µGC × µGC: comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic separations with microfabricated components.

ABSTRACT

The development and characterization of a microanalytical subsystem comprising silicon-micromachined first- and second-dimension separation columns and a silicon-micromachined thermal modulator (µTM) for comprehensive two-dimensional (i.e., µGC × µGC) separations are described. The first dimension consists of two series-coupled 3.1 cm × 3.1 cm µcolumn chips with etched channels 3 m long and 250 µm × 140 µm in cross section, wall-coated with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stationary phase. The second dimension consists of a 1.2 cm × 1.2 cm µcolumn chip with an etched channel 0.5 m long and 46 µm × 150 µm in cross section wall-coated with either a trigonal tricationic room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) or a commercial poly(trifluoropropylmethyl siloxane) (OV-215) stationary phase. The two-stage, cryogen-free µTM consists of a Si chip containing two series-coupled, square spiral channels 4.2 cm and 2.8 cm long and 250 µm × 140 µm in cross section wall-coated with PDMS. Conventional injection methods and flame ionization detection were used. Temperature-ramped separations of a simple alkane mixture using the RTIL-coated second-dimension ((2)D) µcolumn produced reasonably good peak shapes and modulation numbers; however, strong retention of polar compounds on the RTIL-coated (2)D µcolumn led to excessively broad peaks with low (2)D resolution. Substituting OV-215 as the (2)D µcolumn stationary phase markedly improved the performance, and a structured 22 min chromatogram of a 36-component mixture spanning a vapor pressure range of 0.027 to 13 kPa was generated with modulated peak fwhm (full width at half-maximum) values ranging from 90 to 643 ms and modulation numbers of 1-6.