Single institution retrospective study evaluating the frequency of implant removal and associated risk factors following open fracture fixation in 80 cases (2010-2020).

BACKGROUND: Open fractures occur commonly in small animals and are characterised by contamination of the fracture site. While never quantified, it is believed that open fractures stabilised with internal implants are at a higher risk for requiring explantation. This retrospective study determines the frequency and risk factors for explantation following use of internal fixation. Medical records of client-owned dogs and cats with an open fracture, between 2010 and 2020 stabilised using internal implants, were included. Data retrieved included signalment, cause and characterisation of the fracture, comorbidities, preexisting infections, and all details related to anesthesia and surgery. Pre-, Peri- and post-operative antibiotic use were detailed. All cases were followed to clinical union. Postoperative complications, including requirement for implant removal were recorded and classified as major or minor. Associations between potential risk factors and need for explantation were assessed. RESULTS: Of 80 cases, 72 (90%) were dogs and eight (10%) cats. Major complications were encountered in 23 (28.75%) cases and minor complications in 16 (20%) cases. Explantation was performed in 17 cases (21.25%). Out of 72 dogs, 13 required explantation (18%) whereas four of the eight cats needed implants removed (50%). Only diagnosis of postoperative infection was associated with an increased risk of explantation (RR 2.77; 95% CI 1.25; 6.15; p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Approximately 1 in 5 open fractures stabilised using internal fixation can be anticipated to require explantation, with cats potentially being at a higher risk than dogs. Cases diagnosed with postoperative infection are at a higher risk for requiring implant removal.

Risk Factors and Prognosis for Humeral Fractures in Birds of Prey: A Retrospective Study of 461 Cases from 2000 to 2015.

The objectives of this retrospective study were 1) to characterize humeral fractures in raptors at a rehabilitation program, 2) to determine risk factors for closed and compound humeral fractures in the raptors, and 3) to investigate prognostic factors for humeral fractures in raptors. Of the 6017 birds of prey admitted over 15 years to the Université de Montréal raptor rehabilitation program, 461 birds presented with a humeral fracture. The highest occurrences of humeral fractures were documented in short-eared owls (33%; Asio flammeus), Northern hawk-owls (24%; Surnia ulula), long-eared owls (20%; Asio otus), and Northern harriers (19%; Circus hudsonius). Humeral fractures were more common in males, and species from the intermediate weight group (300 g to 1 kg) were more likely to have compound humeral fractures than birds from the lower and higher weight groups. Humeral fractures of the middle and distal third of the bone were diagnosed as compound more often than fractures of the proximal third. A correlation between the occurrences of humeral fractures and the relative average width of the humerus for each species was observed and suggests that species with slender humeri have an increased likelihood of compound humeral fractures. Following the triage criteria used at this rehabilitation program, surgical (119 birds) or nonsurgical (77 birds) treatments were attempted. Release rate for birds without concomitant conditions in which a treatment was attempted was 39.3% (59/150) and did not significantly differ between closed and compound fractures, which suggests that the triage criteria used for compound fractures in this program were adequate. Our findings emphasize that raptors should not be systematically euthanatized when presented with compound humeral fractures to a rehabilitation facility.

Key Ring Fixator: A Novel External Fixation Technique for Avian Long Bone Stabilization.

A 12-year-old blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) of unknown sex (case 1) and a 14-year-old female hybrid Catalina macaw (Ara ararauna × Ara macao) (case 2) were evaluated and treated for an open tarsometatarsal fracture and a tibiotarsal fracture, respectively. In case 1, 1 month of external coaptation resulted in a delayed union, significant osteolysis, and presumptive osteomyelitis, which led to the decision to treat with a key ring fixator. In case 2, a key ring fixator was chosen for fracture repair because of presumed resistance to destruction by the bird. In both cases, fractures were stabilized with makeshift circular external fixators composed of key rings, K-wires, orthopedic wire, and acrylic resin. After key ring fixator removal, radiographs confirmed complete bone healing. Both patients had acceptable function of the affected limbs 5 years (case 1) and 2 years (case 2) after their procedures. The key ring fixator described in this report is a viable option for fracture repair in pelvic limbs of moderately sized birds (300-1500 g).

Successful Management of Open, Contaminated Metacarpal Fractures in an Adult Snowy Owl ( Bubo scandiacus) With a Minimal Type II External Skeletal Fixator.

An adult, male snowy owl ( Bubo scandiacus) was found down and unable to fly in western New York State. Physical examination and radiographs revealed a subacute, open wound and fractured major and minor metacarpals of the right wing. A minimal type II external skeletal fixator (ESF) device was placed on the right major metacarpal bone and the open wound was allowed to granulate and close. After evidence of bone union, the ESF device was removed. The owl performed auto-physiotherapy throughout the process and was released with sustained flight 2 months postoperatively. It was recaptured 7 weeks later and underwent further rehabilitation to allow successful release 11 months after surgical stabilization. To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing use of a type II ESF device on the metacarpus of a bird.

Long-bone fractures in llamas and alpacas: 28 cases (1998-2008).

Treatment and outcome of camelids with long-bone fractures are described. Medical records (1998-2008) of camelids (n = 28) with long-bone fractures were reviewed for signalment, time to presentation, fracture type, method of repair, duration of hospitalization, and post-operative complications. Follow-up information was obtained via telephone interviews with owners. Mean age and weight at presentation were 3.4 years and 56.3 kg, respectively. Twenty-six fractures were treated with internal fixation (n = 11), external fixation (n = 10), combination of internal and external fixation (n = 3), amputation (n = 1), and external fixation followed by amputation (n = 1). Long-term follow-up information was obtained for 19 of the 26 animals. The post-operative complication rate was 23% and owner satisfaction was high. Animals with open fractures were more likely to experience complications. Internal fixation was associated with superior alignment and outcome. Internal fixation techniques should be recommended for camelids.

Implantation of a titanium partial limb prosthesis in a white-naped crane (Grus vipio).

A female white-naped crane (Grus vipio) was presented with an open, oblique fracture of the distal right tarsometatarsus and concomitant vascular and nerve damage. Conventional fracture fixation repairs failed, which led to implantation of a custom titanium limb prosthesis. After subsequent revisions with 2 different prosthetic devices, limb function was ultimately restored but a later yolk embolism caused a circulatory compromise in the opposite leg, which necessitated euthanasia. Histopathologic results revealed limited ingrowth of bone into the porous coated implant, which indicated that a limb prosthesis may provide salvage for long-legged, heavy-bodied birds with fractures of the tarsometatarsus.

The use of circular and hybrid external skeletal fixation systems to repair open tibial fractures in large ruminants: a report of six clinical cases.

A prospective clinical study consisting of six bovines (200-300 kg body weight) undergoing open tibial fractures was carried out, to evaluate the use of circular and hybrid external skeletal fixation (ESF) systems for open tibial fracture repair in large ruminants. The ESF systems consisting of 4 full rings (n = 2), 8 half-rings (n = 1), 2 full rings with 2 sidebars (n = 2) or 2 full rings with 4 sidebars (n = 1) were used to treat open tibial fractures. The healing progress of the animals was evaluated based on different clinical and radiographic examinations. The level of fracture reduction, alignment, and fixation ranged between satisfactory to adequate in all the animals. The fixators were well tolerated and maintained by the animals till the complete repair of the fracture. Adequate fracture healing with satisfactory functional recovery was observed in all the animals in about 3-4 months. The different designs of ESFs were found to provide adequate stability in open tibial fractures in animals weighing 200-300 kg. However, the fixators need to be evaluated in numerous clinical cases to establish their suitability in routine clinical settings.

Type IV Monteggia fracture in a cat.

A one-year-old neutered male cat was referred for a grade IIIA open radius and ulna fracture. The mid-diaphyseal radial and ulnar fractures were associated with lateral radio-humeral and radio-ulnar dislocations. From these abnormalities, a diagnosis of type IV Monteggia fracture was made. The annular ligament was found to be intact on examination and the radial head was correctly positioned and stable after fracture reduction and plate fixation. Eighteen months postoperatively, the cat did not exhibit any signs of lameness or any signs of pain on palpation and mobilisation. Signs of mild osteoarthritis were present on radiographs. Type IV Monteggia fractures are very rare in animals. The combination of a radial head dislocation with an intact annular ligament is uncommon. This pattern allowed a single reconstruction with two plates without a radio-ulnar screw.

Surgical debridement and primary closure of the oral mucosa for repair of open mandibular pars incisiva fractures in three neonatal calves.

CASE DESCRIPTION: 3 neonatal female calves (ages, < 1 to 4 days) were examined because of mandibular trauma. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Physical examination indicated that each calf had an open fracture of the mandibular pars incisiva (rostral mandibular fracture) with ventral displacement of the incisors at the affected region. Oral radiographs were obtained for 1 calf and revealed that 5 incisors were fractured at the level of the apical dental buds. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Each calf was anesthetized. The fracture site and surrounding tissues were surgically debrided and flushed with sterile 0.05% chlorhexidine solution. The laceration in the oral mucosa was closed with absorbable suture in an interrupted horizontal mattress pattern. Additionally, a Penrose drain was placed during primary closure and removed 4 days later in 1 calf. The fractured incisors were removed during primary debridement in another calf. All calves received perioperative antimicrobials and analgesics. One calf developed mild osteomyelitis of the rostral mandible, which resolved with additional surgical debridement and antimicrobial treatment. That calf and another developed mild brachygnathia. At the time of last follow-up (3 to 13 months after hospital discharge), all 3 calves were eating and growing as expected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: 3 calves with open rostral mandibular fractures were successfully managed by surgical debridement and primary closure of the oral laceration. The procedure was easy to perform, did not require specialized equipment, and was less expensive than other repair methods. This procedure may be an effective and economic on-farm treatment alternative for calves with rostral mandibular fractures.

Orthopedic infections in equine long bone fractures and arthrodeses treated by internal fixation: 192 cases (1990-2006).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of postoperative infection (POI) for internal fixation repaired equine long bone fractures and arthrodeses and identify associated risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: Horses (n=192) with fracture repair of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones, radius, ulna, humerus, tibia, and femur, or arthrodesis with internal fixation. METHODS: Medical records (1990-2006) were reviewed for signalment, anatomic location, fracture classification and method of repair, technique and surgical duration, bacterial species isolated, postoperative care, onset of POI, and outcome. RESULTS: Of 192 horses (171 [89%] closed, 21 [11%] open fractures), 157 (82%) were discharged from the hospital. Infection occurred in 53 (28% horses), of which 31 (59%) were discharged. Repairs without POI were 7.25 times more likely to be discharged from the hospital. Closed fractures were 4.23 times more likely to remain uninfected and 4.59 times more likely to be discharged from the hospital compared with open fractures. Closed reduction and internal fixation was associated with a 2.5-fold reduction in rate of POI and a 5.9 times greater chance for discharge from the hospital compared with open reduction and internal fixation. Females had a strong trend for increased POI when compared with colts and stallion but not geldings. CONCLUSIONS: Overall rate of POI was 28%. Fracture classification, method of repair, gender, and surgical duration were significant risk factors.

Bilateral rostral mandibulectomy for treatment of necrotic mandibular open fractures in two Japanese Black cattle.

Two-month-old (Case 1) and one-year-old (Case 2) Japanese Black cattle presented with bilateral rostral mandibular open fractures. At presentation, the proximal edges of each fracture were discolored and had a severe stench, indicating necrosis caused by infection. In both cases, a bilateral rostral mandibulectomy over the symphysis was performed. Although the tongues of both animals prolapsed post-surgery, they had no significant problems with eating or drinking. Case 1 showed excellent growth during fattening, and Case 2 successfully became pregnant and gave birth. Rostral mandibulectomy can be an effective surgical option for the treatment of cattle with difficulty in internal or external fixation due to unfavorable necrotic cranial mandibular open fractures.

Feline combined diaphyseal radial and ulnar fractures. A retrospective study of 28 cases.

Feline combined diaphyseal radial and ulnar fractures were reviewed in a retrospective study of cases that were admitted to two university teaching hospitals. A high incidence of complications was noted, with 6/26 (23.1%) of cases requiring revision surgery. Open fractures were significantly more likely to require revision surgery. The two main repair methods were external skeletal fixation (ESF) or radial plating. The success rate was greater for radial plating, with only 1/10 (10%) cases requiring revision versus 4/14 (28.6%) for ESF. However, ESF tended to be applied to the more complicated fractures. Stabilisation of both bones proved to be an effective repair strategy with only 1/8 cases (12.5%) requiring revision versus 5/18 cases (27.8%) where only one bone was stabilised. Synostoses and radiohumeral luxation were noted as complications associated with the fractures stabilised by ESF. Final limb function following recovery was assessed as 'good' or 'excellent' in 93.3% of cases.

Locking compression plate osteosynthesis of complicated mandibular fractures in six horses.

Complicated mandibular fractures were recognised in one foal, one pony and four horses. The foal was two months old while the adult animals ranged in age from 12 to 24 years. Three horses had a unilateral horizontal ramus fracture. Two fractures were open and one was closed. Comminution was present in one of these patients while the other two horses had marked displacement of the fragments. Two suffered from comminuted fractures of the horizontal and vertical ramus of the mandible. One of these patients had open and infected fractures. One foal had a bilateral horizontal ramus fracture with marked periosteal 'new bone' formation and malalignement which required corrective osteotomy. Each horse underwent locking compression plate (LCP) osteosynthesis consisting of open fracture reduction and application of one to three 4.5/5.0 mm LCP at the ventral, lateral or caudal aspect of the mandible under fluoroscopic control. Two 3.5 mm LCP were used in the foal. Plate fixation was supported by application of a cerclage wire construct between the incisor and premolar teeth in most patients. Complete fracture healing, with an excellent functional and cosmetic outcome, was achieved in all of the patients. Complications encountered included seroma formation, screw and wire breakage, as well as implant and apical tooth root infections. The LCP was removed after fracture healing had occurred in four patients.

A tapered-sleeve transcortical pin external skeletal fixation device for use in horses: development, application, and experience.

OBJECTIVE: To report development, configuration, application, and results of a tapered-sleeve transcortical pin external skeletal fixation device (TSP ESFD) for use on fractures of the distal aspect of the equine limb. STUDY DESIGN: Optimization analysis of a TSP ESFD was carried out with mechanical testing and review of clinical case outcomes. ANIMALS: Cadaveric adult third metacarpal bones (MC3) for mechanical testing; horses (n=7) with severely comminuted proximal (6; P1) or second (1) phalanx fractures. METHODS: Mechanical testing of methods for attachment of TSP to the sidebars were tested as well as optimization of pin diameters. Outcome of clinical cases managed with the TSP ESFD were compared with outcomes of horses treated with previous ESFD. RESULTS: A TSP ESFD using 7.94 mm diameter pins was used. Survival rate was 71%. One horse with an infected P1 fracture and contralateral laminitis subsequently fractured MC3 through the distal pin hole while wearing the TSP ESFD. One mare with contralateral laminitis was euthanatized. Three horses had open fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Design improvements incorporated into the TSP ESFD should increase treatment success. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: External skeletal fixation continues to be a viable treatment alternative for severe injuries of the distal aspect of the equine limb. TSP ESFD should improve on the success of treatment by decreasing complications of bone fracture at the pin interface.

Complications after orthopedic surgery in alpacas and llamas: 24 cases (2000-2006).

OBJECTIVE: To report complications associated with orthopedic surgery in alpacas and llamas. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Alpacas (n=18) and llamas (n=6) that orthopedic surgery using internal or external fixation. METHODS: Medical records (January 2000-December 2006) and radiographs were reviewed and owners contacted for follow-up information for alpacas and llamas that had orthopedic surgery involving internal or external fixation. Fourteen camelids had internal fixation, 7 had external fixation, and 3 had a combination of internal and external fixation. RESULTS: Twenty-two animals (92%) were discharged after surgery (mean hospitalization, 15 days). Of 20 animals with >or=1 year follow-up information, 18 were alive (82%). Postoperative complications related to fracture healing, infection, soft tissue structures, or joints occurred in 21 camelids (87%). Thirteen animals returned to their intended use, 4 animals returned to breeding but not their intended use, 4 were euthanatized, and 3 were only able to be used as pets. CONCLUSIONS: Fixation type (internal, external) did not have any significant effect on complications involving fracture healing, infection, soft tissue structures, or chronic lameness. Camelids with open fractures were more likely to have complications associated with fracture healing, repair, and infection than closed fractures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Complications after orthopedic surgery in alpacas and llamas are more common than previously reported and may result in chronic lameness or prevent return to their intended use.

The use of an external skeletal traction device for distal fractures in the dog. A clinical case series of 11 patients.

Metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in 11 patients were treated 'closed' with a specially designed External Skeletal Fixation (ESF) frame with a walking bar and traction applied to the digits. Mediolateral angulation had improved postoperatively in 10 of the 11 patients. Craniocaudal angulation had improved in eight patients and could not be evaluated in three due to ESF frame superimposition. At follow-up, eight patients had a good clinical function, whereas three patients were still slightly lame. Only minor ESF-related complications were seen (pin loosening, pin tract infection, cerclage wire breakage and bending of the frame), which resolved without intervention after frame removal.

Treatment of inherently unstable open or infected fractures by open wound management and external skeletal fixation.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the use of external skeletal fixation with open wound management for the treatment of inherently unstable open or infected fractures in dogs. METHODS: A retrospective review of 10 cases. RESULTS: Fracture stabilisation and wound management required only a single anaesthetic, and despite the challenging nature of these injuries, the final outcome was acceptable or good in every case. However, minor complications associated with the fixator pins were quite common, and two dogs developed complications which required additional surgery. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Open management of wounds, even when bone was exposed, proved to be an effective technique, and external skeletal fixators were usually effective at maintaining stability throughout an inevitably extended fracture healing period.

[Conservative treatment of open incomplete radial fracture in an adult horse]. / Conservatieve behandeling van een open onvolledige radiusfractuur bij een volwassen paard.

A non-displaced radialfracture of a horse was,diagnosed. The horse had an open fracture resulting from external trauma. A diagnosis was made on radiographs taken 48h after trauma. The horse was treated conservatively by box rest and Robert-Jones bandages. After 7 days the wound was opened to let the wound drainage necrotic material and small sequesters and was washed every other day. After 7 weeks, radiographs showed complete consolidation. Four months after the injury the horse was back to work at his former level and is still working two years after the incident.

Sixteen fractures of the shoulder region in the horse.

The clinical and radiological features of fractures of the shoulder region in 16 horses are described. High quality radiographic views were essential for an accurate diagnosis. This sometimes necessitated general anaesthesia. The limitations of radiography are discussed. Nine horses had articular fractures of the supraglenoid tuberosity and eight of these were destroyed because of persistent lameness. The possibility of surgical removal of the fracture fragment(s) is discussed and the importance of early diagnosis emphasised. Seven other fractures of the shoulder region are described. The clinical outcome depended upon the location and nature of the fracture.