Progress on Copper-Based Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

ABSTRACT

Fossil fuels have clearly failed to meet people's growing energy needs due to their limited reserves, potential pollution of the environment, and high costs. The development of cleaner, renewable energy sources as well as secondary batteries for energy storage is imminent, in a modern society where energy demand is soaring. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have become the focus of large-scale energy storage systems as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries. The development of SIBs relies on the construction of high performance electrode materials. The design of low cost and high performance anode materials is a key link in this regard. Copper-based anodes are characterized by high theoretical capacity, abundant reserves, low cost and environmental friendliness. A variety of copper-based anode materials, which include cobalt oxides, sulfides, selenides and phosphides, have been synthesized and evaluated in the scientific literature for sodium storage. In detail, the preparation methods, response mechanisms, strengths and weaknesses, the relationship between morphology structure and electrochemical performance are discussed, as well as highlighting strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of copper-based anode materials. Finally, we offer our perspective on the challenges and potential for the development of copper-based anodes as a means of developing practical and high performing SIBs.