New Antibacterial and Antioxidant Chitin Derivatives: Ultrasonic Preparation and Biological Effects.

This work focuses on the first use of ultrasonic phenol-ene coupling as a polymer analogous transformation. The ultrasonic reaction was introduced into chitin chemistry, resulting in the fast and convenient preparation of new water-soluble cationic chitin derivatives. Since water-soluble derivatives of fully deacetylated chitin are poorly described in the literature, the synthesis of each new type of these derivatives is a significant event in polysaccharide chemistry. Polycations, or cationic polymers, are of particular interest as antibacterial agents. Consequently, the resulting polymers were tested for their antibacterial activity and toxicity. We found that the highly substituted polymer of medium molecular weight exhibited the most pronounced in vitro antibacterial effect. We prepared nanoparticles using the ionic gelation technique. The most effective in vitro antibacterial chitin-based systems were tested in vivo in rats. These tests demonstrated outstanding antibacterial effects combined with an absence of toxicity. Additionally, we found that the resulting polymers, unlike their nanoparticle counterparts, also exhibited strong antioxidant effects. In summary, we demonstrated the effectiveness of ultrasound in polymer chemistry and highlighted the importance of the sonochemical approach in the chemical modification of polysaccharides. This approach enables the synthesis of derivatives with improved physicochemical and biological properties.

Frequency-Domain Features and Low-Frequency Synchronization of Photoplethysmographic Waveform Variability and Heart Rate Variability with Increasing Severity of Cardiovascular Diseases.

Objective-Heart rate variability (HRV) and photoplethysmographic waveform variability (PPGV) are available approaches for assessing the state of cardiovascular autonomic regulation. The goal of our study was to compare the frequency-domain features and low-frequency (LF) synchronization of the PPGV and HRV with increasing severity of cardiovascular diseases. Methods-Our study included 998 electrocardiogram (ECG) and finger photoplethysmogram (PPG) recordings from subjects, classified into five categories: 53 recordings from healthy subjects, aged 28.1 ± 6.2 years, 536 recordings from patients with hypertension (HTN), 49.0 ± 8.8 years old, 185 recordings from individuals with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) (63.9 ± 9.3 years old), 104 recordings from patients with myocardial infarction (MI) that occurred three months prior to the recordings (PMI) (65.1 ± 11.0 years old), and 120 recordings from study subjects with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (64.7 ± 11.5 years old). Spectral analyses of the HRV and PPGV were carried out, along with an assessment of the synchronization strength between LF oscillations of the HRV and of PPGV (synchronization index). Results-Changes in all frequency-domain indices and the synchronization index were observed along the following gradient: healthy subjects → patients with HTN → patients with CAD → patients with PMI → patients with AMI. Similar frequency-domain indices of the PPGV and HRV show little relationship with each other. Conclusions-The frequency-domain indices of the PPGV are highly sensitive to the development of any cardiovascular disease and, therefore, are superior to the HRV indices in this regard. The S index is an independent parameter from the frequency-domain indices.

Maslach Burnout Inventory versus Boyko's Burnout Inventory: a comparative study and methodology.

BACKGROUND: In Russia, the following two questionnaires are mainly used to study the burnout syndrome: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Boyko's Burnout Inventory (BBI). Despite the fact that the questionnaires are based on different theoretical models and composition of the scales, they evaluate essentially the same construct. A few published sources provide data on correlations between the results of measuring burnout using these methods. However, the presence of a correlation does not imply the comparability of the methods. The goal of our study was to compare the results of MBI and BBI as well as to develop a methodology for reciprocal recalculation of their burnout estimates. METHODS: MBI and BBI scales were employed to diagnose the burnout syndrome. Our study included 117 men aged 41-44 years. The total scores obtained by the two methods, as well as the subscale scores, were compared using the correlation analysis, the cross-comparative analysis, and the Bland-Altman plot method, while the associations between the results were estimated with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The total scores (integral indicators based on summing the scores of all subscales and taking into account differences in the weights of scale scores) demonstrated a high similarity in measuring the severity of the burnout. All three dimensions of burnout sensu MBI correlated with the total BBI score. CONCLUSION: The comparison (MBI vs. BBI) demonstrated the consistency of the results, which implied the possibility of comparing data yielded by the studies based on the two questionnaires (MBI and BBI).

Asking difficult questions about fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in the context of the child, the mother, and the systems in which they live.

Alcohol is a known teratogen and prenatal alcohol exposure remains a major ongoing public health concern. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder has become the diagnosis for describing individuals who have been affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. In this Viewpoint, we raise major concerns about its continued use as a diagnostic term in how it perpetuates a misleading and outdated narrative about child development and maternal health. We argue that the term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder has contributed to a culture of racism and discrimination for many who are diagnosed with it. The term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder fails to capture the progress made in our collective understanding of neurodevelopment through advancements in the field of genetics and in understanding the effects of trauma and adversity. We call for urgent international collaborative action to review the use of it as a diagnostic term and, more broadly, to reconsider the practice of diagnosing disabilities as medical illnesses. We suggest that this practice fails to recognise that outcomes of functioning and participation in individuals are not only the results of health conditions, but are also the products of complex interactions and experiences of individuals within the families and societies in which they live.

How different immersive environments affect intracortical brain computer interfaces.

As brain-computer interface (BCI) research advances, many new applications are being developed. Tasks can be performed in different environments, and whether a BCI user can switch environments seamlessly will influence the ultimate utility of a clinical device. Here we investigate the importance of the immersiveness of the virtual environment used to train BCI decoders on the resulting decoder and its generalizability between environments. Two participants who had intracortical electrodes implanted in their precentral gyrus used a BCI to control a virtual arm, either viewed immersively through virtual reality goggles or at a distance on a flat television monitor. Each participant performed better with a decoder trained and tested in the environment they had used the most prior to the study, one for each environment type. The neural tuning to the desired movement was minimally influenced by the immersiveness of the environment. Finally, in further testing with one of the participants, we found that decoders trained in one environment generalized well to the other environment, but the order in which the environments were experienced within a session mattered. Overall, experience with an environment was more influential on performance than the immersiveness of the environment, but BCI performance generalized well after accounting for experience.

Full-Term and Preterm Newborns Differ More Significantly in Photoplethysmographic Waveform Variability than Heart Rate Variability.

BACKGROUND: Features of cardiovascular autonomic regulation in infants are poorly studied compared with adults. However, the clinical significance of autonomic dysfunction in infants is very high. The goal of our research was to study the temporal and frequency-dependent features, as well as low-frequency synchronization in cardiovascular autonomic regulation in full-term vs. preterm newborns, based on the analysis of their heart rate variability (HRV) and photoplethysmographic waveform variability (PPGV). METHODS: The study included three groups of newborns: 64 full-term newborns (with a gestational age at birth of 37-40 weeks) with a physiological course of the neonatal adaptation; 23 full-term newborns (with a gestational age at birth of 37-40 weeks) with a pathological course of the neonatal adaptation; and 17 preterm newborns (with a postconceptional age of 34 weeks or more). We conducted spectral analysis of HRV and PPGV, along with an assessment of the synchronization strength between low-frequency oscillations in HRV and in PPGV (synchronization index). We employed several options for the boundaries of the high-frequency (HF) band: 0.15-0.40 Hz, 0.2-2 Hz, 0.15-0.8 Hz, and 0.24-1.04 Hz. RESULTS: Preterm newborns had higher heart rate, RMSSD, and PNN50 values relative to both groups of full-term newborns. Values of SDNN index and synchronization index (S index) were similar in all groups of newborns. Differences in frequency domain indices of HRV between groups of newborns depended on the considered options of HF band boundaries. Values of frequency domain indices of PPGV demonstrated similar differences between groups, regardless of the boundaries of considered options of HF bands and the location of PPG signal recording (forehead or leg). An increase in sympathetic influences on peripheral blood flow and a decrease in respiratory influences were observed along the following gradient: healthy full-term newborns → preterm newborns → full-term newborns with pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in frequency domain indices of autonomic regulation between the studied groups of newborns depended on the boundaries of the considered options of the HF band. Frequency domain indices of PPGV revealed significantly more pronounced differences between groups of newborns than analogous HRV indicators. An increase in sympathetic influences on peripheral blood flow and a decrease in respiratory influences were observed along the following gradient: healthy full-term newborns → preterm newborns → full-term newborns with pathology.

SA and NHP glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 affects plant defense in both SID2- and NPR1-dependent and independent manner.

KEY MESSAGE: The small-molecule glucosyltransferase loss-of-function mutant ugt76b1 exhibits both SID2- or NPR1-dependent and independent facets of enhanced plant immunity, whereupon FMO1 is required for the SID2 and NPR1 independence. The small-molecule glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 inactivates salicylic acid (SA), isoleucic acid (ILA), and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). ugt76b1 loss-of-function plants manifest an enhanced defense status. Thus, we were interested how UGT76B1 genetically integrates in defense pathways and whether all impacts depend on SA and NHP. We study the integration of UGT76B1 by transcriptome analyses of ugt76b1. The comparison of transcripts altered by the loss of UGT76B1 with public transcriptome data reveals both SA-responsive, ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1/SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (ICS1/SID2)- and NON EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES 1 (NPR1)-dependent, consistent with the role of UGT76B1 in glucosylating SA, and SA-non-responsive, SID2/NPR1-independent genes. We also discovered that UGT76B1 impacts on a group of genes showing non-SA-responsiveness and regulation by infections independent from SID2/NPR1. Enhanced resistance of ugt76b1 against Pseudomonas syringae is partially independent from SID2 and NPR1. In contrast, the ugt76b1-activated resistance is completely dependent on FMO1 encoding the NHP-synthesizing FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1). Moreover, FMO1 ranks top among the ugt76b1-induced SID2- and NPR1-independent pathogen responsive genes, suggesting that FMO1 determines the SID2- and NPR1-independent effect of ugt76b1. Furthermore, the genetic study revealed that FMO1, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1), SID2, and NPR1 are required for the SA-JA crosstalk and senescence development of ugt76b1, indicating that EDS1 and FMO1 have a similar effect like stress-induced SA biosynthesis (SID2) or the key SA signaling regulator NPR1. Thus, UGT76B1 influences both SID2/NPR1-dependent and independent plant immunity, and the SID2/NPR1 independence is relying on FMO1 and its product NHP, another substrate of UGT76B1.

Rhodamine B-Containing Chitosan-Based Films: Preparation, Luminescent, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Properties.

In this study, Rhodamine B-containing chitosan-based films were prepared and characterized using their mechanical, photophysical, and antibacterial properties. The films were synthesized using the casting method and their mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elongation at break, were found to be dependent on the chemical composition and drying process. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were used to examine the chemical structure and degree of structural perfection of the films. The photophysical properties of the films, including absorption spectra, fluorescence detection, emission quantum yields, and lifetimes of excited states, were studied in detail. Rhodamine B-containing films exhibited higher temperature sensitivity and showed potential as fluorescent temperature sensors in the physiological range. The antibacterial activity of the films was tested against Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, with Rhodamine B-containing films demonstrating more pronounced antibacterial activity compared to blank films. The findings suggest that the elaborated chitosan-based films, particularly those containing Rhodamine B can be of interest for further research regarding their application in various fields such as clinical practice, the food industry, and agriculture due to their mechanical, photophysical, and antibacterial properties.

Rapid and non-invasive detection of malaria parasites using near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning.

BACKGROUND: Novel and highly sensitive point-of-care malaria diagnostic and surveillance tools that are rapid and affordable are urgently needed to support malaria control and elimination. METHODS: We demonstrated the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique to detect malaria parasites both, in vitro, using dilutions of infected red blood cells obtained from Plasmodium falciparum cultures and in vivo, in mice infected with P. berghei using blood spotted on slides and non-invasively, by simply scanning various body areas (e.g., feet, groin and ears). The spectra were analysed using machine learning to develop predictive models for infection. FINDINGS: Using NIRS spectra of in vitro cultures and machine learning algorithms, we successfully detected low densities (<10-7 parasites/µL) of P. falciparum parasites with a sensitivity of 96% (n = 1041), a specificity of 93% (n = 130) and an accuracy of 96% (n = 1171) and differentiated ring, trophozoite and schizont stages with an accuracy of 98% (n = 820). Furthermore, when the feet of mice infected with P. berghei with parasitaemia ≥3% were scanned non-invasively, the sensitivity and specificity of NIRS were 94% (n = 66) and 86% (n = 342), respectively. INTERPRETATION: These data highlights the potential of NIRS technique as rapid, non-invasive and affordable tool for surveillance of malaria cases. Further work to determine the potential of NIRS to detect malaria in symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria cases in the field is recommended including its capacity to guide current malaria elimination strategies.

Recommendations on the measurement and use of the alcohol consumption biomarker CDT. A position paper from the IFCC Working Group on CDT standardisation.

BACKGROUND: Carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) is a biomarker for excessive alcohol consumption utilized in clinical and forensic medicine and workplace testing. Previously, many different analytical methods for CDT were used and the measurand varied considerably, making direct comparison of test results difficult. To end this confusion, the IFCC established a working group on CDT standardisation (WG-CDT) which completed its tasks in 2017. METHODS: This IFCC position paper by the WG-CDT summarizes state of the art information about the measurand and the analytical methods and gives concise recommendations for its utilization. RESULTS: The results achieved by the CDT standardisation process led to accuracy improvements in national external quality assessment schemes over the years. A brief review of ROC based comparison studies with the traditional biomarkers (GGT, MCV, ALT and AST) discusses the bias resulting from inadequate study populations. In large groups of the general population the superior diagnostic performance of CDT is confirmed. CONCLUSION: The relationship between alcohol intake versus resulting CDT is discussed as well as the cutoff and measurement uncertainty. Concerning the application in practice, potential pitfalls are considered and recommendations handling both analytical and preanalytical caveats are given. Finally, some examples of serious misunderstandings in publications about CDT are addressed.

Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) and Cardiovascular Complications of Obesity: Searching for Potential Biomarkers.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs), a family of proteins that support cellular proteostasis and perform a protective function under various stress conditions, such as high temperature, intoxication, inflammation, or tissue hypoxia, constitute a promising group of possible biochemical markers for obesity and cardiovascular diseases. HSP27 is involved in essential cellular processes occurring in conditions of obesity and its cardiometabolic complications; it has protective properties, and its secretion may indicate a cellular response to stress. HSP40 plays a controversial role in the pathogenesis of obesity. HSP60 is involved in various pathological processes of the cardiovascular, immune, excretory, and nervous systems and is associated with obesity and concomitant diseases. The hypersecretion of HSP60 is associated with poor prognosis; hence, this protein may become a target for further research on obesity and its cardiovascular complications. According to most studies, intracellular HSP70 is an obesity-promoting factor, whereas extracellular HSP70 exhibited inconsistent dynamics across different patient groups and diagnoses. HSPs are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular pathology. However, in the context of cardiovascular and metabolic pathology, these proteins require further investigation.

Microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex evokes task-dependent, spatially patterned responses in motor cortex.

The primary motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) cortices play critical roles in motor control but the signaling between these structures is poorly understood. To fill this gap, we recorded - in three participants in an ongoing human clinical trial (NCT01894802) for people with paralyzed hands - the responses evoked in the hand and arm representations of M1 during intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) in the hand representation of S1. We found that ICMS of S1 activated some M1 neurons at short, fixed latencies consistent with monosynaptic activation. Additionally, most of the ICMS-evoked responses in M1 were more variable in time, suggesting indirect effects of stimulation. The spatial pattern of M1 activation varied systematically: S1 electrodes that elicited percepts in a finger preferentially activated M1 neurons excited during that finger's movement. Moreover, the indirect effects of S1 ICMS on M1 were context dependent, such that the magnitude and even sign relative to baseline varied across tasks. We tested the implications of these effects for brain-control of a virtual hand, in which ICMS conveyed tactile feedback. While ICMS-evoked activation of M1 disrupted decoder performance, this disruption was minimized using biomimetic stimulation, which emphasizes contact transients at the onset and offset of grasp, and reduces sustained stimulation.

Gut Microbiota Patterns in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment Using Three Analysis Methods.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, affecting nearly 25% of the global adult population. Increasing evidence suggests that functional and compositional changes in the gut microbiota may contribute to the development and promote the progression of NAFLD. 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing is widely used to determine specific features of the NAFLD microbiome, but a complex system such as the gut microbiota requires a comprehensive approach. We used three different approaches: MALDI-TOF-MS of bacterial cultures, qPCR, and 16S NGS sequencing, as well as a wide variety of statistical methods to assess the differences in gut microbiota composition between NAFLD patients without significant fibrosis and the control group. The listed methods showed enrichment in Collinsella sp. and Oscillospiraceae for the control samples and enrichment in Lachnospiraceae (and in particular Dorea sp.) and Veillonellaceae in NAFLD. The families, Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Enterococcaceae (particularly Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis), were also found to be important taxa for NAFLD microbiome evaluation. Considering individual method observations, an increase in Candida krusei and a decrease in Bacteroides uniformis for NAFLD patients were detected using MALDI-TOF-MS. An increase in Gracilibacteraceae, Chitinophagaceae, Pirellulaceae, Erysipelatoclostridiaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Comamonadaceae, and a decrease in Acidaminococcaceae in NAFLD were observed with 16S NGS, and enrichment in Fusobacterium nucleatum was shown using qPCR analysis. These findings confirm that NAFLD is associated with changes in gut microbiota composition. Further investigations are required to determine the cause-and-effect relationships and the impact of microbiota-derived compounds on the development and progression of NAFLD.

Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Preparation and Antibacterial Properties.

This comprehensive review illuminates the various methods of chitosan extraction, its antibacterial properties, and its multifarious applications in diverse sectors. We delve into chemical, physical, biological, hybrid, and green extraction techniques, each of which presents unique advantages and disadvantages. The choice of method is dictated by multiple variables, including the desired properties of chitosan, resource availability, cost, and environmental footprint. We explore the intricate relationship between chitosan's antibacterial activity and its properties, such as cationic density, molecular weight, water solubility, and pH. Furthermore, we spotlight the burgeoning applications of chitosan-based materials like films, nanoparticles, nonwoven materials, and hydrogels across the food, biomedical, and agricultural sectors. The review concludes by highlighting the promising future of chitosan, underpinned by technological advancements and growing sustainability consciousness. However, the critical challenges of optimizing chitosan's production for sustainability and efficiency remain to be tackled.

[A man with yellow nails]. / Een man met gele nagels.

A 60-year-old man was referred to the outpatient clinic due to dyspnea of effort and productive coughing and rhinorrhea. Physical examination revealed swollen ankles and yellow, hyperkeratotic nails. HRCT showed bronchiectasis. This triad of symptoms indicates yellow nail syndrome. Vitamin E improved the yellow nails, while optimal expiration techniques alleviated respiratory symptoms.

Which Comes First, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease or Arterial Hypertension?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and arterial hypertension (AH) are widespread noncommunicable diseases in the global population. Since hypertension and NAFLD are diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, they are often comorbid. In fact, many contemporary published studies confirm the association of these diseases with each other, regardless of whether other metabolic factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellites, are present. This narrative review considers the features of the association between NAFLD and AH, as well as possible pathophysiological mechanisms.

Benzothiazole Derivatives of Chitosan and Their Derived Nanoparticles: Synthesis and In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Effects.

In this work, we focused on synthesizing and assessing novel chitosan-based antibacterial polymers and their nanoparticles by incorporating benzothiazole substituents. The growing resistance to antibiotics has necessitated the search for alternative antimicrobial compounds. This study aimed to synthesize and evaluate chitosan-based polymers and nanoparticles with benzothiazole substituents for their antibacterial properties and toxicity. The benzothiazole derivatives of chitosan and their nanoparticles were synthesized through electrochemical coupling. The in vivo antibacterial efficacy was tested on white rats with induced peritonitis using a microbial suspension containing S. aureus and E. coli. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessments were conducted. The chitosan-based antibacterial systems showed significant in vivo antibacterial activity, surpassing that of unmodified chitosan and commercial antibiotics. Moreover, the toxicity studies revealed low toxicity levels of the synthesized derivatives, which did not differ significantly from native chitosan. The synthesized chitosan-based polymers and nanoparticles demonstrated potent antibacterial activity and low toxicity, highlighting their potential as effective alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Further investigations in pharmacology and preclinical trials are recommended to explore their application in clinical settings.

Response of the organellar and nuclear (post)transcriptomes of Arabidopsis to drought.

Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to cope with drought, which involve massive changes in nuclear gene expression. However, little is known about the roles of post-transcriptional processing of nuclear or organellar transcripts and how meaningful these changes are. To address these issues, we used RNA-sequencing after ribosomal RNA depletion to monitor (post)transcriptional changes during different times of drought exposure in Arabidopsis Col-0. Concerning the changes detected in the organellar transcriptomes, chloroplast transcript levels were globally reduced, editing efficiency dropped, but splicing was not affected. Mitochondrial transcripts were slightly elevated, while editing and splicing were unchanged. Conversely, alternative splicing (AS) affected nearly 1,500 genes (9% of expressed nuclear genes). Of these, 42% were regulated solely at the level of AS, representing transcripts that would have gone unnoticed in a microarray-based approach. Moreover, we identified 927 isoform switching events. We provide a table of the most interesting candidates, and as proof of principle, increased drought tolerance of the carbonic anhydrase ca1 and ca2 mutants is shown. In addition, altering the relative contributions of the spliced isoforms could increase drought resistance. For example, our data suggest that the accumulation of a nonfunctional FLM (FLOWERING LOCUS M) isoform and not the ratio of FLM-ß and -δ isoforms may be responsible for the phenotype of early flowering under long-day drought conditions. In sum, our data show that AS enhances proteome diversity to counteract drought stress and represent a valuable resource that will facilitate the development of new strategies to improve plant performance under drought.

Novel Highly Efficient Antibacterial Chitosan-Based Films.

In this study, we elaborated new chitosan-based films reinforced by iron(III)-containing chitosan nanoparticles Fe(III)-CS-NPs at different concentrations. We found that the optimum concentration of Fe(III)-CS-NPs for the improvement of antibacterial and mechanical properties of the films was 10% (σb = ca. 8.8 N/mm2, εb = ca. 41%, inhibition zone for S. aureus = ca. 16.8 mm and for E. coli = ca. 11.2 mm). Also, using the click-chemistry approach (thiol-ene reaction), we have synthesized a novel water-soluble cationic derivative of chitin. The addition of this derivative of chitin to the chitosan polymer matrix of the elaborated film significantly improved its mechanical (σb = ca. 11.6 N/mm2, εb = ca. 75%) and antimicrobial (inhibition zone for S. aureus = ca. 19.6 mm and for E. coli = ca. 14.2 mm) properties. The key mechanism of the antibacterial action of the obtained films is the disruption of the membranes of bacterial cells. The elaborated antibacterial films are of interest for potential biomedical and food applications.

Chitosan-Based Antibacterial Films for Biomedical and Food Applications.

Antibacterial chitosan films, versatile and eco-friendly materials, have garnered significant attention in both the food industry and medicine due to their unique properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity. This review delves into the various types of chitosan films and their distinct applications. The categories of films discussed span from pure chitosan films to those enhanced with additives such as metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, graphene, fullerene and its derivatives, and plant extracts. Each type of film is examined in terms of its synthesis methods and unique properties, establishing a clear understanding of its potential utility. In the food industry, these films have shown promise in extending shelf life and maintaining food quality. In the medical field, they have been utilized for wound dressings, drug delivery systems, and as antibacterial coatings for medical devices. The review further suggests that the incorporation of different additives can significantly enhance the antibacterial properties of chitosan films. While the potential of antibacterial chitosan films is vast, the review underscores the need for future research focused on optimizing synthesis methods, understanding structure-property relationships, and rigorous evaluation of safety, biocompatibility, and long-term stability in real-world applications.