Should all paediatric appendicectomies be performed in a specialist or high-volume setting?

INTRODUCTION: Acute appendicitis is a common surgical emergency in children. The majority of appendicectomies in children are performed by general surgeons, rather than specialist paediatric surgeons. AIM: To assess the impact of hospital specialization, hospital volume, and surgeon volume on outcomes for children undergoing appendicectomy in Ireland. METHODS: NQAIS (National Quality Assurance and Improvement System) data for all appendicectomies performed on children in Ireland between January 2014 and November 2017 was examined. Hospitals were categorized as specialist paediatric centres (SPCs), high-volume general (HVGHs), moderate-volume general (MVGHs), or low-volume general (LVGHs) by annual case volume. Similarly, surgeons were categorized as high-volume (HVSs), moderate-volume (MVSs), or low-volume (LVSs) by annual volume. Data relating to patient demographics, type of surgery (open/laparoscopic/laparoscopic converted to open), length of stay (LOS), mortality, admission to critical care, and readmission rates were collected and analysed. RESULTS: About 9593 appendicectomies were performed in 21 hospitals by 134 surgeons. Patients in SPCs had lowest overall rates of laparoscopic surgery (48% v 66% (HVGHs) v 70% (MVGHs) v 57%(LVGHs), p < 0.001). In SPCs 30-day readmission rates were lower for younger children (5.3% for 5-8-year olds v 6.7% (HVGHs) v 7.3%(MVGHs) v 10.5% (LVGHs), p = 0.023). HVSs performed more laparoscopic appendicectomies on younger patients (0-4 years: 40% v 6% (MVSs) v 17%(LVSs), p < 0.001) but performed the least on older children (13-16 years: 76% v 82%(MVSs) v 82%(LVSs), p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Children younger than 8 years undergoing appendicectomy in HVGHs or SPCs, or by HVSs, have marginally better outcomes. In older children, marginally shorter in-hospital stays and higher laparoscopic rates are seen in those looked after outside of high-volume or specialist units. Our results show that nonspecialist centres provide an essential, and safe, service to paediatric patients with acute appendicitis.