Prepapillary vascular loop-a new classification.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To analyze the ophthalmic characteristics of congenital prepapillary vascular loop (PVL) and to propose a new morphologic classification dividing the loops into six types. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Collaborative multinational multicentre retrospective study of PVL cases. RESULTS: There was a total of 49 cases (61 eyes), 37 unilateral (75.5%) and 12 bilateral (24.5%), 32 arterial type (65.3%) and 18 venous type (36.7%) (one patient had either kind in each eye). The mean number of loops per eye was 2.7 (range, 1-7). The loops were asymptomatic in 42 cases (85.7%). Other findings included: the presence of cilioretinal artery (14 cases), retinal vascular tortuosity (26 cases), amaurosis fugax (1 case), branch retinal artery occlusion (1 case) and vitreous haemorrhage (3 cases). Six morphologic loop types could be discerned based on elevation (flat vs. elevated), shape (figure of 8 or corkscrew with hyaline sheath), number (multiple or single), location (central or peripheral), lumen size (arterial vs. arteriolar) and presence of vascular tortuosity or vitreous traction. CONCLUSIONS: PVL are usually asymptomatic and can be divided into six morphologic types with different pathogenesis during early embryogenesis.

Gene Expression Profiling in Uveal Melanoma: Five-Year Prospective Outcomes and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The prognostic 15-gene expression profile (15-GEP) test for uveal melanoma (UM) predicts metastatic risk based on primary tumor biology. Here we report outcomes from a prospective registry of 15-GEP-tested patients, and a meta-analysis with published cohorts. OBJECTIVES: Management and 5-year clinical outcomes following 15-GEP testing were evaluated. METHODS: Eighty-nine patients with 15-GEP results were prospectively enrolled at four centers. Physician-recommended management plans were collected, and clinical outcomes tracked every 6 months. RESULTS: Eighty percent of Class 1 (low-risk) patients underwent low-intensity management; all Class 2 (high-risk) patients underwent high-intensity management (p < 0.0001). Median follow-up for event-free patients was 4.9 years. Five Class 1 (10%) and 23 Class 2 (58%) tumors metastasized (p < 0.0001). Five-year Class 1 and 2 metastasis-free survival rates were 90% (81-100%) and 41% (27-62%; p < 0.0001), and melanoma-specific survival rates were 94% (87-100%) and 63% (49-82%; p = 0.0007). Class 2 was the only independent predictor of metastasis and was associated with increased risk for metastasis and mortality by meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: UM patient management is guided by 15-GEP testing. Class 2 patients were managed more intensely, in accordance with an observed metastatic rate of >50%; Class 1 patients were safely spared intensive surveillance, resulting in appropriate utilization of healthcare resources.

Visual acuity, oncologic, and toxicity outcomes with 103Pd vs. 125I plaque treatment for choroidal melanoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate outcomes of choroidal melanoma patients treated with 125I or 103Pd plaque brachytherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 1993 to 2012, our institution treated 160 patients with 103Pd (56.1%) and 125 patients with 125I (43.9%) plaque brachytherapy. Tumor outcomes, visual acuity (VA), and toxicity were compared. Multivariate analyses (MVAs) and propensity score analysis were used to help address differences in baseline characteristics. RESULTS: Median followup was longer for 125I patients, 52.7 vs. 43.5 months (p < 0.01). At baseline, 103Pd patients had lower rates of VA worse than 20/200 (4.4% vs. 16%, p = 0.002), T3-T4 tumors (17.5% vs. 32.8%, p = 0.03), and transpupillary thermotherapy use (3.1% vs. 9.6%, p = 0.001). Both 103Pd and 125I provided >90% 3-year overall survival and >93% 5-year secondary enucleation-free survival. On MVA, radionuclide was not predictive for tumor outcomes. A higher percentage maintained vision better than 20/40 with 103Pd (63% vs. 35%, p = 0.007) at 3 years. MVA demonstrated 103Pd radionuclide (odds ratio [OR]: 2.12, p = 0.028) and tumor height ≤5 mm (OR: 2.78, p = 0.017) were associated with VA better than 20/40. Propensity score analysis matched 23 125I with 107 103Pd patients. 103Pd continued to predict better VA at 3 years (OR: 8.10, p = 0.014). On MVA for the development of VA worse than 20/200 or degree of vision loss, radionuclide was not significant. Lower rates of radiation retinopathy were seen with 103Pd than 125I (3 years: 47.3% vs. 63.9%, p = 0.016), with radionuclide significant in MVA. CONCLUSIONS: Both 125I and 103Pd achieve excellent tumor control. An increased probability of long-term VA better than 20/40 and reduced risk of radiation retinopathy is associated with 103Pd.

PEMBROLIZUMAB ADMINISTRATION ASSOCIATED WITH POSTERIOR UVEITIS.

PURPOSE: To describe the development of uveitis and retinal vasculitis in association with pembrolizumab treatment for metastatic uveal melanoma. METHODS: A case report and a brief review of the literature are presented. Information collected and reported include the patient's clinical course, physical examination findings, fluorescein angiogram images, retinal photographs, and her response to treatment. RESULTS: A 54-year-old woman was diagnosed with a large choroidal malignant melanoma and had the affected eye enucleated. Pathology confirmed a mixed cell choroidal melanoma, and gene expression profiling was Class 2. Seventeen months after enucleation, the patient was diagnosed with metastatic uveal melanoma to the liver. Disease progression was observed during ipilimumab treatment. Pembrolizumab treatment was initiated, and after four infusions, she presented to clinic complaining of floaters and blurred vision. Examination revealed a nongranulomatous panuveitis characterized by perivascular retinal pigment epithelium pigmentary changes, retinal venous sheathing, 1+ anterior chamber and vitreous cellular reaction, 2+ vitreous haze, and optic disk edema. A dexamethasone sustained-release implant was administered and the uveitis regressed. A relapse in symptoms occurred but quickly subsided with a repeat injection. CONCLUSION: Pembrolizumab may induce a uveitic reaction. There is mounting evidence that patients using prembrolizumab should be educated and monitored for signs of uveitis.

Clinical Performance and Management Outcomes with the DecisionDx-UM Gene Expression Profile Test in a Prospective Multicenter Study.

Uveal melanoma management is challenging due to its metastatic propensity. DecisionDx-UM is a prospectively validated molecular test that interrogates primary tumor biology to provide objective information about metastatic potential that can be used in determining appropriate patient care. To evaluate the continued clinical validity and utility of DecisionDx-UM, beginning March 2010, 70 patients were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter, IRB-approved study to document patient management differences and clinical outcomes associated with low-risk Class 1 and high-risk Class 2 results indicated by DecisionDx-UM testing. Thirty-seven patients in the prospective study were Class 1 and 33 were Class 2. Class 1 patients had 100% 3-year metastasis-free survival compared to 63% for Class 2 (log rank test p = 0.003) with 27.3 median follow-up months in this interim analysis. Class 2 patients received significantly higher-intensity monitoring and more oncology/clinical trial referrals compared to Class 1 patients (Fisher's exact test p = 2.1 × 10(-13) and p = 0.04, resp.). The results of this study provide additional, prospective evidence in an independent cohort of patients that Class 1 and Class 2 patients are managed according to the differential metastatic risk indicated by DecisionDx-UM. The trial is registered with Clinical Application of DecisionDx-UM Gene Expression Assay Results (NCT02376920).

Stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis.

PURPOSE: To describe a new classification of stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis (SNIFR). DESIGN: Retrospective case series and literature review. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 17 patients from 5 institutions. METHODS: Detailed case history, multimodal imaging, and genetic testing were reviewed for patients with macular schisis without a known predisposing condition. Patients with a stellate appearance centered on the fovea with correlating confirmed expansion of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) by optical coherence tomography (OCT) were included. Exclusion criteria included a family history of macular retinoschisis, a known genetic abnormality associated with retinoschisis, myopic traction maculopathy, epiretinal membrane, vitreoretinal traction, optic or scleral pit, or advanced glaucomatous optic nerve changes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical features, anatomic characteristics, and visual acuity. RESULTS: A total of 22 eyes from 16 female patients and 1 male patient with foveomacular schisis were reviewed from 5 institutions. Initial visual acuity was ≥ 20/50 in all eyes (mean, 20/27), but visual acuity in a single eye decreased from 20/20 to 20/200 after the development of subfoveal fluid. The refractive status was myopic in 16 eyes, plano in 3 eyes, and hyperopic in 2 eyes. Three eyes had a preexisting vitreous separation, and 19 eyes had an attached posterior hyaloid. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to >5 years. CONCLUSIONS: In this largest known series of patients with SNIFR, all patients demonstrated splitting of the OPL in the macula with relatively preserved visual acuity (≥ 20/40) except in a single patient in whom subretinal fluid developed under the fovea.

Current clinical practice: differential management of uveal melanoma in the era of molecular tumor analyses.

OBJECTIVE: Assess current clinical practices for uveal melanoma (UM) and the impact of molecular prognostic testing on treatment decisions. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey and sequential medical records review. PARTICIPANTS: Ophthalmologists who treat UM. METHODS: (A) Medical records review of all Medicare beneficiaries tested by UM gene expression profile in 2012, conducted under an institutional review board-approved protocol. (B) 109 ophthalmologists specializing in the treatment of UM were invited to participate in 24-question survey in 2012; 72 were invited to participate in a 23-question survey in 2014. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Responses analyzed by descriptive statistics, frequency analyses (percentages, Tukey, histograms), and Fisher's exact test. Descriptive presentation of essay answers. RESULTS: The review of Medicare medical records included 191 evaluable patients, 88 (46%) with documented medical treatment actions or institutional policies related to surveillance plans. Of these 88, all gene expression profiling (GEP) Class 1 UM patients were treated with low-intensity surveillance. All GEP Class 2 UM patients were treated with high-intensity surveillance (P<0.0001 versus Class 1). There were 36 (19%) with information concerning referrals after initial diagnosis. Of these 36, all 23 Class 2 patients were referred to medical oncology; however, none of the 13 Class 1 patients were referred (P<0.0001 versus Class 1). Only Class 2 patients were recommended for adjunctive treatment regimens. 2012 survey: 50 respondents with an annual median of 35 new UM patients. The majority of respondents (82%) performed molecular analysis of UM tumors after fine needle biopsy (FNAB); median: 15 FNAB per year; 2014 survey: 35 respondents with an annual median of 30 new UM patients. The majority offered molecular analyses of UM tumor samples to most patients. Patients with low metastatic risk (disomy 3 or GEP Class 1) were generally assigned to less frequent (every 6 or 12 months) and less intensive clinical visits. Patients with high metastatic risk (monosomy 3 or GEP Class 2) were assigned to more frequent surveillance with hepatic imaging and liver function testing every 3-6 months. High-risk patients were considered more suitable for adjuvant treatment protocols. CONCLUSION: The majority of ophthalmologists treating UM have adopted molecular diagnostic tests for the purpose of designing risk-appropriate treatment strategies.

Vitreomacular traction as a consequence of posterior hyaloidal contraction after transpupillary thermotherapy.

PURPOSE: To describe the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients in whom vitreomacular traction evolved pursuant to treatment of choroidal melanoma with transpupillary thermotherapy. DESIGN: Retrospective, uncontrolled, observational, interventional case series. METHODS: Vitreomacular traction with macular distortion, macular edema, and vision loss developed in 6 eyes of 6 patients after successful transpupillary thermotherapy for choroidal melanoma. Clinical examination, fluorescein angiography, fundus photography, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were performed. Symptomatic patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Primary outcome measures include visual acuity and resolution of macular distortion by clinical examination, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, or both. RESULTS: In all 6 patients, the malignant lesions were treated successfully. The posterior hyaloid was attached in all eyes before transpupillary thermotherapy. All eyes demonstrated focal hyaloidal contraction and vitreomacular traction between the transpupillary thermotherapy scar and the macula. Mean time from transpupillary thermotherapy to PPV for treatment of vitreomacular traction was 23 ± 18 months. Mean length of follow-up was 11 months. Mean logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution visual acuity before transpupillary thermotherapy was 0.23 ± 0.38. Mean visual acuity after transpupillary thermotherapy was 0.53 ± 0.42. Mean visual acuity before membrane peel was 0.65 ± 0.34. Mean visual acuity after membrane peel was 0.44 ± 0.21. All patients undergoing PPV showed visual improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Hyaloidal contraction can occur after transpupillary thermotherapy and is a reversible cause of vision loss. The mechanism of vision loss resulting from hyaloidal contraction is flat vitreomacular traction. PPV and membrane peeling are effective in improving macular anatomic features and visual function.

Bilateral choroidal tumors consistent with metastatic malignant paraganglioma.

PURPOSE: To report a patient with bilateral choroidal metastasis from a malignant paraganglioma. METHODS: Clinicopathologic case report and literature review. RESULTS: A 68-year-old woman presented with bilateral amelanotic focal choroidal lesions. A thorough systemic work-up for a primary cancer revealed a paraganglioma (extraadrenal pheochromocytoma) and a pheochromocytoma of the left adrenal gland. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the choroidal lesion was consistent with metastatic paraganglioma. CONCLUSION: Metastatic paraganglioma, although rare, has the ability to metastasize to the choroid.

Ophthalmic and systemic findings in interstitial deletions of chromosome 14q: a case report and literature review.

We report a patient with clinical anophthalmia, partial eyelid fusion and a hypoplastic socket on the right. The left eye has microphthalmia involving the anterior and posterior segments, microcornea, iris coloboma, chorioretinal dysgenesis, macular dysplasia, absence of retinal vessels, and optic nerve aplasia. Systemic abnormalities include microcephaly, bilateral hearing loss, and duodenal atresia. Electrophysiologic testing showed no response from either eye. Cytogenetic testing revealed a de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome 14q22.3q23.1. The literature of similar interstitial deletions and ongoing candidate gene studies are reviewed.

Collaborative Ocular Oncology Group report number 1: prospective validation of a multi-gene prognostic assay in uveal melanoma.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates the prognostic performance of a 15 gene expression profiling (GEP) assay that assigns primary posterior uveal melanomas to prognostic subgroups: class 1 (low metastatic risk) and class 2 (high metastatic risk). DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 459 patients with posterior uveal melanoma were enrolled from 12 independent centers. TESTING: Tumors were classified by GEP as class 1 or class 2. The first 260 samples were also analyzed for chromosome 3 status using a single nucleotide polymorphism assay. Net reclassification improvement analysis was performed to compare the prognostic accuracy of GEP with the 7th edition clinical Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) classification and chromosome 3 status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients were managed for their primary tumor and monitored for metastasis. RESULTS: The GEP assay successfully classified 446 of 459 cases (97.2%). The GEP was class 1 in 276 cases (61.9%) and class 2 in 170 cases (38.1%). Median follow-up was 17.4 months (mean, 18.0 months). Metastasis was detected in 3 class 1 cases (1.1%) and 44 class 2 cases (25.9%) (log-rank test, P<10(-14)). Although there was an association between GEP class 2 and monosomy 3 (Fisher exact test, P<0.0001), 54 of 260 tumors (20.8%) were discordant for GEP and chromosome 3 status, among which GEP demonstrated superior prognostic accuracy (log-rank test, P = 0.0001). By using multivariate Cox modeling, GEP class had a stronger independent association with metastasis than any other prognostic factor (P<0.0001). Chromosome 3 status did not contribute additional prognostic information that was independent of GEP (P = 0.2). At 3 years follow-up, the net reclassification improvement of GEP over TNM classification was 0.43 (P = 0.001) and 0.38 (P = 0.004) over chromosome 3 status. CONCLUSIONS: The GEP assay had a high technical success rate and was the most accurate prognostic marker among all of the factors analyzed. The GEP provided a highly significant improvement in prognostic accuracy over clinical TNM classification and chromosome 3 status. Chromosome 3 status did not provide prognostic information that was independent of GEP.

Clinical characteristics of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.

AIMS: To assess the characteristics and outcomes of patients with hydroxychloroquine retinopathy and to review the current screening guidelines. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed as having hydroxychloroquine retinopathy at our institution between 2004 and 2008. RESULTS: All seven patients were women. While every patient received 400 mg of hydroxychloroquine per day, every patient exceeded the recommended daily dosage allowance (6.5 mg/kg/day). The mean daily dose of hydroxychloroquine was 8.2 mg/kg/day (range: 6.8-13.6 mg/kg/day). The mean duration of usage was 16.3 years (range: 8.5-30 years), and the mean cumulative dose was 2377 g (range: 1241-4380 g). The mean visual acuity at presentation was 20/30, but all patients exhibited significant visual-field defects. Colour vision was impaired in six patients. Four patients exhibited granular hyperpigmentation in the central macula, and three had a bull's eye appearance. The mean follow-up time was 21 months. The visual outcomes remained stable for every patient except for one patient who experienced an improvement in visual function after drug cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, although rare, still exists despite current screening guidelines. The authors recommend that physicians dose hydroxychloroquine according to lean body weight and that they use risk stratification to guide their screening regimens.

Residual triamcinolone acetonide sequestered in the fovea after macular hole repair.

PURPOSE: To report the macular hole closure rate and visual outcomes of patients with residual triamcinolone acetonide in the fovea after macular hole repair. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients who underwent macular hole surgery at our institution between 2005 and 2008. Only patients with visible triamcinolone in the fovea in the first postoperative month were included. RESULTS: Six patients with Stage III or IV macular holes were included. All patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, and gas tamponade. Triamcinolone acetonide was used to visualize the vitreous in every patient, and diluted indocyanine green was used to stain the internal limiting membrane in five patients. The median preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 20/200, which improved to a median of 20/40 at the last follow-up. Five patients eventually developed retinal pigment epithelial alterations. Anatomic hole closure was achieved in every patient. The mean follow-up was 23 months (range, 3-36 months). CONCLUSION: Residual triamcinolone sequestered in the fovea after macular hole surgery did not affect hole closure or prevent improvement in visual acuity. It is unclear whether the retinal pigment epithelial alterations in our patients represent toxicity or are unrelated to the triamcinolone exposure.

Retinoblastoma in a 48-year-old woman.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe an unusual presentation of retinoblastoma in an adult. METHODS: Retrospective case report. RESULTS: A 48-year-old woman with floaters was found to have an amelanotic intraocular mass with localized vitreous seeds in the superior fundus. Metastatic workup was negative. Cytologic examination of the vitrectomy specimen showed a malignant neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation, suspicious for carcinoid tumor. The patient later was found to have a lung lesion presumed to be a carcinoid tumor. She was treated with external beam radiation to the eye, but 1 year later, a new retinal tumor was discovered inferiorly requiring plaque radiotherapy. Soon thereafter, she developed massive intraocular recurrence. The eye was enucleated. Histopathology revealed small round blue cells with round hyperchromatic nuclei. Rosettes were also present within the tumor consistent with retinoblastoma. CONCLUSION: Late-onset retinoblastoma can occur in adults, and the diagnosis can be challenging.

Surgery as the primary management of proliferative vitreoretinopathy: a history reflecting my experiences and biases.

Although attempts were made ot reattach retinas using proliferative vitreoretinopathy by various techniques before the 1970s, it was the development and subsequent refinement of closed-eye, mechanized pars plana vitrectomy that initiated the rapid rise in the surgical success rate. This article presents a personal history of the milestone accomplishments that facilitated the strong possibility of success that patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy can now anticipate. Currently, various gasses, chemical compounds, and pharmaceutical agents serve adjunctively to advance surgical techniques with the expectation that they may be the primary curative procedure in the future. As in the past, what is unconventional today may be common tomorrow.

Visual outcomes and incidence of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy in diabetic eyes pretreated with bevacizumab (avastin).

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and effect of bevacizumab pretreatment on the incidence of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage and visual acuity after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: This was a consecutive, retrospective, and comparative cohort study. Patients undergoing vitrectomy from September 2006 through November 2007 at the Emory Eye Center for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy were identified and reviewed. A total of 33 eyes pretreated with bevacizumab and 104 untreated eyes were observed for postoperative vitreous hemorrhage and final visual acuity. RESULTS: Patients in the bevacizumab group were significantly younger than those in the untreated group (average age, 46.4 vs. 58.4 years) and were more likely to have 20-gauge instrumentation (58% vs. 36%). An average of 9.6 days passed between injection and surgery. Early (4-6 weeks) rebleed rates were 15% versus 13% in the bevacizumab and untreated groups, respectively, and not statistically different. Preoperative (7/200 vs. count finger at 4'), 1-month postoperative (20/200(-3) vs. 20/150), and 3-month postoperative visual acuity (20/100(-3) vs. 20/100(+2)) were not statistically different between groups. No statistical difference was found in rebleed rates regarding the gauge of vitrectomy. CONCLUSION: Bevacizumab pretreatment for diabetic vitrectomy was not associated with any observed complications but did not influence rates of postoperative vitreous hemorrhage or final visual acuity in this retrospective series. The overall incidence of postoperative early vitreous hemorrhage in this series was 13% and seems lower than historically reported rates.

Incidence of postvitrectomy macular edema using optical coherence tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, effect on visual recovery, and predisposing risk factors of postvitrectomy macular edema (ME). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: One-hundred nine eyes undergoing nonemergent vitrectomy surgery. METHODS: Eyes were evaluated for postoperative day 1 inflammation, 1-month retinal thickness using optical coherence tomography, and preoperative and 1-month postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Macular edema was defined as central subfield thickness > or =272 microm. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Retinal thickness, inflammation, and BCVA. RESULTS: Incidence of ME on optical coherence tomography was 47% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37%-56%). Mean 1-month visual acuity improved 3.3 lines (0.33 logarithm of minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] units) to 20/80(+1) (0.58+/-0.46 logMAR units) from 20/150(-2) (0.91+/-0.63 logMAR units) before surgery (P<0.001). Mean 1-month center point thickness (CPT), central subfield (CSF), and total macular volume were 265+/-107 microm, 288+/-94 microm, and 7.8+/-1.2 mm(3), respectively. Severity of postoperative inflammation predicted retinal thickness at 1 month (P<0.05). Intraoperative epinephrine use was associated with increased postoperative inflammation (P = 0.02). Eyes with greater reduction in CSF (or CPT) from baseline experienced more rapid visual recovery (r = -0.36; 95% CI, -0.61 to -0.06; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Postvitrectomy ME is common and delays visual recovery. Degree of postoperative inflammation is an important risk factor for ME and, in this series, was increased in the setting of intraocular epinephrine. Efforts to reduce or prevent inflammation after vitrectomy should be beneficial and therefore are encouraged.

Topical ketorolac in vitreoretinal surgery: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of topical ketorolac in patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery. METHODS: One hundred nine patients undergoing vitrectomies were randomized to receive either topical ketorolac tromethamine, 0.4%, or placebo. Patients were instructed to begin taking the study medication 3 days preoperatively (4 times daily) and to continue taking it 4 weeks postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraoperative pupil diameter, postoperative day 1 pain and inflammation, 1-month postoperative retinal thickness, and preoperative and 1-month postoperative best-corrected visual acuities. RESULTS: The difference in mean pupil diameters between patients using ketorolac and those taking placebo was 0.06 mm (P = .39). Patients taking ketorolac and those taking placebo had mean pain scores (scale, 1-10) of 0.24 (SD, 0.6) and 1.06 (SD, 2) (P = .03) and mean inflammation grades (grade, 0-4) of 0.59 (SD, 0.7) and 1.16 (SD, 0.9) (P < .001), respectively. Ketorolac reduced central subfield thickness by 8%, but this was not statistically significant. At 1 month, mean visual acuities improved to 0.40 logMAR units (mean Snellen, 20/50; SD, 0.28 logMAR units) in the ketorolac group from 0.83 logMAR units (20/150(+2); SD, 0.60 logMAR units) at baseline and to 0.67 logMAR units (20/100(+1); SD, 0.46 logMAR units) in the placebo group from 0.92 logMAR units (20/150(-2); SD, 0.62 logMAR units) at baseline (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Topical ketorolac was well tolerated and safe, reduced postoperative pain and inflammation, and improved visual recovery in this prospective, double-masked trial. APPLICATION TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Topical ketorolac may benefit patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00576329.