[Research progress on the neural mechanism of the regulation of social isolation on innate behaviors].

Innate behavior is mainly controlled by genetics, but is also regulated by social experiences such as social isolation. Studies in animal models such as Drosophila and mice have found that social isolation can regulate innate behaviors through the changes at the molecular level, such as hormone, neurotransmitter, neuropeptide level, and at the level of neural circuits. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the regulation of social isolation on various animal innate behaviors, such as sleep, reproduction and aggression by altering the expression of conserved neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, hoping to deepen the understanding of the key and conserved signal pathways that regulate innate behavior by social isolation.

Is food preference innate instinct driven or human's free will?

The question whether food preference decisions are controlled by innate instincts, or a conscious decision-making process is still open. The answer to this question is important not only for neuroscientists, psychologists, and philosophers but also for food scientists and developers. Looking from different perspectives involved in food preference decisions could not only settle a long ongoing debate but also pave the way to understand why people prefer to eat what they eat.

Biological aging of two innate behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster: Escape climbing versus courtship learning and memory.

Motor and cognitive aging can severely affect life quality of elderly people and burden health care systems. In search for diagnostic behavioral biomarkers, it has been suggested that walking speed can predict forms of cognitive decline, but in humans, it remains challenging to separate the effects of biological aging and lifestyle. We examined a possible association of motor and cognitive decline in Drosophila, a genetic model organism of healthy aging. Long term courtship memory is present in young male flies but absent already during mid life (4-8 weeks). By contrast, courtship learning index and short term memory (STM) are surprisingly robust and remain stable through mid (4-8 weeks) and healthy late life (>8 weeks), until courtship performance collapses suddenly at ~4.5 days prior to death. By contrast, climbing speed declines gradually during late life (>8 weeks). The collapse of courtship performance and short term memory close to the end of life occur later and progress with a different time course than the gradual late life decline in climbing speed. Thus, during healthy aging in male Drosophila, climbing and courtship motor behaviors decline differentially. Moreover, cognitive and motor performances decline at different time courses. Differential behavioral decline during aging may indicate different underlying causes, or alternatively, a common cause but different thresholds for defects in different behaviors.

Gut instincts: Unveiling the connection between gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by neuroinflammation and gradual cognitive decline. Recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, the mechanism by which GM and microbial metabolites alter brain function is not clearly understood. GM dysbiosis increases the permeability of the intestine, alters the blood-brain barrier permeability, and elevates proinflammatory mediators causing neurodegeneration. This review article introduced us to the composition and functions of GM along with its repercussions of dysbiosis in relation to AD. We also discussed the importance of the gut-brain axis and its role in communication. Later we focused on the mechanism behind gut dysbiosis and the progression of AD including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and changes in neurotransmitter levels. Furthermore, we highlighted recent developments in AD management, such as microbiota-based therapy, dietary interventions like prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Finally, we concluded with challenges and future directions in AD research based on GM.

A conserved brainstem region for instinctive behaviour control: The vertebrate periaqueductal gray.

Instinctive behaviours have evolved across animal phyla and ensure the survival of both the individual and species. They include behaviours that achieve defence, feeding, aggression, sexual reproduction, or parental care. Within the vertebrate subphylum, the brain circuits that support instinctive behaviour output are evolutionarily conserved, being present in the oldest group of living vertebrates, the lamprey. Here, I will provide an evolutionary and comparative perspective on the function of a conserved brainstem region central to the initiation and execution of virtually all instinctive behaviours-the periaqueductal gray. In particular, I will focus on recent advances on the neural mechanisms in the periaqueductal gray that underlie the production of different instinctive behaviours within and across species.

The Ego and the Id: Concepts and developments.

In this note I have limited myself to describing some convergent and divergent developments arising from the innovative concepts present in The Ego and the Id. It could be argued that a part of the psychoanalytic movement wished to emphasize the function of the Ego (Anna Freud, Hartmann, Rapaport), while another part (Melanie Klein and her followers) delved into the dynamics of the Superego and the Id in primitive and pathological states of mind. I will examine three themes presents in The Ego and the Id: the assertion that a part of the Ego is unconscious; the idea that the death drive becomes part of the dynamics of melancholia and its Superego; the concept of fusion and defusion of the life and death instinct. Freud's writing represents a forge of new ideas that have made psychoanalysis ever more creative and capable of understanding the complexity and mysteriousness of the human mind.

A direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway adaptively modulates innate behaviors.

Sensory cortices modulate innate behaviors through corticofugal projections targeting phylogenetically-old brainstem nuclei. However, the principles behind the functional connectivity of these projections remain poorly understood. Here, we show that in mice visual cortical neurons projecting to the optic-tract and dorsal-terminal nuclei (NOT-DTN) possess distinct response properties and anatomical connectivity, supporting the adaption of an essential innate eye movement, the optokinetic reflex (OKR). We find that these corticofugal neurons are enriched in specific visual areas, and they prefer temporo-nasal visual motion, matching the direction bias of downstream NOT-DTN neurons. Remarkably, continuous OKR stimulation selectively enhances the activity of these temporo-nasally biased cortical neurons, which can efficiently promote OKR plasticity. Lastly, we demonstrate that silencing downstream NOT-DTN neurons, which project specifically to the inferior olive-a key structure in oculomotor plasticity, impairs the cortical modulation of OKR and OKR plasticity. Our results unveil a direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway that adaptively modulates innate behaviors.

O estudo do comportamento, a dicotomia inato vs. aprendido e sua (possível) superação / Behavior studies, the nature vs. nurture dichotomy and its (possible) overcoming / El estudio del comportamiento, la dicotomía innato vs. aprendido y su (posible) superación / Les études du comportement, la dichotomie inné vs. appris et son (possible) dépassement

Resumo: O debate inato vs. aprendido continua presente na Academia, bem como na sociedade. Considerando tal cenário, este artigo apresenta o desdobrar das discussões que giram em torno das influências ambientais e genéticas, na gênese dos comportamentos. Para isso, primeiramente é apresentada uma reflexão acerca da definição de comportamento com a finalidade de apresentar o objeto da discussão, bem como a imprecisão em sua caracterização. Posteriormente, são destacadas as principais diferenças entre o pensamento behaviorista e o etológico, e em como essas diferenças impactaram a condução de pesquisas, além de sustentar discursos eugenistas e/ou discriminatórios. Por último, disserta-se sobre uma abordagem não-dicotômica ao tema, na forma dos Sistemas em Desenvolvimento, como uma proposta de superação do debate em questão.

Abstract: Given the remaining prominence of nature vs. nurture debate in academia and society, this article discusses environmental and genetic influences on the genesis of behavior. For this purpose, we first present the definition of behavior and discuss the imprecision in its characterization. Next, we examine the main differences between behaviorist and ethological thinking and their impact on research and on the support of eugenic discourses. To conclude, the article discusses a non-dichotomous approach to behavior based on the Developmental Systems Theory framework to overcome such dualism.

Resumen: El debate innato vs. aprendido permanece presente tanto en la academia como en la sociedad. Considerando este escenario, este artículo presenta el desarrollo de discusiones que giran en torno a las influencias ambientales y genéticas en la génesis del comportamiento. Para ello, en primer lugar, se presenta una reflexión sobre la definición de comportamiento con el fin de presentar el objeto de discusión, así como la imprecisión en su caracterización. Posteriormente, se destacan las principales diferencias entre el pensamiento behaviorista y el etológico, y su impacto en la realización de algunas investigaciones, además de fundamentarse en los discursos eugenésicos y/o discriminatorios. Para finalizar, este artículo discute un enfoque no dicotómico del tema, en la modalidad de Sistemas en Desarrollo, como propuesta para superar el debate en cuestión.

Résumé : Le débat inné vs. savant reste toujours présent dans l'Académie ainsi que dans la société. Au vu ce scénario, cet article discute des influences environnementales et génétiques sur la genèse du comportement. Pour ce faire, on reflète sur la définition du comportement et les imprécisions dans sa caractérisation pour ensuite explorer les principales différences entre la pensée béhavioriste et éthologique et leur impact sur certaines recherches et sur le soutien des discours eugéniques. L'article conclu par présentant une approche non dichotomique fondée sur la Developmental Systems Theory pour surmonter le débat en question.

Um capítulo esquecido na história da psicologia? sexualidades desviantes, psicopatologia e normalidade / A forgotten chapter in the history of psychology? deviant sexualities, psychopathology, and normality / ¿Un capítulo olvidado en la historia de la psicología? sexualidades desviadas, psicopatología y normalidad

Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.(AU)

This article aims to produce a historical analysis of the intersections between Psychology and sexualities that deviate from the norm in Brazil, from the late 19th century to the mid-1980s. This period was chosen because it encompasses the emergence of scientific research on sexuality and sexual deviations, the consolidation of psychological studies on the subject and the most recent process of de-pathologization of homosexuality. Theoretically and methodologically, the assumptions of the Social History of Psychology and the historiography of homosexualities in Brazil were adopted. Therefore, we sought to understand how psychological ideas, conceptions and practices have changed over time, in connection with the sociocultural and political transformations that occurred throughout the 20th century. For this, primary and secondary sources of research were used to produce interpretations about the connections between the ideas, the actors and the narrated events. It is argued, throughout the article, that the psychological ideas and practices are intrinsically connected to the sociocultural and political contexts of their time, being the dynamic movements and conflicts present in these contexts determining factors for their constitution.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis histórico de las intersecciones entre la Psicología y las sexualidades desviadas de la norma en Brasil desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1980. Esta temporalidad fue elegida por abarcar el surgimiento de las investigaciones científicas sobre sexualidad y desvíos sexuales, la consolidación de los estudios psicológicos sobre el tema y el más reciente proceso de despatologización de la homosexualidad. En el marco teórico y metodológico, se adoptaron los presupuestos de la Historia Social de la Psicología y de la historiografía de las homosexualidades en Brasil. De esta manera, se pretende comprender cómo las ideas, concepciones y prácticas psicológicas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con las transformaciones socioculturales y políticas ocurridas durante el siglo XX. Para ello, se utilizaron las fuentes de investigación primarias y secundarias con miras a generar interpretaciones sobre las conexiones entre las ideas, los actores y los eventos narrados. Se argumenta, a lo largo de este artículo, que las ideas y las prácticas psicológicas están intrínsecamente conectadas a los contextos socioculturales y políticos de su tiempo, y los movimientos dinámicos y los conflictos presentes en estos contextos fueron los factores determinantes para su constitución.(AU)

Momentos de "des-existir" e espaços vazios de "des-existência" / Moments of "de-existing" and empty spaces of "de-existence" / Momentos de "des-existir" y espacios vacíos de "des-existencia"

A utilização do conceito des-existir, usado por mim neste e em outros trabalhos, resulta de uma necessidade de nomear e delimitar situações em geral transitórias limitadas à esfera psíquica. Diferencia-se do conceito de matar, verbo ativo que implica na ação de um sujeito, seja em termos físicos ou metafóricos. Assim como diferencia-se também do conceito de morrer, ligado a algo mais definitivo em termos naturais ou figurados. Des-existir refere-se a uma situação momentânea, temporária e às vezes prolongada, em que o sujeito entra em processo de falência como sujeito psíquico por desinvestimento. Pode ser des-existido em diferentes graus de apagamento em um espectro que se estende entre a situação ativa de sujeito e a condição passiva de objeto da pulsão de morte (AU)

I employ the idea of de-existing, in this and other papers, as a result from an urge to name and delimit usually transient situations limited to the psychic sphere. It differs from the idea of killing, active verb that implies the action of a subject, in physical or metaphorical terms. As well as it also differs from the idea of dying, connected to something more definitive in natural or figurative terms. De-existing refers to a momentary, temporary situation, sometimes long-lasting, in which, due to disinvestment, the subject goes into a process of failure as psychic subject. It may be de-existed in different levels of effacement in a spectrum that extends between the active situation as subject and the passive condition of object of the death drive (AU)

El uso del concepto des-existir, que utilizo en este y otros trabajos, resulta de una necesidad de nombrar y delimitar en general situaciones transitorias limitadas a la esfera psíquica. Se diferencia del concepto de matar, verbo activo que implica la acción de un sujeto, ya sea en términos físicos o metafóricos. Además, también se diferencia del concepto de morir, ligado a algo más definitivo en términos naturales o figurativos. El des-existir se refiere a una situación momentánea, temporal y en ocasiones prolongada en la que el sujeto entra en proceso de desplome como sujeto psíquico debido a la desinversión. Puede ser des-existido en diferentes grados de desvanecimiento en un espectro que se extiende entre la situación activa del sujeto y la condición pasiva de objeto de la pulsión de muerte (AU)

Escrituras do grito em Antonin Artaud / Ecritures du cri chez Antonin Artaud / Escrituras del grito en Antinin Artaud / Scream scriptures in Antonin Artaud

Resumo Este texto decanta da experiência de escuta-leitura da obra de Antonin Artaud e recolhe, nas construções do poeta, efeitos de testemunho acerca de um tempo de soltura entre voz e palavra, quando o que emerge é o grito. Este estudo acerca da voz e das tentativas de escritura do inominável conduz a uma pergunta auxiliar sobre o corpo. Nessa composição, destaca-se, a partir dos fios da psicanálise, lalangue - articulador teórico que enlaça corpo e palavra, voz e escrita. É a partir de lalangue que o artigo se inclina em direção à obra de Artaud para percorrer a travessia do grito desde o vazio da voz desancorada da palavra em um momento de queda do sujeito para um espaço/tempo de endereçamento e existência - existência que se sustentará corporificada na obra de Artaud.

Résumé Ce texte parle de l'expérience de l'écoute-lecture de l'oeuvre d'Antonin Artaud et recueille dans les constructions du poète des effets de témoignage sur un temps de relâchement entre la voix et la parole, lorsque ce qui émerge est le cri. Cette étude concernant la voix et les tentatives d'écriture de ce qui est innommable nous conduit à une question subsidiaire sur le corps. Dans cette composition se démarque, à partir des fils de la psychanalyse, lalangue - articulateur théorique qui lie corps et parole, voix et écriture. C'est à partir de lalangue que l'article se penche vers l'oeuvre d'Artaud pour couvrir le passage du cridepuis le vide de la voix détachée de la parole, dans un moment de chute du sujet vers un espace/temps de directionnement et d'existence. Existence qui se soutiendra incarnée dans l'oeuvre d'Artaud.

Resumen Este texto decanta de la experiencia de escucha-lectura de la obra de Antonin Artaud y recoge en las construcciones del poeta efectos de testimonio respecto a un tiempo de soltura entre voz y palabra, cuando lo que emerge es el grito. Este estudio sobre la voz y los intentos de escritura de lo innombrable conduce a una pregunta auxiliar sobre el cuerpo. En esa composición se sobresale, a partir de los hilos del psicoanálisis - lalangue - articulador teórico que enlaza cuerpo y palabra, voz y escritura. A partir de lalangue es que el artículo se inclina hacia la obra de Artaud para recorrer la travesía del grito desde el vacío de la voz desanclada de la palabra en un momento de caída del sujeto a un espacio/tiempo de direccionamiento y existencia. Existencia que se sostendrá corporificada en la obra de Artaud.

Abstract This text arises from the listening-reading experience of the works of Antonin Artaud and brings together the testimony effects in the constructions of the poet about a moment of looseness between the voice and the word, giving rise to the scream. This study about the voice and attempts of writing the unspeakable leads to an accessory question about the body. In this structure, based on the psychoanalysis threads, lalangue - as a theoretical articulator encompassing body and word, voice, and writing - stands out. Based on lalangue the essay is directed to the work of Artaud to travel along the scream path from the emptiness of the unanchored voice of the word in a moment of fall of the subject to space/time of addressing and existence. An existence that will be supported and embodied in the work of Artaud.

Desarrollo moral: Tres comprensiones / Moral development: Three understandings

Este artículo de reflexión presenta teóricamente las comprensiones del desarrollo moral estructuralista, pluralista y del instinto moral, con base en los criterios de indagación fáctica de la moralidad, a partir de las concepciones basadas en la justicia, en la cultura y en el instinto. Para lo cual, se realiza un recorrido teórico y conceptual, presentando diferentes investigaciones y trabajos en este campo de estudio. Como conclusión se afirma la necesidad de comprender lo moral como un fenómeno complejo que reviste diferentes marcos de sentido e interpretación, dando énfasis al carácter universal del fenómeno.

This article of reflection theoretically presents the comprehensions of the structuralist, pluralistic moral development and the moral instinct, based on the criteria of factual investigation of morality, based on conceptions based on justice, culture and instinct. For which, a theoretical and conceptual journey is made, presenting different investigations and works in this field of study. In conclusion, the need to understand the moral as a complex phenomenon that has different frames of meaning and interpretation, emphasizing the universal nature of the phenomenon is affirmed

As bases, em Freud, do conceito lacaniano de gozo / The Lacanian concept of jouissance and its basis in Freud's theory / Las bases, en Freud, del concepto lacaniano de goce

Lacan, ao explicitar a questão do gozo em O seminário, livro VII, a ética da psicanálise (1959/1960), articula-o à satisfação de uma pulsão de morte que ultrapassa as barreiras do princípio do prazer, trazendo, assim, na maioria das vezes, satisfação na dor, gerada por uma compulsão à repetição inconsciente. Assim, metonimicamente, a elaboração do gozo em Lacan nos lança para noções e conceitos fundamentais em Freud, sem os quais sua enunciação se configuraria apenas em jargões e não como construção teórica a partir da clínica. Nesse sentido, sustentamos que seria impossível conceber esta elaboração do gozo, suscitada no referido seminário, sem remeter às bases conceituais que tornam o conceito de gozo possível em Lacan, bem como ao encontro com uma noção de gozo em Freud

Lacan, in expliciting the jouissance concept in The seminar, book VII, The ethics of psychoanalysis (1959/1960), hinges it to the satisfaction of a death drive which transcends the limits of the pleasure principle, therefore bringing, most of the times, satisfaction in pain, generated by an unconscious compulsion to repetition. Therefore, metonymically, working-through jouissance in Lacan takes us to key notions and concepts in Freud, without which verbalizing it would be only jargon, and not a theoretical construction from the symptoms from the clinical work. We state that it would be impossible to conceive this working-through of jouissance, evoked in the above-mentioned seminar, without referring to the conceptual bases that render possible the jouissance concept in Lacan, as well as to a notion of jouissance in Freud

Lacan, al hacer explícita la cuestión de lo goce en El seminario, libro 7, La ética del psicoanálisis (1959/1960), lo articula a satisfacción de una pulsión de muerte que sobrepasa los límites del principio del pracer, lo que hace que, en la mayoría de las veces, la satisfacción en el dolor, generada por una compulsión inconsciente a la repetición. Así, metonímicamente, la elaboración del concepto de goce en Lacan nos lanza a nociones y conceptos fundamentales en Freud, sin lo cual su enunciación se limitaría solo a la jerga y no como una construcción teórica de la clínica. Afirmamos que no sería posible concebir la elaboración del concepto de goce, evocado en el VII seminario, sin referirse a las bases conceptuales que hicieron posible el concepto de goce en Lacan, así como el encuentro con una noción de goce en Freud

Aproximações entre a psicologia analítica e a transdisciplinaridade: as pontes de afinidades / Approaches between analytical psychology and transdisciplinarity: the affinity bridges / Aproximaciones entre la psicología analítica y la transdisciplinariedad: los puentes de afinidades

O presente artigo tem por objetivo abordar as relações entre a Psicologia Analítica de C. G. Jung e a transdisciplinaridade, a partir da noção de pontes de afinidades. Trata-se de trabalho teórico que analisa a prática desenvolvida pelo médico suíço de busca pelas afinidades entre sintomas em quadros psicopatológicos de difícil compreensão. Para tanto, uma revisão de literatura com base nas Obras Completas de C. G. Jung foi feita, na qual recuperamos o modo como Jung utilizara as noções de arquétipo, instinto e amplificação e pudemos perceber traços do que pode ser considerada uma atitude transdisciplinar quando observadas pelo viés das diretrizes traçadas na Carta da Transdisciplinaridade.

The aim of this article is to discuss the relationships between Analytical Psychology of C. G. Jung and transdisciplinarity, through the notion of affinity bridges. This theoretical work analyzes the practice developed by the Swiss doctor, searching for the affinities between symptoms in some psychopathological conditions that are difficult to understand. In order to do so, a literature review based on the Collected Works of C. G. Jung was done in which we recovered the way Jung had used the notions of Archetype, instinct and Amplification and we could perceive traces of what can be considered a transdisciplinary attitude when observed through the guidelines outlined in the Letter of Transdisciplinarity.

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo abordar las relaciones entre la Psicología Analítica de C. G. Jung y la transdisciplinariedad, a partir de la noción de puentes de afinidades. Se trata de trabajo teórico que analiza la práctica desarrollada por el médico suizo, de búsqueda por las afinidades entre síntomas en cuadros psicopatológicos de difícil comprensión. Así, fue hecha una revisión de literatura basada en la Obra Completa de C. G. Jung en que recuperamos el modo como Jung utilizaba las nociones de Arquetipo, instinto y Amplificación y pudimos percibir rastros de lo que puede ser considerada una actitud transdisciplinaria cuando observadas por el sesgo de las directrices trazadas en la Carta de la Transdisciplinariedad.

Understanding medical students' empathy based on Enneagram personality types / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: High self-awareness can promote communication and empathy. The Enneagram is a well-known personality tool to enhance self-awareness. We evaluated differences in empathy among medical students using the Enneagram typology. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included first and second grade students at the Inje University College of Medicine. The Jefferson Scale of Empathy was used to measure empathy and the Korean Enneagram Personality Type Indicator was used for examining personality characteristics. Empathy scores were analyzed according to the Triads, Hornevian group, Harmonic group, and each Enneagram type. RESULTS: The Instinctive triad, the Withdrawns, and the Positive outlook group were the most common, and the Feeling triad, the Assertives, and the Emotional realness group were the least common. Students in the Feeling triad and the Dutifuls had higher compassionate care (CC) scores as compared to their counterparts. Type 2 and 6 students showed the two highest empathy and CC scores. The empathy score of type 3 students was the lowest. Type 7 had the lowest CC score but the highest perspective taking score. CONCLUSION: These differences in empathy according to Enneagram personality types can be applied to medical education to maintain and improve medical students' empathy.

The Connection between Charles Darwin's Evolutionary Theory of ‘Heredity of Behaviors’ and the 19th Century Neuroscience: The Influence of Neuroscience on Darwin's Overcoming of Lamarck's Theory of Evolution / 의사학

The nineteenth century neuroscience studied the instinct of animal to understand the human mind. In particular, it has been found that the inheritance of unconscious behavior like instinct is mediated through ganglion chains, such as the spinal cord or sympathetic nervous system, which control unconscious reflexes. At the same time, the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (hereafter ‘IAC’) widely known as Lamarck's evolutionary theory provided the theoretical frame on the origin of instinct and the heredity of action that the parental generation's habits were converted into the nature of the offspring generation. Contrary to conventional knowledge, this theory was not originally invented by Lamarck, and Darwin also did not discard this theory even after discovering the theory of natural selection in 1838 and maintained it throughout his intellectual life. Above all, in the field of epigenetics, the theory of ‘IAC’ has gained attention as a reliable scientific theory today. Darwin discovered crucial errors in the late 1830s that the Lamarck version's theory of ‘IAC’ did not adequately account for the principle of the inheritance of unconscious behavior like instinct. Lamarck's theory regarded habits as conscious and willful acts and saw that those habits are transmitted through the brain to control conscious actions. Lamarck's theory could not account for the complex and elaborate instincts of invertebrate animals, such as brainless ants. Contrary to Lamarck's view, Darwin established the new theory of ‘IAC’ that could be combined with contemporary neurological theory, which explains the heredity of unconscious behavior. Based on the knowledge of neurology, Darwin was able to translate the ‘principle of habit’ into a neurological term called ‘principle of reflex’. This article focuses on how Darwin join the theory of ‘IAC’ with nineteenth century neuroscience and how the neurological knowledge from the nineteenth century contributed to Darwin's overcoming of Lamarck's ‘IAC’. The significance of this study is to elucidate Darwin's notion of ‘IAC’ theory rather than natural selection theory as a principle of heredity of behavior. The theory of ‘IAC’ was able to account for the rapid variation of instincts in a relatively short period of time, unlike natural selection, which operates slowly in geological time spans of tens of millions of years. The nineteenth century neurological theory also provided neurological principles for ‘plasticity of instinct,’ empirically supporting the fact that all nervous systems responsible for reflexes respond sensitively to very fine stimuli. However, researchers of neo-Darwinian tendencies, such as Richard Dawkins and evolutionary psychologists advocating the ‘selfish gene’ hypothesis, which today claim to be Darwin's descendants, are characterized by human nature embedded in biological information, such as the brain and genes, so that it cannot change at all. This study aims to contribute to reconstructing the evolutionary discourse by illuminating Darwin's insights into the “plasticity of nature” that instincts can change relatively easily even at the level of invertebrates such as earthworms.

Vietnamese Immigrant Women's Experience of Maternity after Childbirth

PURPOSE: To understand the meaning and essence of Vietnamese migrant women's maternal experience after childbirth. METHODS: A phenomenological methodology was used for this study. Study participants were six Vietnamese marriage migrant women who had experience of childbirth in Korea. Data collection period was from February 1 through November 4, 2016. Data were collected through in-depth interview and analyzed with the Giorgi method. RESULTS: As a result of study, six main meanings and 12 themes were produced. The six main meanings produced in this study were ‘childbirth realized in the double difficulty’, ‘concerned health between the ở cữ and the sanhujori’, ‘tired body with hard parenting’, ‘crowding regret for international marriage after childbirth’, ‘Grateful partner becoming the prop’, and ‘Growing maternal instinct by moving the mind and body in a foreign country’. CONCLUSION: Consideration for postnatal care is necessary from Vietnamese marriage migrant women's viewpoint. Systematic education programs that can improve nursing capability of medical personnel for multicultured clinical practice with development of a postnatal care program suited to multiculture are also necessary.

Repeated Failure in Reward Pursuit Alters Innate Drosophila Larval Behaviors / 神经科学通报·英文版

Animals always seek rewards and the related neural basis has been well studied. However, what happens when animals fail to get a reward is largely unknown, although this is commonly seen in behaviors such as predation. Here, we set up a behavioral model of repeated failure in reward pursuit (RFRP) in Drosophila larvae. In this model, the larvae were repeatedly prevented from reaching attractants such as yeast and butyl acetate, before finally abandoning further attempts. After giving up, they usually showed a decreased locomotor speed and impaired performance in light avoidance and sugar preference, which were named as phenotypes of RFRP states. In larvae that had developed RFRP phenotypes, the octopamine concentration was greatly elevated, while tβh mutants devoid of octopamine were less likely to develop RFRP phenotypes, and octopamine feeding efficiently restored such defects. By down-regulating tβh in different groups of neurons and imaging neuronal activity, neurons that regulated the development of RFRP states and the behavioral exhibition of RFRP phenotypes were mapped to a small subgroup of non-glutamatergic and glutamatergic octopaminergic neurons in the central larval brain. Our results establish a model for investigating the effect of depriving an expected reward in Drosophila and provide a simplified framework for the associated neural basis.

Dimensiones psicopulsionales de los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario / Psycho-instinctual dimensions of eating disorders / Dimensions psicopulsionals dels trastorns de la conducta alimentária

Se estudian 45 pacientes adolescentes diagnosticadas de trastorno del comportamiento alimentario (TCA), representativas de los casos tratados en la Unidad de tratamiento TCA de Tarragona. Mediante el test de Szondi y el análisis estadístico de los resultados, definimos seis dimensiones en la organización psicopulsional de estas pacientes, poniendo en relación la dinámica de esta estructura profunda con el tratamiento psicoterápico que se realiza habitualmente

This study examines forty-five adolescent patients diagnosed with eating behavior disorder, all of whom received treatment at the Treatment Unit of Tarragona. Using the Szondi test and statistical analysis of the results, we seek to define six dimensions of psychic organization of these patients, relating the dynamics of this deep structure with the psychotherapeutic treatment that is usually performed

S'estudien 45 pacients adolescents diagnosticades de trastorn de la conducta alimentária (TCA), representatives dels casos tractats en la Unitat de Tractament TCA de Tarragona. Mitjançant el test de Szondi i l'análisi estadística dels resultats, definim sis dimensions en l’organització psicopulsional d'aquestes pacients, posant en relació la dinámica d'aquesta estructura profunda amb el tractament psicoterapéutic que es realitza habitualment

Critical neuropsychobiological analysis of panic attack- and anticipatory anxiety-like behaviors in rodents confronted with snakes in polygonal arenas and complex labyrinths: a comparison to the elevated plus- and T-maze behavioral tests

Objective: To compare prey and snake paradigms performed in complex environments to the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and T-maze (ETM) tests for the study of panic attack- and anticipatory anxiety-like behaviors in rodents. Methods: PubMed was reviewed in search of articles focusing on the plus maze test, EPM, and ETM, as well as on defensive behaviors displayed by threatened rodents. In addition, the authors’ research with polygonal arenas and complex labyrinth (designed by the first author for confrontation between snakes and small rodents) was examined. Results: The EPM and ETM tests evoke anxiety/fear-related defensive responses that are pharmacologically validated, whereas the confrontation between rodents and snakes in polygonal arenas with or without shelters or in the complex labyrinth offers ethological conditions for studying more complex defensive behaviors and the effects of anxiolytic and panicolytic drugs. Prey vs. predator paradigms also allow discrimination between non-oriented and oriented escape behavior. Conclusions: Both EPM and ETM simple labyrinths are excellent apparatuses for the study of anxiety- and instinctive fear-related responses, respectively. The confrontation between rodents and snakes in polygonal arenas, however, offers a more ethological environment for addressing both unconditioned and conditioned fear-induced behaviors and the effects of anxiolytic and panicolytic drugs.