National surveillance using a clinical quality indicator for prolonged antipsychotic use among older Australians with dementia who access aged care services.

OBJECTIVES: Dementia guidelines recommend antipsychotics are only used for behavioral and psychological symptoms when non-drug interventions fail, and to regularly review use. Population-level clinical quality indicators (CQIs) for dementia care in permanent residential aged care (PRAC) typically monitor prevalence of antipsychotic use but not prolonged use. This study aimed to develop a CQI for antipsychotic use >90 days and examine trends, associated factors, and variation in CQI incidence; and examine duration of the first episode of use among individuals with dementia accessing home care packages (HCPs) or PRAC. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, including older individuals with dementia who accessed HCPs (n = 50,257) or PRAC (n = 250,196). Trends in annual CQI incidence (2011-12 to 2015-16) and associated factors were determined using Poisson regression. Funnel plots examined geographical and facility variation. Time to antipsychotic discontinuation was estimated among new antipsychotic users accessing HCP (n = 2367) and PRAC (n = 15,597) using the cumulative incidence function. RESULTS: Between 2011-12 and 2015-16, antipsychotic use for >90 days decreased in HCP recipients from 10.7% (95% CI 10.2-11.1) to 10.1% (95% CI 9.6-10.5, adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.98)), and in PRAC residents from 24.5% (95% CI 24.2-24.7) to 21.8% (95% CI 21.5-22.0, aIRR 0.97 (95% CI 0.96-0.98)). Prior antipsychotic use (both cohorts) and being male and greater socioeconomic disadvantage (PRAC cohort) were associated with higher CQI incidence. Little geographical/facility variation was observed. Median treatment duration in HCP and PRAC was 334 (interquartile range [IQR] 108-958) and 555 (IQR 197-1239) days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: While small decreases in antipsychotic use >90 days were observed between 2011-12 and 2015-16, findings suggest antipsychotic use among aged care recipients with dementia can be further minimized.

Challenges to the operation of Brazilian LTCIs and changes in oversight.

BACKGROUND: Despite 18 years since health surveillance regulations were promulgated in Brazil to govern Long-Term Care Institutions for Older Adults (LTCIs), many institutions fail to comply with the Differentiated Regime for Public Procurement (Resolution No. 502/2021) due to structural and operational conditions. This study aimed to investigate Brazilian LTCI managers' understanding of challenges that significantly impact institutional operation and gather suggestions for enhancing RDC No. 502/21. METHODS: A cross-sectional, exploratory, and qualitative study was conducted, involving 90 managers or technical supervisors from Brazilian LTCIs. Data were collected using a self-administered Google Forms instrument and analyzed through Thematic Analysis based on the Organizing for Quality (OQ) framework. RESULTS: The most impactful challenges for LTCIs were healthcare, financing, human resources, relationship with oversight bodies, and family members. DISCUSSION: Proposed improvements for RDC No. 502/21 included enhanced professional training, infrastructure revision, increased financial support from the state, realistic oversight/regulations, and tailored monitoring approaches. CONCLUSION: LTCIs in Brazil face numerous challenges, and the suggested improvements aim to adapt regulations to institutional realities. However, considering the regulations' variability and purposes, further investigation is warranted.

Psychometric properties of the Fraboni scale of ageism (FSA) applied to long-term caregivers in nursing homes.

BACKGROUND: The aging society has resulted in enormous demand for long-term care services. However, ageism is a common phenomenon in long-term care facilities, which not only hinders the quality of care for the recipients but also negatively influences caregivers' well-being. In this paper, we first applied the Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA) to evaluate its reliability and construct validity among Chinese long-term caregivers in nursing homes. This study could contribute to assessing the prevalence of ageism in Chinese long-term caregivers, prompting facilities and the government to recognize the issue of ageism and explore necessary interventions to reduce ageism in long-term caregivers. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. We recruited 392 long-term caregivers using a convenience sampling strategy in nursing homes from two cities in Chinese central and northern regions. Parameters included the demographic characteristics, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, and intraclass correlation coefficient. The construct validity was conducted by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha of FSA (Chinese version) was 0.856 and ICC was 0.871. The factor analysis identified 3 principal factors, explaining 43.95% of the total variance. The 3-factor model was confirmed to fit by confirmatory factor analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirm that the FSA is easy to use and has good psychometric properties. This study will contribute to improving the condition of ageism, thereby improving the quality of care for the elderly and retention of professional talents in the LTC system.

Supporting safe swallowing of care home residents with dysphagia: How does the care delivered compare with guidance from speech and language therapists?

INTRODUCTION: Dysphagia affects up to 70% of care home residents, increasing morbidity and hospital admissions. Speech and language therapists make recommendations to support safe nutrition but have limited capacity to offer ongoing guidance. This study aimed to understand if recommendations made to support safe and effective care are implemented and how these relate to the actual care delivered. METHODS: Eleven mealtimes with residents with dysphagia were observed during 2020 using a tool capturing 12 elements of expected practice. Staff actions during mealtimes were compared with adherence to residents' care plans and speech and language therapist recommendations. RESULTS: Written recommendations predominantly focused on food and fluid modification. Observations (n = 66) revealed food texture, posture, and alertness were adhered to on 90% of occasions, but alternating food and drink, prompting and ensuring swallow completed adherence was less than 60%. Thickened fluids frequently did not align with required International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative levels. Nutrition care provided in the dining room was less safe due to a lack of designated supervision. CONCLUSION: Care homes need to be supported to establish a safe swallowing culture to improve residents' safety and care experience. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject? Dysphagia is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality and has been identified as an independent risk factor for mortality in nursing home residents. There is evidence that compensatory swallowing strategies, safe feeding advice and dietary modifications can reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Care for nursing home residents at mealtimes is often task-centred and delegated to those with limited training and who lack knowledge of useful strategies to support the nutrition and hydration needs of residents with dysphagia. What this study adds? Written advice from speech and language therapists on safe nutrition and hydration for residents with dysphagia is focused mainly on food and fluid modification. Nurses and healthcare assistants have limited understanding of International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative levels or safe swallowing strategies and recommended practices to support safe nutrition care for residents with dysphagia are inconsistently applied especially when residents are eating in dining areas. Care homes are not aware of Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists guidance on how safe nutrition care of residents with dysphagia should be supported. What are the clinical implications of this work? Care homes need to prioritise a safe swallowing culture that ensures that residents with swallowing difficulties are assisted to eat and drink in a way that enhances their mealtime experience and minimises adverse events that may result in hospital admission. Speech and language therapists could play an important role in training and supporting care home staff to understand and use safe swallowing strategies with residents with dysphagia. The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists could provide more assistance to care homes to support and guide them in how to implement safe feeding routines. Care home staff have limited knowledge about how to implement safe feeding routines and need more guidance from speech and language specialists on how they can support residents with dysphagia to eat safely. Creating a safe swallowing culture within care homes could help to improve nutrition care and enhance patient safety.

Reform and reverberation: Australian aged care policy changes and the unintended consequences for allied health.

INTRODUCTION: Allied health has a valuable role in providing services to people living in residential aged care. The recent Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety included several important recommendations relating to the nursing, personal care, and allied health workforce and the care that they provide. The purpose of this paper is to review these recommendations and the Australian Government's policy responses and explore the emerging changes in allied health service provision in residential aged care. METHODS: Data from the four available Quarterly Financial Reports from the 2022-2023 financial year were extracted and analysed in relation to staff costs and time per person per day across personal care, nursing, and allied health workers. Supplementary data sources including the 2020 Aged Care Workforce Census were accessed to provide contextual data relating to individual allied health professions, including occupational therapy. RESULTS: The analysis shows a modest increase in median registered nurse minutes per person per day, and cost per person per day, from the first to second quarter, and again in the third and fourth. By contrast, median time and cost for allied health declined. From 5.6 minutes per person per day in the first quarter, reported allied health minutes fell to 4.6 minutes per person per day in the second quarter, an 18% decrease, and by the fourth quarter was 4.3 minutes per person per day. This is just over half the Australian average of 8 minutes reported to the RCACQS in 2019. CONCLUSION: Under recent residential aged care reforms, aged care providers have regulatory incentives to concentrate their financial resources on meeting the mandated care hours for registered nurses, enrolled nurses, personal care workers, and assistants in nursing. These same reforms do not mandate minutes of allied health services. Although providers of residential aged care in Australia continue to employ and value allied health, we argue that mandating care minutes for personal and nursing care without mandating the provision of allied health creates a perverse incentive whereby access to allied health services is unintentionally reduced.

Validation of a national leadership framework to promote and protect quality residential aged care: protocol for a Delphi study.

INTRODUCTION: Australia's ageing population is driving an increased demand for residential aged care services, yet concerns about the quality and safety of such care remain. The recent Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety identified various limitations relating to leadership within these services. While some competency frameworks exist globally, there is a need for sector-specific leadership competencies in the Australian residential aged care setting to promote and protect quality of care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study uses the Delphi technique to establish the content validity of a national leadership framework (RCSM-QF) for promoting and protecting the quality of residential aged care in Australia. Participants will be identifiable experts through current employment within, policy development for or research with the aged care sector. The survey will ask participants to rate the relevance, importance and clarity of RCSM-QF items and their corresponding descriptions and seek suggestions for revisions or additional items. Content validity will be assessed using the Content Validity Index, with items meeting specific criteria retained, revised, or removed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval has been sought via the James Cook University Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) to ensure the well-being and convenience of participants while mitigating potential recruitment challenges. Data will be prepared for submission to an appropriate peer-reviewed journal and presentation at relevant academic conferences.

A Facility-Level Analysis of Nursing Home Compare's Five-Star Rating and Maryland's Family Satisfaction with Care Survey.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nursing facilities care for individuals with cognitive and/or physical disabilities. Poor quality is associated with greater disease and mortality. Quality comprises many factors and different stakeholders value different factors. This study aimed to compare two care quality frameworks, one based on observable factors and one on family satisfaction. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We merged publicly available 2021 Maryland nursing facility data. The Maryland Health Care Commission surveys long-term care residents' family satisfaction across seven domains. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' (CMS) 5-star ratings aggregate inspections, staffing, and quality measures. We used univariate and bivariate statistics to compare the frameworks. RESULTS: The data set included 220 facilities and 4,610 survey respondents. The average facility rating was 7.70/10 and overall 77% of respondents would recommend the facility. Eighty-six percent of respondents from 5-star facilities, 79% from 4-star facilities, and 76% from 3-star facilities would recommend the facility compared to 65% from 1-star facilities (p < .001, p < .01, and p < .05, respectively). Four or 5-star facilities received significantly higher ratings (8.33, p < .001; 7.75, p < .05, respectively) than 1-star facilities (7.07). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Our results corroborated earlier findings of strong associations between CMS ratings and satisfaction at the extremes of the 5-star system. These associations are inconsistent across family-reported domains. This suggests overlap between the frameworks. CMS ratings address care quality; family satisfaction measures quality of life and care quality. High satisfaction is associated with high care quality and quality of life; lower satisfaction is associated with lower care quality.

Strategies to Improve Emergency Transitions From Long-Term Care Facilities: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Older adults residing in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) often experience substandard transitions to emergency departments (EDs) through rationed and delayed ED care. We aimed to identify research describing interventions to improve transitions from RACFs to EDs. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In our scoping review, we included English language articles that (a) examined an intervention to improve transitions from RACF to EDs; and (b) focused on older adults (≥65 years). We employed content analysis. Dy et al.'s Care Transitions Framework was used to assess the contextualization of interventions and measurement of implementation success. RESULTS: Interventions in 28 studies included geriatric assessment or outreach services (n = 7), standardized documentation forms (n = 6), models of care to improve transitions from RACFs to EDs (n = 6), telehealth services (n = 3), nurse-led care coordination programs (n = 2), acute-care geriatric departments (n = 2), an extended paramedicine program (n = 1), and a web-based referral system (n = 1). Many studies (n = 17) did not define what "improvement" entailed and instead assessed documentation strategies and distal outcomes (e.g., hospital admission rates, length of stay). Few authors reported how they contextualized interventions to align with care environments and/or evaluated implementation success. Few studies included clinician perspectives and no study examined resident- or family/friend caregiver-reported outcomes. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Mixed or nonsignificant results prevent us from recommending (or discouraging) any interventions. Given the complexity of these transitions and the need to create sustainable improvement strategies, future research should describe strategies used to embed innovations in care contexts and to measure both implementation and intervention success.

Does proactive care in care homes improve survival? A quality improvement project.

BACKGROUND: NHS England's 'Enhanced Health in Care Homes' specification aims to make the healthcare of care home residents more proactive. Primary care networks (PCNs) are contracted to provide this, but approaches vary widely: challenges include frailty identification, multidisciplinary team (MDT) capability/capacity and how the process is structured and delivered. AIM: To determine whether a proactive healthcare model could improve healthcare outcomes for care home residents. DESIGN AND SETTING: Quality improvement project involving 429 residents in 40 care homes in a non-randomised crossover cohort design. The headline outcome was 2-year survival. METHOD: All care home residents had healthcare coordinated by the PCN's Older Peoples' Hub. A daily MDT managed the urgent healthcare needs of residents. Proactive healthcare, comprising information technology-assisted comprehensive geriatric assessment (i-CGA) and advanced care planning (ACP), were completed by residents, with prioritisation based on clinical needs.Time-dependent Cox regression analysis was used with patients divided into two groups:Control group: received routine and urgent (reactive) care only.Intervention group: additional proactive i-CGA and ACP. RESULTS: By 2 years, control group survival was 8.6% (n=108), compared with 48.1% in the intervention group (n=321), p<0.001. This represented a 39.6% absolute risk reduction in mortality, 70.2% relative risk reduction and the number needed to treat of 2.5, with little changes when adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSION: A PCN with an MDT-hub offering additional proactive care (with an i-CGA and ACP) in addition to routine and urgent/reactive care may improve the 2-year survival in older people compared with urgent/reactive care alone.

Long-term care facilities for older people and the COVID-19 pandemic: epidemiological data and preventive measures / Instituições de longa permanência para idosos e a pandemia de COVID-19: dados epidemiológicos e medidas preventiva

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged society, especially residents of long-term care facilities (LTCF). This study investigated rates of infection, hospitalization, and death due to COVID-19 among LTCF residents and staff in Minas Gerais, Brazil and identified strategies to control the spread of the disease.Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data from 164 LTCF (6017 older adults). The owners or managers were invited to answer an electronic questionnaire. The questionnaire included 55 items, divided into 3 sections.Results: Of the participating LTCF, 48.7%, 39.6%, and 32.3% reported COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths, respectively, among residents, while 68.9%, 7.3%, and 1.2% reported COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths, respectively, among staff. Preventive measures were identified and classified as organizational, infrastructural, hygiene items/personal protective equipment, and staff training.Conclusion: The strategies used in the daily routines of LTCF during the pandemic were classified. The challenges experienced in Brazilian facilities were similar to those observed worldwide. The results highlight the importance of continuity and the need to improve protective measures for LTCF residents, especially in low- and middle-income countries

Objetivos: A pandemia da COVID-19 tem sido desafiadora para a sociedade, principalmente para aqueles que residem em Instituições de Longa Permanência (ILPI). Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as taxas de infecção, hospitalização e óbito por COVID-19 entre idosos e funcionários de ILPI de Minas Gerais/Brasil e identificar estratégias de prevenção e controle da disseminação da doença.Metodologia: Este estudo transversal foi realizado com 164 ILPI (6.017 idosos). Os gestores ou proprietários foram convidados a responder ao questionário eletrônico. O questionário incluiu 55 itens, divididos em três seções.Resultados: Entre as ILPI estudadas, 48,7% confirmaram a infecção por COVID-19 em idosos, resultando em 39,6% de internação e 32,3% de óbito entre os infectados. Além disso, 68,9% das ILPI confirmaram infecção por COVID-19 na equipe, com 7,3% de internação e 1,2% de óbito. As medidas preventivas foram identificadas e classificadas como organizacionais, infraestrutura, itens de higiene e equipamentos de proteção individual e treinamento de pessoal contra a COVID-19.Conclusão: Essas medidas revelaram estratégias e barreiras vivenciadas no cotidiano das ILPI durante a pandemia. As ILPI no Brasil passaram por desafios semelhantes aos observados mundialmente. Os resultados destacaram a importância da continuidade e melhoria das medidas de proteção para idosos em ILPI, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda

COVID-19 en residencias de mayores: una asignatura pendiente / COVID-19 in Nursing Homes: a pending subject

ANTECEDENTES: En un brote de Covid-19, las residencias geriátricas asistidas son entornos donde existe un riesgo elevado tener resultados graves. Ello se debe tanto a la edad avanzada de los residentes y a la frecuencia con que presentan problemas de salud crónicos comoal movimiento del personal sanitario entre instalaciones de la zona. MÉTODOS: Tras la identificación, el 28 de febrero de 2020, de un caso confirmado de Covid-19 en una residencia asistida en el condado de King, Washington. Salud Pública-Seattle y el condado de King, con la ayuda de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades pusieron en marcha una investigación del caso, la localización de contactos, la cuarentena de las personas expuestas, el aislamiento de los casos confirmados y sospechosos y la mejora in situ de la prevención y el control de la infección. RESULTADOS: El 18 de marzo, se determinó que un total de 167 casos confirmados de Covid-19 que afectaban a 101 residentes, 50 trabajadores sanitarios y 16 visitantes, estaban vinculados epidemiológicamente a la residencia. La mayoría de los residentes afectados presentaban enfermedades respiratorias compatibles con el Covid-19; sin embargo, en 7 residentes no se documentaron síntomas. Las tasas de hospitalización de los residentes, los visitantes y del personal fueron del 54,5%, 50,0% y 6,0%, respectivamente. La tasa de letalidad de los residentes fue del 33,7% (34 de 101). En esa misma fecha se había identificado al menos un caso confirmado de Covid-19 en un total de 30 centros asistidos en el condado de King. CONCLUSIONES: En el contexto del rápido aumento de los brotes de Covid-19, se necesitan medidas proactivas por parte de las residencias geriátricas para identificar y excluir al personal y a los visitantes potencialmente infectados, vigilar activamente a los pacientes potencialmente infectados y aplicar medidas apropiadas de prevención y control de la infección para evitar la introducción del Covid-19

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Desafios da COVID-19 nas instituições de longa permanência para idosos em países hispano-americanos / COVID-19: challenges in long-term care facilities for older adults in Hispanic American countries

INTRODUÇÃO: Pouco se sabe sobre o enfrentamento e a mitigação da COVID-19 em instituições de longa permanência para idosos (ILPIs) na América Latina. OBJETIVO: Descrever como os gestores de ILPIs de países hispano-americanos planejaram e adequaram suas rotinas de enfrentamento da COVID-19 e se foram capazes de cumprir as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal baseado na aplicação de uma pesquisa on-line dirigida aos gestores de ILPIs situadas em países hispano-americanos. Um questionário de 46 questões (adotando os princípios da OMS) foi enviado aos participantes. Estatística descritiva foi usada para resumir os dados. RESULTADOS: Vinte e três gestores responderam à pesquisa, totalizando 874 idosos (5 min - 270 máx); um questionário foi excluído por falta de respostas. Quatorze ILPIs (63,60%) eram privadas com fins lucrativos. A taxa de adesão às recomendações da OMS foi superior a 70% para a maioria das questões. Pouco mais da metade das instituições elaborou um plano estratégico de enfrentamento, ou identificou estratégias para lidar com óbitos de casos suspeitos. Dificuldade para a aquisição de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) foi relatada por 59,10% das ILPIs investigadas. A capacidade de testagem para o SARS-Cov-2 foi reduzida (36,36% das instituições não dispunham de nenhum teste). CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de adesão às recomendações propostas pela OMS para o enfrentamento da COVID-19 foi superior a 70% para a maioria das ILPIs investigadas. Planos estratégicos de enfrentamento foram elaborados em pouco mais da metade das instituições. A disponibilidade de EPIs e a capacidade de testagem para o SARS-Cov-2 mostraram-se bastante insatisfatórias.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about management and mitigation of COVID-19 in long-term care facilities (LTCF) for older adults in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To describe how the management of LTCF in Hispanic American countries plan and adapt their routines for coping with COVID-19 and whether they have been able to fulfill recommendations published by the World Health Organization (WHO). METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted by online survey of managers of LTCF located in Hispanic American i countries. A 46-item questionnaire (adopting the WHO principles) was sent to participants. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. RESULTS: Twenty-three care home managers replied, responsible for a total of 874 older people (range: 5 - 270). One questionnaire was excluded because of missing responses. Fourteen LTCF (63.60%) were private, for-profit facilities. The rate of compliance with WHO recommendations exceeded 70% for the majority of items. Just over half of the institutions had developed dû a strategic management plan, or had identified strategies for dealing with deaths of suspected cases. Difficulty acquiring personal protective equipment (PPE) was reported by 59.10% of the LTCF surveyed. The homes' capacity for SARS-Cov-2 testing was limited (36.36% of the institutions did not have any tests). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of compliance with recommendations published by the WHO for dealing with COVID-19 was greater than 70% at the majority of the LTCF surveyed. More than half of the institutions had strategic management plans. Availability of PPE and SARS-Cov-2 testing capacity were very unsatisfactory.

Análise do tema violência nas políticas de cuidado de longa duração ao idoso / Analysis of the theme of violence in policies of long-term care for the elderly

Resumo Objetivou-se identificar e analisar na literatura nacional e internacional se e como o tema da violência é abordado nos estudos de políticas públicas de atenção ao idoso albergado em Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Realizou-se revisão integrativa da literatura publicada entre 2010 e agosto de 2016. Foram consultadas as principais bases bibliográficas utilizando-se os descritores: "idoso", "políticas públicas","instituição de longa permanência para idosos","asilo", "casa de repouso" e "ILPI", nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Analisou-se 77 artigos, sendo 12 brasileiros e 65 estrangeiros, dos quais 30 são dos Estados Unidos. A análise mostrou que muitos países possuem políticas de cuidados de longa duração que regem as modalidades dos serviços que os fornecem. Somente oito artigos abordaram a questão da violência no interior das ILPI no âmbito das políticas de proteção ao idoso e afirmam que países da América Latina e da Ásia precisam avançar nesta pauta e colocar o tema da violência contra idosos na agenda de prioridades. Nenhum artigo brasileiro abordou o tema diretamente, embora tenha ficado claro que paira sobre as ILPI a negligência institucional e outras formas de violências.

Abstract This paper aimed to identify and analyze in national and international literature whether and how the theme of violence is addressed in the studies of public policies for older adults in Long-Term Care Institutions (LTCI). We conducted an integrative review of the published literature between 2010 and August 2016. The primary bibliographic databases were consulted using descriptors "idoso", "políticas públicas", "instituição de longa permanência para idosos", "asilo", "casa de repouso" and "ILPI" in Portuguese and their equivalent in English and Spanish. A total of 77 papers were analyzed, of which 12 were Brazilian and 65 were foreign (of these, 30 were from the U.S.). The analysis showed that many countries have long-term care policies governing the modalities of service providers. Only eight works addressed the issue of violence within LTCIs within older adults' protection policies, and affirm that countries in Latin America and Asia must advance this agenda and place the issue of violence against seniors on the agenda of priorities. No Brazilian paper addressed the issue directly, although it has become clear that neglect and other forms of violence hang over Long-Term Care Institutions for the Elderly (LTCIEs).

Urgencias hospitalarias procedentes de residencias geriátricas de una comarca: evolución, características y adecuación / Hospital emergencies arising from nursing homes in a region: evolution, characteristics and appropriateness

Objetivo: Las urgencias hospitalarias (UH) procedentes de residencias asistidas (RA) aumentan. Se analizan la evolución, las características y la adecuación de las UH de personas institucionalizadas en RA de una comarca, y las hospitalizaciones generadas por ellas. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo entre 2010 y 2013 con personas institucionalizadas en 11 RA del Baix Empordà (704 plazas) y el Hospital de Palamós. Variables: Sexo, edad, morbilidad y peso relativo según grupos de riesgo clínico (CRG, clinical risk groups), RA, días de estancia, diagnóstico de la urgencia, adecuación de las UH según los criterios de Bermejo y el protocolo de adecuación de UH (PAUH), y de las hospitalizaciones según el Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP). Muestra para evaluar la adecuación: 159 UH y 91 hospitalizaciones. Análisis estadístico: frecuencias, media, desviación típica, percentiles, test exacto de Fisher y ANOVA, con un nivel de confianza del 95% y utilizando IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1474 personas (73% mujeres), el grupo ≥85 años aumentó al 60,3% y el peso medio de la morbilidad fue de 3,2 a 4,0 (p <0,001). Generaron 1805 UH. La tasa anual por 1.000 estancias de RA aumentó de 1,64 a 2,05, siendo adecuadas el 90,6% según los criterios de Bermejo y el 93,7% según el PAUH. De estas, 502 se hospitalizaron. La tasa anual por 10 urgencias descendió de 2,96 a 2,64, siendo adecuadas el 98,9% según el AEP. Conclusiones: Las urgencias y las hospitalizaciones de personas institucionalizadas en RA aumentan y son adecuadas. El incremento de la edad y de la carga de morbilidad podrían explicar este fenómeno. Las RA y los hospitales deberían afrontarlo apropiadamente, considerando las necesidades de este sector (AU)

Objective: Hospital emergencies (HE) arising from nursing homes (NH) are on the rise. We analyse the evolution, characteristics and appropriateness of HE of NH residents in a region, as well as resulting hospital admissions. Method: Retrospective descriptive study between 2010 and 2013 of institutionalised residents of 11 NH located in Baix Empordà (704 beds) and Palamós Hospital. Variables: Gender, age, morbidity and relative weight according to clinical risk groups (CRG), NH, length of stay, diagnosis of the emergency, appropriateness of HE according to Bermejo's criteria and the HE appropriateness protocol (HEAP), and appropriateness of hospitalisations according to the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP). Sample to evaluate appropriateness: 159 HE and 91 hospitalisations. Statistical analysis: frequency, mean, standard deviation, percentiles, Fisher's exact test and ANOVA, with a confidence interval of 95% and using IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Results: 1,474 people were enrolled, of which 73% were women. Group ≥85 years increased to 60.3% and the mean weight of morbidity was 3.2 to 4.0 (p <0.001). 1,805 HE were generated. The annual rate per 1,000 stays arising from NH increased from 1.64 to 2.05, of which 90.6% were appropriate according to Bermejo's criteria and 93.7% according to the HEAP. Of these, 502 involved hospitalisation. The annual rate per 10 emergencies fell from 2.96 to 2.64 and 98.9% were appropriate according to the AEP. Conclusions: Hospital emergencies and hospitalisations of NH residents are increasing and are appropriate. Increasing age and disease burden could explain this phenomenon. NH and hospitals should react appropriately, considering the specific needs of this population sector (AU)

The experience of older people living in nursing home (Panti Wredha) in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia

Inability to fulfil daily needs and natural aging process will affect both health and life satisfaction among older people. Services to older people in nursing home may be affected when cooperation between nurse, caregiver and older people are not optimal. Hence, the cooperation between them must be optimized to enhance services and maintain quality of life among the older people. The aim of this study was to develop a partner model between nurse, caregiver and older people in nursing home, Panti Wredha in Jakarta, to improve caring behavior, health status, satisfaction and quality of life of older people. This study's operational method consisted of three phases: (I) exploration phase, (II) model development phase, and (III) model trial phase to assess the model effectiveness. The first year was phase I and II. The second year was phase III model trial to assess the model effectiveness. This article will report the phase I findings. Qualitative design with a descriptive phenomenology approach was used. The population was older people living in Nursing Home (Panti Wredha) in Jakarta. The sample for phase I was selected according to some criteria until data saturation was achieved: eight older people. Data were collected using face-to-face interview to older people. Data were analyzed using Collaizi method. The result of 11 themes (older people). This result will be used further for development of model and module, and will test by readability and expert test

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Efectividad de las intervenciones dirigidas a reducir las sujeciones físicas en personas mayores de 65 años institucionalizadas: una revisión sistemática / Effectiveness of training interventions aimed at reducing physical restraints in institutionalised older people: a systematic review

Existe cierta controversia sobre el uso de sujeciones físicas en personas mayores institucionalizadas. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los estudios realizados sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones formativas para la reducción de sujeciones físicas en residencias de mayores. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en Cochrane Library, PUBMED, PsycINFO, EMBASE y Web of Science de los ensayos clínicos publicados en inglés o castellano que analizaran intervenciones formativas dirigidas a miembros del equipo interdisciplinar para prevenir, minimizar o eliminar el uso de sujeciones físicas en personas mayores de 65 años institucionalizadas. Diez artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Los hallazgos muestran resultados contradictorios sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones formativas, no encontrándose evidencia suficiente para confirmar una reducción del uso de sujeciones tras las intervenciones formativas. Son necesarios más estudios que analicen la efectividad de estas intervenciones en la prevención o eliminación del uso de sujeciones físicas en residencias de mayores (AU)

There is some controversy about the use of physical restraints in institutionalised elderly people. The aim of this review is to analyse studies that evaluated the effectiveness of training interventions targeting interdisciplinary teams aimed at preventing, reducing or eliminating the use of physical restraints in nursing homes. A systematic search was performed in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Web of Science to find clinical trials, published in English or in Spanish, that examined training sessions for interdisciplinary teams aimed at preventing, minimising or eliminating the use of physical restrains in institutionalised people over 65 years. Ten papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The findings show conflicting results on the effectiveness of training sessions. Furthermore, they lack sufficient empirical evidence to be able to assert that training sessions brought about a reduction in the use of physical restraints. More studies are needed that analyse the effectiveness of these interventions to prevent or eliminate the use of physical restraints in these institutions (AU)

Equivalência semântica, conceitual e de itens do Observable Indicators of Nursing Home Care Quality Instrument / Semantic and conceptual equivalence of the observable indicatorsof Nursing Home Care Quality Instrument

Resumo As Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI) são uma importante alternativa de cuidado no mundo, porém o Brasil ainda não dispõe de instrumento válido para monitorar a qualidade dessas instituições. Portanto, o objetivo do presente artigo é descrever as etapas iniciais da adaptação transcultural do Observable Indicators of Nursing Home Care Quality Instrument (IOQ) usado para avaliar a qualidade do cuidado nas ILPI. Realizou-se a equivalência conceitual e de itens para avaliar a pertinência e a viabilidade do IOQ à realidade nacional através do Índice de Validade do Conteúdo (IVC). Em seguida, cumpriu-se a equivalência operacional, a idiomática e a semântica. Esta última tem 5 fases: (1) duas traduções e (2) duas respectivas retraduções; (3) apreciação formal; (4) revisão; e (5) aplicação do pré-teste em três ILPI. Modificações importantes foram realizadas para garantir a validade do IOQ. O IVC do instrumento referentes ao contexto brasileiro foi de 94,3% (viabilidade) e 95,3% (relevância). O IOQ mostrou-se compreensível e de fácil aplicação no pré-teste. A adaptação transcultural do IOQ contribui para avaliação e melhoria da qualidade nas ILPI brasileiras, mas os resultados devem ser complementados mediante avaliação psicométrica.

Abstract Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) for the elderly are an important health care alternative in the world, though Brazil does not yet have a valid instrument to monitor the quality of these institutions. This study sought to describe the initial stages of the cross-cultural adaptation of the Observable Indicators of Nursing Home Care Quality (OIQ) instrument used to assess the quality of care in LTCFs. Conceptual equivalence was conducted to assess the relevance and feasibility of the OIQ within the Brazilian context, using the Content Validity Index (CVI). The operational, idiomatic and semantic equivalence was then performed. This item consisted of 5 phases: (1) two translations; (2) the respective back translations; (3) formal appraisal; (4) review; and (5) application of the pre-test in three LTCFs. Significant changes were made to ensure the validity of the OIQ. The CVI instrument for the Brazilian contextwas 94.3% (viability) and 95.3% (relevance). The OIQ proved to be easy to understand and apply in the pre-test. Cross-cultural adaptation of the OIQ contributes to assessing and improving quality in Brazilian LTCFs, though the findings should be complemented by a psychometric evaluation of the instrument.