Intracellularly manipulable aggregation of the aggregation-induced emission luminogens.

ABSTRACT

Biophotonics has seen significant advancements with the development of optical imaging techniques facilitating the noninvasive detection of biologically relevant species. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) materials have emerged as a novel class of luminogens exhibiting enhanced luminescence or photodynamic efficiency in the aggregated state, making them ideal for biomedical applications. The intracellularly controlled aggregation of aggregate-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) enables high-resolution imaging of intracellular targets and diagnosis of related diseases, and enables disease therapy by exploiting the novel properties of aggregates. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the strategies employed to modulate the aggregation of AIEgens, focusing on the importance of molecular modifications to improve hydrophilicity and achieve precise control over the intercellular aggregation of AIEgens. Furthermore, the representative applications of AIEgens in bioimaging, such as enzyme activity monitoring, protein tracking, organelle function monitoring, and in vivo tumor-specific therapeutics, are reviewed. Additionally, we outline the challenges and future opportunities for AIE research, emphasizing the importance of the strategies for realizing the precisely controllable aggregation of AIEgens inside cells and the need for extending AIEgens' absorption and emission wavelengths. This review aims to elucidate the rational development of responsive AIEgens for advanced biomedical applications.