Asunto(s)
Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/etnología , Racismo/prevención & control , Negro o Afroamericano , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Racismo/ética , Racismo/historia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/etnología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/historia , Estados Unidos , Población BlancaRESUMEN
This article provides a history of three pharmaceuticals in the making of modern South Africa. Borrowing and adapting Arthur Daemmrich's term 'pharmacopolitics', we examine how forms of pharmaceutical governance became integral to the creation and institutional practices of this state. Through case studies of three medicaments: opium (late 19th to early 20th century), thalidomide (late 1950s to early 1960s) and contraception (1970s to 2010s), we explore the intertwining of pharmaceutical regulation, provision and consumption. Our focus is on the modernist imperative towards the rationalisation of pharmaceutical oversight, as an extension of the state's bureaucratic and ideological objectives, and, importantly, as its obligation. We also explore adaptive and illicit uses of medicines, both by purveyors of pharmaceuticals, and among consumers. The historical sweep of our study allows for an analysis of continuities and changes in pharmaceutical governance. The focus on South Africa highlights how the concept of pharmacopolitics can usefully be extended to transnational-as well as local-medical histories. Through the diversity of our sources, and the breadth of their chronology, we aim to historicise modern pharmaceutical practices in South Africa, from the late colonial era to the Post-Apartheid present.
Asunto(s)
Anticonceptivos/historia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Gobierno , Narcóticos/historia , Opio/historia , Política , Talidomida/historia , Apartheid/historia , Colonialismo/historia , Anticoncepción , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/historia , Control Social Formal , SudáfricaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Safety concerns associated with long-acting ß2-agonists (LABAs) have led to many US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory activities for this class of drugs. Little is known about the effect of these regulatory activities on use of LABA-containing agents or other asthma medications. METHODS: We created rolling cohorts of pediatric and adult asthmatic patients in the Mini-Sentinel Distributed Database between January 2005 and June 2011. The proportions of asthmatic patients using LABA-containing products, inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), leukotriene modifiers, short-acting ß2-agonists, oral corticosteroids, other bronchodilators, and no medications were measured on a monthly basis, and the changes were evaluated by using interrupted time series with segmented regression analysis. RESULTS: When the 2005 regulatory activity was announced, there were statistically significant decreases in the use of fixed-dose ICS-LABA agents in children (-0.98 percentage points) and adults (-1.24 percentage points). Increased use of ICSs and leukotriene modifiers was observed just after the regulatory activities were announced in both children and adults. Although of smaller magnitude, continued favorable changes in the use of LABA agents were observed after the 2010 FDA regulatory activity. CONCLUSION: The 2005 and 2010 FDA regulatory activities might have contributed to reduced use of LABA agents, as intended; however, their effect, independent of other factors, cannot be determined. Use of other classes of asthma medications was similarly affected.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/uso terapéutico , Antiasmáticos/uso terapéutico , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina , Adolescente , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/administración & dosificación , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/efectos adversos , Adulto , Antiasmáticos/administración & dosificación , Antiasmáticos/efectos adversos , Niño , Preescolar , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resultado del Tratamiento , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This article rethinks the formative decades of American drug wars through a social history of addiction to pharmaceutical narcotics, sedatives, and stimulants in the first half of the twentieth century. It argues, first, that addiction to pharmaceutical drugs is no recent aberration; it has historically been more extensive than "street" or illicit drug use. Second, it argues that access to psychoactive pharmaceuticals was a problematic social entitlement constructed as distinctively medical amid the racialized reforms of the Progressive Era. The resulting drug control regime provided inadequate consumer protection for some (through the FDA), and overly punitive policing for others (through the FBN). Instead of seeing these as two separate stories-one a liberal triumph and the other a repressive scourge-both should be understood as part of the broader establishment of a consumer market for drugs segregated by class and race like other consumer markets developed in the era of Progressivism and Jim Crow.
Asunto(s)
Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Racismo/historia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/historia , United States Food and Drug Administration/historia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration/organización & administraciónAsunto(s)
Cannabis , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Medicina de Hierbas/historia , Animales , Canadá , Cannabidiol , Cannabinol/historia , Cannabis/efectos adversos , Cannabis/química , Cannabis/clasificación , Cannabis/genética , China , Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Dronabinol/historia , Dronabinol/farmacología , Dronabinol/uso terapéutico , Aprobación de Drogas/historia , Combinación de Medicamentos , Endocannabinoides/historia , Endocannabinoides/metabolismo , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Marihuana Medicinal/efectos adversos , Marihuana Medicinal/historia , Marihuana Medicinal/farmacología , Marihuana Medicinal/uso terapéutico , Esclerosis Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Esclerosis Múltiple/fisiopatología , Nueva Orleans , Fitoterapia/historia , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Plantas Medicinales/efectos adversos , Plantas Medicinales/química , Plantas Medicinales/clasificación , Plantas Medicinales/genética , Receptores de Cannabinoides/historia , Receptores de Cannabinoides/metabolismoRESUMEN
This article is a history of the policy positions and legal interpretations adopted by the Public Health Service (PHS) under the 1902 Biologics Control Act. PHS generally interpreted the scope of the Act narrowly because it lacked authority to deny marketing licenses for ineffective biologics and wanted to minimize the number of worthless drugs with the imprimatur of a governmental license. In addition, PHS implemented important regulatory strategies not expressly authorized by the Act.
Asunto(s)
Productos Biológicos , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Antitoxina Diftérica/historia , Contaminación de Medicamentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Vacuna contra Viruela/historia , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug AdministrationRESUMEN
Over the 1950s and early 1960s, the use of the hallucinogenic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to facilitate psychotherapy was a promising field of psychiatric research in the USA. However, during the 1960s, research began to decline, before coming to a complete halt in the mid-1970s. This has commonly been explained through the increase in prohibitive federal regulations during the 1960s that aimed to curb the growing recreational use of the drug. However, closely examining the Food and Drug Administration's regulation of LSD research in the 1960s will reveal that not only was LSD research never prohibited, but that the administration supported research to a greater degree than has been recognized. Instead, the decline in research reflected more complex changes in the regulation of pharmaceutical research and development.
Asunto(s)
Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Alucinógenos/historia , Dietilamida del Ácido Lisérgico/historia , Investigación Farmacéutica/historia , Psicoterapia/historia , United States Food and Drug Administration/historia , Industria Farmacéutica/historia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Regulación Gubernamental/historia , Alucinógenos/uso terapéutico , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Dietilamida del Ácido Lisérgico/uso terapéutico , Investigación Farmacéutica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Testimonio de Experto/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública/historia , Medicina Social/historia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Economía/historia , Economía Médica/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Salud Pública/economía , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In recent years, science studies scholars have critically examined several methods used by the pharmaceutical industry to exert control over knowledge about drugs. Complementary literatures on 'medical neoliberalism' and 'neoliberal science' draw attention to the economic ideas justifying such methods of organizing knowledge, and in so doing suggest that neoliberal thinkers may play an important role in developing them. As yet, the nature of this role remains unexplored. Relying on heretofore-unexamined archival evidence, this article establishes a direct link between the Chicago School of Economics and the mobilization of the pharmaceutical industry in the 1970s. It argues that economists affiliated with the Chicago School of Economics sought to influence pharmaceutical policy and science and constructed institutions to do so. These institutions--most notably the Center for the Study of Drug Development--remain highly influential. This article contributes to a historical understanding of how neoliberal ideas came to assume prominence in pharmaceutical policy, the management of science, and scientific practice.
Asunto(s)
Industria Farmacéutica/historia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Política , Chicago , Industria Farmacéutica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Industria Farmacéutica/organización & administración , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/organización & administración , Historia del Siglo XX , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In 1962, Louis Lasagna was one of the central figures in the creation of our current drug regulation systems. His influence on the practice of modern medicine, through a series of unanticipated consequences of these systems, has been profound. In the 1960s, he was one of the most progressive thinkers in medicine. By the 1980s, he had apparently become one of the most reactionary. This article attempts to delineate the dilemmas he believed he was dealing with, dilemmas that stemmed from a system he had helped create, that produced this apparent change in orientation. The problems with which he grappled are ones that remain unresolved and indeed, have become more acute. The example of how he attempted to remedy what had gone wrong may provide pointers as to how to solve or how not to solve current difficulties.
Asunto(s)
Industria Farmacéutica/historia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , PolíticaRESUMEN
In challenging one portion of the history presented in my article, Healy et al. argue that Louis Lasagna was a 'classical liberal' who sought only to increase the scientific stature of the physician--patient encounter. They advance this interpretation to encourage science and technology studies scholars to heed Lasagna's ideas about how to organize the medical marketplace. I argue that Healy et al. mischaracterize Lasagna's ideas. I conclude with an example of these ideas being put into practice, Lasagna's efforts on behalf of Wyeth in the approval and marketing of Redux and Fen-Phen.
Asunto(s)
Industria Farmacéutica/historia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , PolíticaRESUMEN
Through collecting and collating the development process of traditional Chinese medicine dispensing, the development of modern Chinese medicine dispensing on the basis of experience could be promoted. "Heyaofenji", "Hehe", " Heji" in ancient Chinese medicine, herbal medicine literature and law were collected, and then things were sorted out according to traditional Chinese medicine dispensing theory, skills and legal norms. Firstly, "Tang Ye Jing Fa" is the earliest book which marks the rudiment of traditional Chinese medicine dispensing. Secondly, traditional Chinese medicine dispensing theory formed in "Shen Nong's herbal classic". Thirdly, Zhang Zhongjing's "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" marked the formation of Chinese medicine dispensing skills. Lastly, Provisions in Tang Dynasty law marks the development of traditional Chinese medicine dispensing.
Asunto(s)
Química Farmacéutica/historia , Composición de Medicamentos/historia , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicina Tradicional China/historia , Química Farmacéutica/educación , Química Farmacéutica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Química Farmacéutica/métodos , China , Formas de Dosificación , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia Antigua , Medicina en la Literatura , Medicina Tradicional China/métodosAsunto(s)
Analgésicos Opioides/historia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/historia , Analgésicos Opioides/agonistas , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Regulación Gubernamental/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Legislación de Medicamentos/economía , Legislación de Medicamentos/historia , Metadona/uso terapéutico , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/prevención & control , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/terapia , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/historia , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/legislación & jurisprudencia , Prevención Terciaria , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Derechos Civiles , Industria Farmacéutica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Regulación Gubernamental , Mercadotecnía/legislación & jurisprudencia , United States Food and Drug Administration , Comercio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Confidencialidad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Etiquetado de Medicamentos/historia , Etiquetado de Medicamentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Aceites de Pescado/uso terapéutico , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Uso Fuera de lo Indicado/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Química , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Política , Prisioneros , Investigadores , Analgésicos Opioides/análisis , Química/historia , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Historia del Siglo XXI , Derechos Humanos/historia , Papaver/química , Prisioneros/historia , Investigadores/historia , Federación de Rusia , Semillas/químicaAsunto(s)
Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Política , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Salud Pública/historia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/historia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/prevención & controlRESUMEN
This article explores the utility of actor-network theory (ANT) as a tool for socio-legal research. ANT is deployed in a study of the evolution of divided regulatory responsibility for tobacco and medicinal nicotine (MN) products in the United Kingdom, with a particular focus on how the latter came to be regulated as a medicine. We examine the regulatory decisions taken in the United Kingdom in respect of the first MN product: a nicotine-containing gum developed in Sweden, which became available in the United Kingdom in 1980 as a prescription-only medicine under the Medicines Act 1968. We propose that utilizing ANT to explore the development of nicotine gum and the regulatory decisions taken about it places these decisions into the wider context of ideas about tobacco control and addiction, and helps us to understand better how different material actors acted in different networks, leading to very different systems of regulation.