The Prevalence of Bruxism and Associated Factors Among Patients with Schizophrenia in Istanbul, Türkiye: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that involves profound impairment of psychopathology in cognition, emotion, perception, and other aspects of behavior. Factors, such as the nature of the disease, length of hospital stay, duration of illness, and side effects of psychotropic drugs, may contribute to poor oral health and the risk of developing bruxism in patients with schizophrenia. AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of bruxism and associated factors in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a single center with 211 patients with schizophrenia. Study participants were graded according to "probable" bruxism based on positive clinical inspection, with or without a positive self-report. The type of antipsychotic treatment used in participants was evaluated in three categories: typical antipsychotic monotherapy, atypical antipsychotic monotherapy, and a combination of both. Binary logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between probable bruxism and different factors. RESULTS: The mean age of the study participants was 51.02 ± 9.29 years, and 112 (52.5%) were males. Probable bruxism was identified in 87 (41.2%) of the study participants. Younger age (AOR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.838-0.928, P < 0.001), higher duration of illness (AOR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.278-7.545, P < 0.001), and combination antipsychotic therapy (AOR = 3.042, 95% CI = 1.278-7.545, P = 0.015) were significant factors associated with probable bruxism among patients with schizophrenia on treatment. CONCLUSION: The relatively high prevalence of probable bruxism in patients with schizophrenia and its relation to antipsychotics was observed. There is a need for more research on the causes and treatment of bruxism in schizophrenia.

[Temporomandibular dysfunction and bruxism in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and at-risk patients: a cross-sectional study]. / Temporomandibulaire disfunctie en bruxisme bij patiënten met vroege reumatoïde artritis en risicopatiënten: een cross-sectioneel onderzoek.

What is the prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis? 3 groups (of 50 participants each) were examined for a possible TMD diagnosis: 1. patients with early rheumatoid arthritis, 2. at-risk individuals, and 3. healthy controls. A possible association with bruxism, determined on the basis of self-reporting and clinical features, was also examined. At-risk patients had a higher prevalence of TMD pain diagnoses compared to healthy controls (p = 0.046). Within the early rheumatoid arthritis group, seronegative patients had a higher prevalence of TMD pain diagnoses than seropositive patients (p = 0.048). No further differences in the prevalence of TMD diagnoses were found between the groups. Participants with a TMD pain diagnosis were more often diagnosed with probable sleep bruxism than those without a TMD pain diagnosis. The prevalence of TMD pain is increased in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative early rheumatoid arthritis patients, and is associated with signs of bruxism.

Health behaviors and multimorbidity associated with bruxism: Population-based study.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the prevalence of possible bruxism in the adult population of Campinas, Brazil, and investigate its association with health behaviors, health status, and multimorbidity. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with data from the 2014/2015 Campinas Health Survey. The sample was composed of 1986 adults (≥20 years of age). The data were collected with the aid of a pre-coded questionnaire, and the dependent variable was self-reported bruxism (possible bruxism). The prevalence of possible bruxism was estimated according to the independent variables (health-related behaviors, morbidities, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics). A hierarchical model was employed using stepwise backward regression in two stages. Principal component analysis was also performed to identify multimorbidity patterns. RESULTS: The prevalence of possible bruxism was 13.6%. Associations were found with the consumption of alcoholic beverages, sleep quality, and the number of chronic diseases/health problems. Bruxism was more associated with multimorbidity pattern 2, which was composed of asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis, dizziness/vertigo, migraine/headache, emotional/mental problem, back pain, and allergy. CONCLUSION: The present findings justify the planning of actions directed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic beverages and can help guide the health actions of the multidisciplinary team, prioritizing a reduction in the harm caused by the simultaneous presence of health problems associated with possible bruxism.

Prevalence of awake bruxism in the adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of awake bruxism (AB) in the adult population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six main electronic databases and three sources of grey literature were searched to identify cross-sectional studies in which AB was assessed. The studies were independently selected by two reviewers in two phases, based on their eligibility criteria. The first one consisted of reading titles and abstracts, and the second one involved reading the full articles. The study quality assessment was obtained by using the "Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data", and the "R Statistics" software was used to perform meta-analyses. RESULTS: Seventeen out of 3086 identified studies were included. None of the studies scored high in methodological quality across all 9 items of the JBI checklist. However, "the use of valid methods to identify pathology" and "appropriate statistical analysis" were considered to have high methodological quality in all the studies. The overall pooled prevalence of the meta-analysis was 15.44% (99% confidence interval: 10.81 to 20.72%) and there was no difference for sex, sampling method and according to consensus-based classification. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AB in adults was low. There was substantial methodological variability, which highlights the need for standardized guidelines. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Prevalence data are useful for raising patients' and clinicians' awareness of the AB. Moreover, since AB can lead to possible pain and overload of the stomatognathic system, this knowledge can also guide dentists to achieve an early diagnosis of AB and to provide appropriate care management.

Bruxism, parafunctional oral habits and oral motor problems in children with spastic cerebral palsy: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with spastic cerebral palsy are more predisposed to parafunctional oral activities and oral motor problems because of spasticity. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the gross motor function classification system score (GMFCS), age, bruxism, parafunctional oral habits and oral motor problems in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 63 children with spastic cerebral palsy, aged 3-18 years, with developmental disabilities. The relationship between parentally reported bruxism, parafunctional oral activity rates, oral motor problems, and GMFCS was analysed. RESULTS: The prevalence of bruxism was 52.4%, and the rate decreased as age increased. There was a greater likelihood of bruxism in individuals with tongue thrust (OR [95% CI] = 8.15 [1.4-47.3]) and swallowing problems (OR [95% CI] = 5.78 [1.3-24.68]). CONCLUSION: In children with spastic cerebral palsy, bruxism and the rate of parafunctional oral habits were high, thus affecting oral motor activities. A relationship was found between oral motor problems and increased GMFCS levels, but no relationship was found between bruxism and GMFCS levels. Children with spastic cerebral palsy who display tongue thrust or swallowing problems have an increased likelihood of presenting with bruxism.

Prevalence of bruxism in down syndrome patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Bruxism is a parafunctional activity characterised by grinding or clenching of teeth and is a common oral health concern in individuals with down syndrome (DS). Understanding the prevalence of bruxism in this population is crucial for developing effective management strategies. This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed to investigate the prevalence of bruxism among individuals with DS and explore its association with other oral health issues. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple electronic databases to identify relevant studies. Cross-sectional and observational studies were included. Data on bruxism prevalence and associated factors were extracted, and a meta-analysis was performed using both fixed-effects (FE) and random-effects (RE) models of MedCalc software. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using I2 statistics. New Castle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate methodological quality of the included studies. RESULTS: Eight studies met the pre-defined inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Seven studies used a questionnaire to assess bruxism. The pooled proportion estimate for occurrence of DS across the included studies was found to be 0.33 (95% CI: 0.22-0.45) as per the RE model and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.31-0.450) as per FE model in the quantitative analysis. All studies exhibited good methodological quality. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence of a significant prevalence of bruxism among individuals with DS. The findings highlight the association of bruxism with other oral health issues and specific chromosomal abnormalities. Comprehensive oral health assessments, including diagnostic procedures like Polysomnography, are essential for addressing the unique oral health needs of individuals with DS. Further studies are recommended with a valid tool for the diagnosis. Early interventions and management strategies need to be tailored to this population, considering the multifaceted nature of oral health concerns in individuals with DS.

Risk factors of tooth wear in permanent dentition: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Tooth wear (TW) prevalence is high and increasing and has important consequences on the patient's quality of life. Knowledge of risk factors is crucial to promote diagnosis, prevention strategies and timely interceptive treatment. Many studies have identified TW risk factors. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aims to map and describe suspected available factors associated with TW in permanent dentition based on quantitative measurement. METHODS: The scoping review was conducted using the PRISMA extension of the Scoping Reviews checklist. The search was conducted in October 2022 from the Medline® (PubMed® interface) and Scopus® databases. Two independent reviewers selected and characterised the studies. RESULTS: 2702 articles were identified for assessment of titles and abstracts, and 273 articles were included in the review. The results show a need to standardise TW measurement indices and the study design. The included studies highlighted various factors, classified into nine domains: sociodemographic factors, medical history, drinking habits, eating habits, oral hygiene habits, dental factors, bruxism and temporomandibular disorders, behavioural factors, and stress. Results related to chemical TW (erosion) risk factors underline the importance of eating disorders, gastroesophageal reflux and lifestyle, particularly drinking and eating behaviours, which supports developing public health information campaigns and interventions. Besides chemical, this review identifies evidence of several mechanical TW risk factors, such as toothbrushing and bruxism; the influence of this last factor needs to be further explored. CONCLUSIONS: TW management and prevention require a multidisciplinary approach. Dentists are in the first line to detect associated diseases such as reflux or eating disorders. Consequently, practitioners' information and guideline diffusion should be promoted, and a TW risk factors checklist (the ToWeR checklist) is proposed to help diagnostic approaches.

Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and bruxism in seniors.

BACKGROUND: Information on the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) or possible/probable bruxism in seniors is heterogeneous and sparse. OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the prevalence of TMD and possible/probable bruxism in German adults aged 60 years and older. METHODS: Participants of the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development and Aging (ILSE) born between 1950-1952 (C1) and 1930-1932 (C2) were examined in 2014-2016 (fourth wave). The participants were surveyed and clinically examined by one calibrated examiner. Two questions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) were utilised to evaluate self-reported bruxism. The clinical examination included signs of probable bruxism and the RDC/TMD examination protocol. RESULTS: Data from 191 participants were available. No RDC/TMD diagnosis was made in 83.2%. Of the participants, 15.2% received a single diagnosis and 1.6% multiple diagnoses that included disc displacements (9.4%) and degenerative joint diseases (8.9%). A total of 24.7% reported bruxism that included self-reported awake bruxism in 11.9% and sleep bruxism in 16.2%. Wear was clinically identified in 27.2% of the participants. No sex-related differences were observed. Significant differences were detected for probable bruxism between C1 (14.1%) and C2 (54.3%). CONCLUSION: In the German population aged 60 years and older, the prevalence of TMD is 16.8%. TMD is characterised by temporomandibular joint disorders, including disc displacements and degenerative joint disorders. Bruxism was observed in a quarter of the old population.

Temporomandibular disorder severity and its association with psychosocial and sociodemographic factors in Turkish adults.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of awareness regarding temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and its association with psychological and sociodemographic factors in the Turkish population. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between signs/symptoms of anxiety-depression, sociodemographic factors, parafunctional habits, bruxism, and the presence and severity of the symptoms of TMD in Turkish adults. METHODS: The participants completed an online questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic questions, the Fonseca Anamnestic Index, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4. RESULTS: The mean age of the 2580 participants was 35.29 ± 12.70 years, and 63.3% were women. The frequency of the participants who showed symptoms of TMD was 69.8%. The severity of TMD symptoms was significantly greater in participants who had signs/symptoms of anxiety and depression (p < 0.05). Sociodemographic and psychological data showed an association between the presence and severity of the symptoms of TMD and sex (OR 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-1.85), parafunctional habits (OR 2.64, 95% CI 2.36-2.99), bruxism (OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.78-4.90), signs/symptoms of anxiety (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.76-3.00), and signs/symptoms of depression (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.48-2.42). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that females and those who report bruxism, parafunctional habits, and signs/symptoms of anxiety-depression are more likely to show symptoms of TMD with different severity.

The continuous adverse impact of COVID-19 on temporomandibular disorders and bruxism: comparison of pre- during- and post-pandemic time periods.

INTRODUCTION: Some of the conditions affected by the COVID-19 pandemic were Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and bruxism. The present study compares the effect of the pandemic on TMD and bruxism (sleep and awake) in three time periods: before the pandemic (pre-COV), during the pandemic (during-COV) and after the pandemic subsided (post-COVR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 587 adult patients (108 in the pre-COV group, 180 in the during-COV group and 252 in the post-COVR group) who arrived for a routine dental treatment between October 2018 and January 2023 were evaluated according to Axis I diagnosis of the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Each patient received a DC/TMD Axis I diagnosis as follows: (i) Painful TMD (defined by the presence of at least one of the following - local myalgia, myofascial pain with referral, arthralgia or headache attributed to TMD); (ii) Non painful TMD (defined by the presence of disc displacement with/without reduction, degenerative joint disorders and/or dislocation), (iii) Possible sleep bruxism (SB) and/or (iv) Possible awake bruxism (AB). STATISTICAL METHODS: Logistic regression analyses were conducted to establish the impact of time and gender on the prospects of painful TMD, non-painful TMD, SB and AB. RESULTS: The odds of subjects to be diagnosed with painful TMD at the post-COVR era were 3.3 times higher compared to the pre-pandemic time period (pre-COV, 95% C.I. 1.438-7.585). The odds of subjects to be diagnosed with non-painful TMD during-COV were 4 times higher compared to the pre-COV era (95% C.I. 1.332-12.542). The odds of subjects to present possible SB at post-COVR were 2.7 times higher compared to pre-pandemic (pre-COV, 95% C.I. 1.258-5.889, p < 0.05) and the odds to present possible AB after the pandemic subsided (post-COVR) were 3.2 times compared to the pre-pandemic period (95% C.I. 1.496-6.949). The odds of female subjects to be diagnosed with either painful or non-painful TMD were 3.7-4.4 times higher, compared to males. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that with regard to TMD and bruxism the pandemic adverse effects persist also after COVID-19 subsides and the restrictions caused by it are abolished. Apparently, during the pandemic females were affected more seriously by painful and non-painful TMD than males.

Comparison of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and parafunctions in children with and without cardiovascular diseases.

AIM: This study aimed to examine and compare the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and oral parafunctions in pediatric patients with and without cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). STUDY DESIGN: A total of 295 children with CVD (the CVDG group) admitted to the Cardiology Department and another set of 295 children without CVD (the CG group) were included in this study. All children were 6-18 years old. This study was conducted in 2 stages, comprising a questionnaire (symptoms/parafunctional habits) and a temporomandibular joint examination (signs) based on the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). The data obtained were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: The two groups showed no significant difference in the prevalence of TMD symptoms/signs or parafunctional habits (p > 0.05). Although the anamnestic symptoms related to pain were lower in the CVDG group, the clinical examination results were similar in terms of pain findings between the two groups. Both anamnestic and clinical findings showed higher "joint noise" and "deviation" in the CVDG group (p < 0.05). With regard to parafunctional habits, "fingernail biting" and "bruxism", were higher in the CVDG group than in the CG group. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of TMDs and oral parafunctions did not vary between children with and without CVD. However, a significant relationship was observed between the symptoms/signs of TMDs, parafunctional habits and the presence of CVD in children.

Association among headache, temporomandibular disorder, and awake bruxism: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between headache, myofascial temporomandibular disorder (TMD), and awake bruxism (AB). BACKGROUND: Bruxism seems to act as a risk factor for TMD and its associated comorbidities, such as headaches. METHODS: In total, 406 medical records of individuals who sought care at a university dental clinic were screened. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders was used to assess and diagnose TMD, as well as to obtain self-reports of AB and headache. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 307 medical records. About 72.5% (221/305) of the sample reported having headaches, and 67.4% (180/267) and 68.4% (210/307) were diagnosed with AB and TMD, respectively. Individuals who reported having AB (odds ratio [OR], 2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-4.7) and who were diagnosed with myofascial TMD (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.15-5.5) were more likely to have had headaches in the past 6 months when compared with patients without myofascial TMD and bruxism. Also, individuals who self-reported headache were 2.27 times (95% CI, 1.09-4.7) more likely to have AB and 2.45 times (95% CI, 1.13-5.34) more likely to have myofascial pain than individuals without headaches. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with myofascial TMD, headaches, or AB were more likely to have at least one of the other conditions.