Light-Induced Functional Pinealectomy. Effect on the Thymus of C57BL/6 Mice.

Light-induced functional pinealectomy was simulated in C57BL/6 mice by 14-day exposure to constant lighting. Immunophenotyping of CD3hi and CD3low thymocytes was performed by staining with CD3-APC antibodies followed by flow cytofluorometry. To study the cell cycle distribution of thymus cells, the content of intracellular DNA was measured by the level PI inclusion. In animals with light-induced functional pinealectomy, blood leukocyte content, the relative number of CD3low and CD3hi T cells in the thymus, and the ratio of CD3low/CD3hi thymocytes decreased. The number of G0/G1-phase thymus cells (non-dividing cells) increased and the content of S-phase cells (division phase) decreased. Continuous lighting stimulated the development of thymocyte apoptosis. The results obtained indicate that prolonged 24-h illumination inhibits differentiation and maturation of young CD3low thymocytes into mature CD3hi forms and leads to the development of T-cell apoptosis in the thymus and, as a consequence, to leukopenia.

The Role of Melatonin on Behavioral Changes and Concomitant Oxidative Stress in icvAß1-42 Rat Model with Pinealectomy.

One of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated with its progression that contributes to ß-amyloid (Aß) generation is oxidative stress (OS). Clinical data suggest that melatonin is a potent antioxidant that might be effective in the adjunctive therapy of this neurodegenerative disease. The present study aimed to explore the role of melatonin on behavioral changes and markers of OS in three rat models, namely, pinealectomy (pin) model of melatonin deficit, intracerebroventricular (icv)Aß1-42 model of AD, and combination of both pin and Aß1-42 model (pin+icvAß1-42). The chronic injection with vehicle/melatonin (50 mg/kg, i.p. for 40 days) started on the same day of sham/pin and icv vehicle/Aß1-42 infusion procedures. Anxiety in the open field and the elevated plus-maze test and cognitive responses in the object recognition test were tested between the 30th-35th day after the surgical procedures. Markers of OS in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus were detected by the ELISA method. Melatonin treatment corrected the exacerbated anxiety response only in the pin+icvAß1-42 model while it alleviated the cognitive impairment in the three models. Pinealectomy disturbed the antioxidant system via enhanced SOD activity and decreased GSH levels both in the FC and hippocampus. The Aß1-42 model decreased the SOD activity in the FC and elevated the MDA level in the two brain structures. The pin+icvAß1-42 model impaired the antioxidant system and elevated lipid peroxidation. Melatonin supplementation restored only the elevated MDA level of icvAß1-42 and pin+icvAß1-42 model in the hippocampus. In conclusion, our study reveals that the pin+icvAß1-42 rat model triggers more pronounced anxiety and alterations in markers of OS that may be associated with melatonin deficit concomitant to icvAß1-42-induced AD pathology.

Melatonin Therapy Improves Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Pinealectomized Patients.

The purpose of this investigational study was to assess the effects of melatonin replacement therapy on cardiac autonomic modulation in pinealectomized patients. This was an open-label, single-arm, single-center, proof-of-concept study consisting of a screening period, a 3-month treatment period with melatonin (3 mg/day), and a 6-month washout period. The cardiac autonomic function was determined through heart rate variability (HRV) measures during polysomnography. Pinealectomized patients (n = 5) with confirmed absence of melatonin were included in this study. Melatonin treatment increased vagal-dominated HRV indices including root mean square of the successive R-R interval differences (RMSSD) (39.7 ms, 95% CI 2.0-77.4, p = 0.04), percentage of successive R-R intervals that differ by more than 50 ms (pNN50) (17.1%, 95% CI 9.1-25.1, p = 0.003), absolute power of the high-frequency band (HF power) (1,390 ms2, 95% CI 511.9-2,267, p = 0.01), and sympathetic HRV indices like standard deviation of normal R-R wave interval (SDNN) (57.6 ms, 95% CI 15.2-100.0, p = 0.02), and absolute power of the low-frequency band (LF power) (4,592 ms2, 95% CI 895.6-8,288, p = 0.03). These HRV indices returned to pretreatment values when melatonin treatment was discontinued. The HRV entropy-based regularity parameters were not altered in this study, suggesting that there were no significant alterations of the REM-NREM ratios between the time stages of the study. These data show that 3 months of melatonin treatment may induce an improvement in cardiac autonomic modulation in melatonin-non-proficient patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03885258.