Madhuca longifolia-hydro-ethanolic-fraction reverses mitochondrial dysfunction and modulates selective GLUT expression in diabetic mice fed with high fat diet.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic disorder is characterized as chronic low-grade inflammation which elevates the systemic inflammatory markers. The proposed hypothesis behind this includes occurrence of hypoxia due to intake of high fat diet leading to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. AIM: In the present work our aim was to elucidate the possible mechanism of action of hydroethanolic fraction of M. longifolia leaves against the metabolic disorder. METHOD AND RESULTS: In the present investigation, effect of Madhuca longifolia hydroethanolic fraction (MLHEF) on HFD induced obesity and diabetes through mitochondrial action and selective GLUT expression has been studied. In present work, it was observed that HFD (50% of diet) on chronic administration aggravates the metabolic problems by causing reduced imbalanced oxidative stress, ATP production, and altered selective GLUT protein expression. Long term HFD administration reduced (p < 0.001) the SOD, CAT level significantly along with elevated liver function marker AST and ALT. MLHEF administration diminishes this oxidative stress. HFD administration also causes decreased ATP/ADP ratio owing to suppressed mitochondrial function and elevating LDH level. This oxidative imbalance further leads to dysregulated GLUT expression in hepatocytes, skeletal muscles and white adipose tissue. HFD leads to significant (p < 0.001) upregulation in GLUT 1 and 3 expression while significant (p < 0.001) downregulation in GLUT 2 and 4 expressions in WAT, liver and skeletal muscles. Administration of MLHEF significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the LDH level and also reduces the mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Imbalances in GLUT levels were significantly reversed in order to maintain GLUT expression in tissues on the administration of MLHEF.

An Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Leaf Extract of Madhuca longifolia Utilizing Quantitative and Qualitative Methods.

In the current decade, nanoparticles are synthesized using solvents that are environmentally friendly. A number of nanoparticles have been synthesized at room temperature using water as a solvent, such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles. As part of nanotechnology, nanoparticles are synthesized through biological processes. Biological methods are the preferred method for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a result of their simple and non-hazardous nature. Nanoparticles of silver are used in a variety of applications, including catalysts, spectrally selective coatings for solar absorption, optical objectives, pharmaceutical constituents, and chemical and biological sensing. Antimicrobial agents are among the top uses of silver nanoparticles. In the current study, silver nanoparticles were biologically manufactured through Madhuca longifolia, and their antibacterial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities were assessed. UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD (X-ray diffraction), transmission electron microscopy, Zeta Potential, and FTIR were used to characterize silver nanoparticles. The current work describes a cheap and environmentally friendly method to synthesize silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate solution by using plant crude extract as a reducing agent.

Apoptotic mechanisms of myricitrin isolated from Madhuca longifolia leaves in HL-60 leukemia cells.

Myricitrin, a naturally occurring flavonoid in Madhuca longifolia, possesses several medicinal properties. Even though our earlier work revealed its role against the proliferation of acute myelogenous leukemia cells (HL-60), its molecular mechanisms have not yet been revealed. The current study aims to explore the molecular mechanisms of myricitrin (isolated from an ethnomedicinal drug Madhuca longifolia) to induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Treatment with IC-50 dose of myricitrin (353 µM) caused cellular shrinkage and cell wall damage in HL-60 cells compared to untreated control cells. Myricitrin treatment reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (22.95%), increased DNA fragmentation (90.4%), inhibited the cell survival proteins (RAS, B-RAF, & BCL-2) and also induced pro-apoptotic proteins (p38, pro-caspase-3, pro-caspase-9 and caspase-3) in the HL-60 cells. The present study provides scientific evidence for the apoptosis caused by myricitrin in HL-60 leukemia cells. Hence, the phytochemical myricitrin could be considered as a potential candidate to develop an anticancer drug after checking its efficacy through suitable pre-clinical and clinical studies.

Discrepancies in the German Pharmacopoeia procedure for quality control of Quillaja saponin extracts.

This study focused on the evaluation of Quillaja saponin extracts with the additional quality designation DAB-which means the abbreviation of the German Pharmacopoeia (Deutsches Arzneibuch). This label suggests that Quillaja saponin extracts marked in this way are of pharmacopoeial quality and thus stand out from other Quillaja saponin extracts. The DAB ninth edition listed Quillaia saponin as a reagent. According to DAB, its quality must be checked by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and three closely spaced zones in a defined retention factor (Rf) interval specify the saponin reagent. All the Quillaja saponin extracts obtained from different manufacturers and labeled as DAB quality complied with the TLC test. However, the analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-ToF-MS) clearly showed additionally an intense peak pattern of Madhuca saponins in all measured samples. The TLC test for Mahua seed cake, which is the press residue from Madhuca longifolia, surprisingly showed the same three closely spaced zones in the defined Rf interval. The three zones could be identified as Mi-saponins from Madhuca after scraping and extracting them from the stationary phase of the TLC plate and subsequent measurement by HPLC-Q-ToF-MS. Therefore, the specification of the saponin reagent in DAB characterizes erroneously Madhuca saponins that are not listed as a saponin plant source for the saponin reagent.

Quorum quenching activity of AiiA lactonase KMMI17 from endophytic Bacillus thuringiensis KMCL07 on AHL- mediated pathogenic phenotype in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Virulence pathways in gram-negative pathogenic bacteria are regulated by quorum sensing mechanisms, through the production and sensing of N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) signal molecules. Enzymatic degradation to disrupt quorum-sensing in these bacteria could pave the way for the new development in decreasing resistance strains and are of significant interest for clinical, agricultural, and industrial applications. Isolated endophytic Bacillus thuringiensis strain KMCL07 showing quorum quenching activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 has been studied. AiiA lactonase KMMI17 identified belongs to metallo- ß-lactamase superfamily preserving conserved regions of 106HXDH-59 amino acids-H169-21 amino acids-D191 motif, significantly inhibits the biofilm formation and attenuates virulence factor pyocyanin production of PAO1. Insilico molecular docking analysis of lactonase KMMI17 using alternative catalytic site (PDB entry: 3DHA) with the AHL-based QS system regulators of PAO-1, C4 AHL, C6 AHL and 3-oxo-C12 AHL molecules showed good binding affinity between the protein and ligands, Phe111 and Tyr198 residues plays an important role in binding them. Crude enzyme extract was found to have Km value for C6-HSL: 134.2702 ±â€¯34.83 µM-1, C4-HSL: 308.217 ±â€¯139.9 µM-1 and 3-oxo-C12-HSL: 760.463 ±â€¯251.3 µM-1. LCMS analysis confirms the degradation activity of lactonase KMMI17 on AHL molecules and its hydrolytic process, which indicates the potential application of lactonase KMMI17 as a biocontrol agent or an anti-pathogenic drug.

Aqueous leaves extract of Madhuca longifolia attenuate diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity: Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation, and cytokines.

Diclofenac is a Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drug which is used as an analgesic. It is known to cause heptotoxicity on over dose and long term usage. Madhuca longifolia is an evergreen tree found widely in India that is known to have several ethnomedical uses. The aim of our study is to evaluate the beneficial effect of the aqueous leaf extract of M. longifolia against diclofenac-induced toxicity. Rats were dived into five groups of six rats each. Group-I was normal control. Group-II was administered with diclofenac (50 mg/kg. b.w./day, i.p) on 4th and 5th day. Group-III rats were treated with aqueous leaf extract of M. longifolia (500 mg/kg b.w./day, oral) for 5 consecutive days and diclofenac (50 mg/kg. b.w./day, i.p) was given on 4th and 5th day. Silymarin (25 mg/kg. b.w./day, oral) was used as standard drug which was given to the rats of group-IV along with diclofenac on 4th and 5th day. Aqueous leaf extract of M. longifolia (500 mg/kg b.w./day, oral) alone was administered in group-V. After the study period, the rats were evaluated for liver enzyme markers, antioxidant parameters, histopathological changes, and cytokines levels. The hepatic proinflammatory mediator cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß were evaluated through ELISA. The protein expression of Caspase-3, COX-2, and NF-κB were analysed through Western blotting techniques. Aqueous leaves extract of M. longifolia was able to normalize the changes caused by diclofenac. Current study indicatesthe protective effect of the aqueous leaves extract of M. longifolia against diclofenac-induced toxicity.

Antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Madhuca longifolia flower extract as a green resource.

The green and one-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been proposed as simple and ecofriendly. In the present study, a flower extract of Madhuca longifolia was used for the reduction of silver nitrate into AgNPs, with phytochemicals from the flower extract as a reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized AgNPs were spherical and oval shaped and about 30-50 nm sizes. The appearance of a brown color in the reaction mixture is a primary indication of AgNPs formation, and it was confirmed by observing UV-visible spectroscopy peak at 436 nm. The Energy Dispersive X-ray spectra and X-ray diffraction analysis results together confirm that the synthesized nanoparticles contain silver and silver chloride nanoparticles. The Zeta potential analysis indicates presence of negative charges on synthesized AgNPs. The FT-IR study represents involvement of functional groups in AgNPs synthesis. Synthesized AgNPs shows potential antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. M. longifolia flower is a good source for AgNPs synthesis and synthesized AgNPs are applicable as antibacterial agent in therapeutics.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from the Leaves of Madhuca pasquieri (Dubard).

A novel pyrrolizidine alkaloids, madhumidine A (1), and two known alkaloids, lindelofidine benzoic acid ester (2) and minalobine B (3) were isolated from the leaves of Madhuca pasquieri (Dubard) H. J. LAM. The chemical structures of these alkaloids were established mainly by NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. Their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in macrophage RAW264.7 cell. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of all isolated compounds was tested against a panel of cancer cell lines.

An analytical characterization study on biofuel obtained from pyrolysis of Madhuca longifolia residues.

The current study focuses on examining the characteristics of biofuel obtained from the pyrolysis of Madhuca longifolia residues, since the selected forest residue was primarily motivated by its greater volatile matter content. The study used several analytical techniques to describe pyrolysis oil, char, and gas obtained from slow pyrolysis process conducted between 350 and 600 °C in a fixed-bed reactor. Initially, the effect of process temperature on product distribution was assessed to motivate maximum pyrolysis oil yield and found to be 44.2 wt% at pyrolysis temperature of 475 °C, while the yields of char and gas were 22.1 wt% and 33.7 wt%, respectively. In order to determine the suitability of the feedstock, the Madhuca longifolia residues were analyzed by TGA and FT-IR, which revealed that the feedstock could be a feasible option as an energy source. The characterization of pyrolysis oil, char, and gas has been done through various analytical methods like FT-IR, GC-MS, and gas chromatography. The physicochemical characteristics of the pyrolysis oil sample were examined, and the results showed that the oil is a viscous liquid with a lower heating value than conventional diesel. The FT-IR and GC-MS analysis of pyrolysis oil revealed the presence of increased levels of oxygenated chemicals, acids, and phenol derivatives. The findings of the FT-IR analysis of char indicated the existence of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The increased carbon content in the char indicated the possibility of using solid fuel. Gas chromatography was used to examine the chemical structure of the pyrolysis gas, and the results showed the existence of combustible elements.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic bifunctional nano-catalyst for the production of biodiesel from Madhuca indica oil.

The reusable magnetic multimetal nano-catalyst (Fe3O4.Cs2O) was synthesized using co-precipitation and incipient wetness impregnation methods. It was used to esterify and transesterify Madhuca indica (M. indica) oil to produce biodiesel with methanol. The prepared catalyst, caesium oxide doped on the nano-magnetite core, was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Further, the activity of the catalyst was investigated by subjecting it to a biodiesel reaction. To maximize biodiesel conversion, studies were carried out by varying the process variables like catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time. A maximum conversion of 97.4% was obtained at the holding conditions of 18:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 7 wt% catalyst loading, 65 °C reaction temperature, and 300 min reaction time. Moreover, the catalyst recyclability study showed that it could be recycled up to 12 cycles with a conversion of 90% and above. The biodiesel's fuel properties were analysed and found to be within the limits of ASTM D6751 standard.

Physicochemical and antioxidative properties of ultrasound-assisted extraction of mahua (Madhuca longifolia) seed oil in comparison with conventional Soxhlet and mechanical extractions.

Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) was applied to extract underutilized Madhuca longifolia seed oil. The effect of extraction time, temperature, solvent type, solvent/sample ratio, and amplitude on the oil yield and recovery were investigated. Approximately 56.97% of oil yield and 99.54% of oil recovery were attained using mild conditions of 35 min, 35 °C, 40% amplitude, isopropanol to acetone (1:1), and solvent to sample (20 mL/g). UAE oil yield and recovery were comparable with Soxhlet extraction (SXE) whilst mechanical pressing (ME) yielded < 50% of UAE recovery. UAE does not affect the fatty acids composition (46% C18:1; 22% C16:0; 21% C18:0, 10% C18:2), and triacylglycerol profile (23% POO, 17% POS, 16% SOO, and 14% POP). Interestingly, UAE extracted oil conferred remarkably (P < 0.05) higher antioxidant capacity (IC50 of DPPH 106.60 mg/mL and ABTS 39.80 mg/mL) than SXE (IC50 of DPPH 810.40 mg/mL and ABTS 757.43 mg/mL) or ME (IC50 of DPPH 622.38 mg/mL and ABTS 392.87 mg/mL).

Neuropharmcological potential of methanolic extract and a triterpene isolated from Madhuca longifolia L leaves in mice.

The methanolic extract of M. longifolia (MLME) and a compound a triterpene, derivative of madhucic acid (dMA) isolated from the leaves of M. longifolia, were investigated for their possible neuropharmacological activities in mice using phenobarbitone induced sleeping time, spontaneous motor activity, marble burying test and Eddy's hot plate method. LD50 for MLME and dMA were 100 and 10 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Both MLME and dMA (10 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg oral route respectively) exhibited significant increase in phenobarbitone induced sleeping time, greater reduction in spontaneous motor activity and marble burying activity, confirming their sedative nature. Both MLME and dMA also exhibited considerable antinociceptive activity in experimental animals. The results suggest that both MLME and dMA have CNS depressant activity in mice.

Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India.

Five species of eulophids were reared from the leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) (Sapotaceae), which is a multipurpose tree in the tropical forests of India. Surveys from 2015 to 2018 in the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand revealed that M. longifolia were heavily galled. Rearing of galls during 201516 resulted in emergence of only one species of Selitrichodes (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), but in subsequent rearings during 2017 to 2018 an additional 4 eulophid species were found to be associated with these galls. Two species belonged to genus Aprostocetus Westwood, one to genus Quadrastichus Girault and one to Chrysonotomyia Ashmead. All five speciesSelitrichodes madhucae Singh Kaneria sp. nov., Aprostocetus madhucae Singh sp. nov., A. dehradunensis Singh sp. nov., Quadrastichus manmohani Singh sp. nov. and Chrysonotomyia madhucae Singh sp. nov. are new to science and described from both female and male specimens. Some observations on their biology are also given.

Comparative spectroscopic analysis, performance and emissions evaluation of Madhuca longifolia and Jatropha curcas produced biodiesel.

In order to fulfil the growing need to replace fossil fuels, investigations exploring the production of biodiesel from agricultural biomass have gained attention. In this study, biodiesels were produced from Madhuca longifolia and Jatropha curcas by means of pre-treatment followed by a two-step acid-base homogeneous catalyst method. These biodiesels were blended with diesel at different percentages. The efficacy of the process was examined using various characterization methods while the efficiency of the produced biodiesels was examined by their engine performance and emission tests. Both Madhuca and Jatropha-based biodiesels exhibited physiochemical properties like that of diesel. Biodiesels were produced by pre-treating with orthophosphoric acid and toluene. The second step involves acid esterification, followed by base transesterification. Raman spectra exhibited C=O stretching at 1725 cm-1 indicating conversion of Madhuca and Jatropha oil into biodiesel. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed a strong presence of fatty acid profile and triglyceride ester linkage at 1744 cm-1. Ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectra confirmed the presence of conjugated dienes in the extracted biodiesels. UV absorbance at 320 nm decreased linearly with blend percentage. 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) confirmed the presence of methyl ester moiety at 3.6 δ (ppm) and methoxy carbon at 51.2 δ in biodiesel, distinguishing it from diesel. In the engine performance tests, the variations of brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature and brake thermal efficiency versus brake power were studied. The emission tests of different blends were done in terms of carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and unburnt hydrocarbon. The Jatropha biodiesel exhibited lower mean brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, emitted less carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon than Madhuca biodiesel. The average decrease in brake thermal efficiency was more in Jatropha biodiesel than Madhuca biodiesel. The present work uses for the first time treatment of ortho phosphoric acid and toluene to produce biodiesel followed by a two-step homogeneous acid-base catalyst method, drastically reducing free fatty acid value.

Simultaneous Quantification of Betulinic Acid, Lupeol, and ß-Sitosterol in Madhuca longifolia Methanolic Extract of Bark by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method.

BACKGROUND: Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry is used widely used for the quantitative analysis of phytoconstituents present in medicinal plants to assess the quality of extract used for different investigations. OBJECTIVE: A sensitive, precise, and accurate liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometric detection was developed for simultaneous quantification of lupeol, betulinic acid, and ß-sitosterol in the methanolic extract of Madhuca longifolia bark. METHOD: The three compounds were eluted with a stationary phase Gemini C18 column (50 × 2.0 mm, 3 µm id) and the temperature of the column was maintained by a column oven at 40 ± 0.3°C; mobile phase A (water and 0.1% formic acid) and mobile phase B [acetonitrile-methanol (50+50, v/v) and 0.1% formic acid] were used in a gradient mode and the flow rate was 0.4 mL/min. RESULTS: With these conditions, the retention time for betulinic acid, lupeol, and ß-sitosterol was found to be 1.25, 3.08, and 3.53 minutes, respectively. The total run time was 5.0 min. Detection and quantitation of all three phytoconstituents were carried out by the mass spectrometer, a triple quadrupole equipped with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and multiple reaction monitoring using the predominantly positive ion mode and obtained much higher and more stable response nebulizer gas flow at 3.0 L/min. Linear responses were exhibited for all three phytoconstituents with a dynamic linear range of 10-100 µg/mL with the values of the regression coefficient more than 0.995 for betulinic acid, lupeol, and ß-sitosterol. The values of percentage RSD for intraday and interday precision were found to be within the accepted limits for analytical methods (<15%). Selectivity, linearity, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, and precision were evaluated for all three phytoconstituents as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method is accurate and sensitive and can be used for the routine quantification of betulinic acid, lupeol, and ß-sitosterol from the herbal extract and its poly-herbal formulations.

Madhuca longifolia Embedded Silver Nanoparticles Attenuate Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-Induced Renal Cancer via Regulating Oxidative Stress.

OBJECTIVE: Madhuca longifolia has been used for the treatment of renal cancer. Therefore, the current study describes the protective effects of biofabricated silver nanoparticles (MLAg- NPs) using Madhuca longifolia aqueous leaves extract against diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) in rats. METHODS: Animals were categorized into five groups and treated with doses of silver nanoparticles for 16 weeks. Antineoplastic effect in renal cancer was dose dependent to control the macroscopical variations when compared to DEN induced group. Significant changes were observed in biochemical parameters and dose graded improvement in the level of antioxidants parameters were accountable for its protective nature. RESULTS: Silver nanoparticles in dose dependent manner was effective to modify the raised levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators during renal cancer. Alteration in renal histopathology were also detected in the silver nanoparticles treated group, which show its safety concern. Biofabricated silver nanoparticles (MLAgNPs) using Madhuca longifolia can convey significant chemo-protective effect against renal cancer by suppressing the IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1ß by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. CONCLUSION: Our outcomes implicates that biofabricated MLAgNPs exhibited a chemoprotective potential in the prevention and intervention of RCC.

Ameliorative activity of aqueous leaf extract from Madhuca longifolia against diclofenac-administered toxicity on rat stomach and intestine.

Madhuca longifolia, a tropical tree used as medicine and food, is known to have a beneficial effect against stomach gastric toxicity. Madhuca longifolia is used in treating cough, skin disease and nerve disorders. Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with overdosage and prolonged use, is known to cause gastric toxicity. Silymarin (SLY), a polyphenolic antioxidant flavonoid, is a derivative of Silybum marianum extracted from milk thistle seeds and fruits, has been widely used in the treatment of gastric ulcer. SLY was used as the standard drug to compare the effects with the Madhuca longifolia aqueous leaf extract treatment. The aim of the current study is to understand the effect of Madhuca longifolia aq. leaf extract on rat stomach and intestine against diclofenac-administered toxicity. Rats (n = 30) were divided into Group I normal control, Group II treated with diclofenac, Group III treated with diclofenac and Madhuca longifolia leaf extract, Group IV treated with diclofenac and silymarin, and Group V was treated with Madhuca longifolia leaf extract alone. After the study duration, rats were euthanized and tissue samples were analyzed for antioxidant, cytokine, protein expression levels and histopathological changes. Diclofenac treated rats had significant (p < 0.05) changes in levels of antioxidants, cytokines, protein expression and pathological changes as compared to rats treated with Madhuca longifolia. This study demonstrated that Madhuca longifolia leaf extract had gastroprotective activity in rats treated with diclofenac.

Pentahydroxy flavonoid isolated from Madhuca indica ameliorated adjuvant-induced arthritis via modulation of inflammatory pathways.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease associated with advanced joint dysfunction. Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel, from the family Sapotaceae, is an Indian medicinal plant reported to have an array of pharmacological properties. The aim of present investigation was to determine the anti-arthritic potential of an isolated phytoconstituent from methanolic leaf extract of Madhuca indica (MI-ALC) against FCA-induced experimental arthritis. Polyarthritis was induced in female rats (strain: Wistar) via an intradermal injection of FCA (0.1 mL) into the tail. Polyarthritis developed after 32 days of FCA administration. Then rats were treated orally with an isolated phytoconstituent from MI-ALC at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg. Findings suggested that High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry spectral analyses of the phytoconstituent isolated from MI-ALC confirmed the structure as 3,5,7,3',4'-Pentahydroxy flavone (i.e., QTN). Treatment with QTN (10 and 20 mg/kg) showed significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of increased joint diameter, paw volume, paw withdrawal threshold, and latency. The elevated synovial oxidative stress (Superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde) and protein levels of Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin (ILs) were markedly (p < 0.05) reduced by QTN. It also effectively (p < 0.05) ameliorated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NF-kß) and its inhibitor-α (Ikßα), and ATP-activated P2 purinergic receptors (P2X7) protein expressions as determined by western blot analysis. In conclusion, QTN ameliorates FCA-induced hyperalgesia through modulation of elevated inflammatory release (NF-kß, Ikßα, P2X7, and COX-2), oxido-nitrosative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (ILs and TNF-α) in experimental rats.

Experimental investigation of biodiesel production from Madhuca longifolia seed through in situ transesterification and its kinetics and thermodynamic studies.

The present investigation aims to develop simultaneous extraction and conversion of inedible Madhuca longifolia seed oil into biodiesel by one-step acid-catalyzed in situ transesterification/reactive extraction process. Six different types of pretreatment were used to assess maximum yield of biodiesel. The maximum yield of 96% biodiesel was acquired with ultrasonic pretreatment at 1% moisture content, 0.61 mm seed grain size, 55 °C temperature, 400 rpm stirring speed, 15 wt% catalyst (H2SO4) concentration, and with 1:35 seed oil to methanol ratio in a time period of 180 min. This reaction kinetics precedes first order also the finest value of rate constant and activation energy were calculated as 0.003 min-1 and 14.840 kJ mol-1. The thermodynamic energy properties ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS are computed as 96457.172 J/mol, 12121.812 J/mol K, and - 257.12 J/mol K correspondingly. The enumerated outcome illustrates a heat absorb non-spontaneous/endergonic and endothermal reaction. The result of proposed work unveils ultrasonic pretreatment escalates the biodiesel efficiency and reactive extraction exemplifies the clean, cost-effective single-step approach for production of biodiesel from non-edible sources.

Isolation, process optimisation and characterisation of the protein from the de-oiled cake flour of Madhuca latifolia.

This work reports the isolation of the protein from the flour of an underutilised agro waste, a de-oiled cake of Madhuca latifolia using the bis (2-ethylehexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate salt reverse micelle and the characterisation of the protein through various techniques. The experimental conditions for the extraction were optimised using Box-Behnken design. The highest yield of the protein was achieved when the extraction parameters, i.e. KCl concentration, KCl amount, and pH of the medium, were 0.5 M, 1.25 ml, and 9.02, respectively. The experimental yield (75.56%) obtained under the optimised conditions matched extremely well with the predicted yield (75.19%). The analysis of the biochemical composition envisaged the occurrence of 2S albumin, 7S globulin, and 11S globulin as the major components in the protein. The X-ray diffraction pattern supported the ß-sheets structure of the protein. The imaging of the protein through a scanning electron microscope revealed the shape and surface of the protein to be spherical and smooth, respectively. Thus, the protein isolate of the de-oiled cake flour of Madhuca latifolia could be utilised towards food product development and relevant fields.