Biological effects of inhaled hydraulic fracturing sand dust VII. Neuroinflammation and altered synaptic protein expression.

ABSTRACT

Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is a process used to recover oil and gas from shale rock formation during unconventional drilling. Pressurized liquids containing water and sand (proppant) are used to fracture the oil- and natural gas-laden rock. The transportation and handling of proppant at well sites generate dust aerosols; thus, there is concern of worker exposure to such fracking sand dusts (FSD) by inhalation. FSD are generally composed of respirable crystalline silica and other minerals native to the geological source of the proppant material. Field investigations by NIOSH suggest that the levels of respirable crystalline silica at well sites can exceed the permissible exposure limits. Thus, from an occupational safety perspective, it is important to evaluate the potential toxicological effects of FSD, including any neurological risks. Here, we report that acute inhalation exposure of rats to one FSD, i.e., FSD 8, elicited neuroinflammation, altered the expression of blood brain barrier-related markers, and caused glial changes in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus and cerebellum. An intriguing observation was the persistent reduction of synaptophysin 1 and synaptotagmin 1 proteins in the cerebellum, indicative of synaptic disruption and/or injury. While our initial hazard identification studies suggest a likely neural risk, more research is necessary to determine if such molecular aberrations will progressively culminate in neuropathology/neurodegeneration leading to behavioral and/or functional deficits.