Male Genital Mutilation in the Name of Ritual Circumcision: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Unlike female genital mutilation, the alteration of male genitals has not received much attention. Circumcision is the most common and oldest surgical procedure being performed. When performed by surgeons or well-trained personal the procedure is safe, but most of the times it is being performed by untrained people with no or little medical background. This has led to many complications. Total skin loss is an uncommon but serious complication. There is an ongoing debate regarding the management of this complication. Here, we present a case of total penile skin loss which had resulted from penile mutilation in the name of ritual circumcision.

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy: A review of clinical trials for multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is the result of the body's own immune cells being auto-reactive to the myelin regions of the body as if these regions were foreign antigens. This demyelination process is damaging to the electrical conductivity of neurons. The current medicines are only capable of fighting off the symptoms of the disease, but not the disease itself. Specialized stem cells, known as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), seem to be the candidate therapy to get rid of MS. MSCs can be isolated from multiple sources of the person's body, and even from the umbilical cord (UC) and placenta of a donor. These cells have anti-inflammatory effects so they can target the overactivity and self-antigen attacks by T cells and macrophages; this immune system overactivity is characteristic of MS. MSCs show the ability to locate into brain lesions when injected and thus can compensate for the loss of the brain function by differentiating into neuronal precursor cells and glial cells. The author has listed tables of clinical trials that have utilized MSCs from different sources, along with the years and the phase of study completed for each trial. The consensus is that these cells work on inhibiting CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation, T regulatory cells (Tregs), and macrophage switch into the auto-immune phenotype. The best source of MSCs seems to be the UC due to the easiness of extraction, the noninvasive method of collection, their higher expansion ability and more powerful immune-modulating properties compared to other locations in the body. Studies showed there was a significant decline of mRNA expression of several cytokines after the administration of MSCs derived from the UC (UCMSCs). Other researchers were able to repair the defects of Tregs in MS patients by co-culturing Tregs from these patients with UCMSCs, which decreased the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN γ , and also suggested a strong link between Tregs lack of functionality in MS patients with the pathogenesis of the disease.