Hikikomori Syndrome and Digital Technologies: A Systematic Review.

ABSTRACT: Hikikomori syndrome (HS) is a voluntary prolonged social isolation associated with personal and community impact. Previous evidence pointed out a possible relationship between this syndrome with addiction to digital technologies. Here we aim to understand the relationship between HS and digital technology use, overuse, and addictive behaviors, as well as potential therapeutic approaches.We conducted a systematic review of observational and intervention studies available in PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, IBECS, Embase, PsycINFO, and SciELO databases, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA 2020) criteria. The risk of bias was assessed with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) and Consensus-based Clinical Case Reporting Guideline Development (CARE). Eligibility criteria were pre-, at-risk populations, or those with HS diagnosis, and any kind of technological overuse. Seventeen studies were included in the review, of which eight were cross-sectional, eight were case reports, and one was quasi-experimental. Hikikomori syndrome was associated with addition to digital technologies; no cultural differences were found. Environmental factors, such as a history of bullying, low self-esteem, and grief were identified as precursors of addictive behaviors. The included articles addressed addiction to digital technologies, electronic games, and social networks, among others, in HS. HS is cross-culturally associated with such addiction. The management of these patients remains challenging, and no target evidence-based treatments have been developed. The studies included in this review had several limitations, and more studies with a higher level of evidence are needed to support the results.

Socioeconomic Status, Urbanization and Executive Functions Development: Differences Between Urban and Rural Children / Status Socioeconômico, Urbanização e Desenvolvimento de Funções Executivas: Diferenças entre Crianças Urbanas e Rurais

Abstract Socioeconomic Status (SES) has been linked to the development of Executive Functions (EF) usually by means of parental education and family income. Living conditions related to urbanization characteristics are rarely considered. This cross-sectional study investigated the performance in EF tasks of 99 Brazilian children aged 6 to 8 years residing in rural and urban regions. Results showed that children who lived in the rural area performed better than those who lived in the industrial city in the working memory and inhibitory tasks. Social interactions and urbanization conditions, such as parent occupations and social stratification, may explain these differences. Therefore, urbanization conditions of locations where families live should be considered in future studies concerning the influences of SES in EF development.

Resumo O Status Socioeconômico (SES) tem sido vinculado ao desenvolvimento das Funções Executivas (FE), geralmente por meio da educação dos pais e da renda familiar. As condições de vida e a urbanização raramente são consideradas. Este estudo transversal investigou o desempenho em tarefas de FE de 99 crianças brasileiras de 6 a 8 anos residentes em regiões rurais e urbanas. Os resultados demonstram crianças residentes na zona rural obtendo desempenho superior às em cidade industrial em memória operacional e tarefas inibitórias. As interações sociais e as condições de urbanização, como ocupações dos pais e estratificação social, podem explicar essas diferenças. Portanto, as condições de urbanização devem ser consideradas em estudos futuros sobre as influências do SES no desenvolvimento do EF.

Neuropsychological Effects of Mercury Exposure in Children and Adolescents of the Amazon Region, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Studies with children exposed to methylmercury (MeHg) through fish consumption in the Brazilian Amazon region report that the high levels of hair Hg are associated with significant decreases in intelligence, memory, attention, and visuospatial processing. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between mercury exposure and neuropsychological functions in riverside communities of the Brazilian Amazon. METHOD: 263 participants aged 6 to 14 years old were assessed, from resettlement regions, near the Madeira river, Rondônia, Brazil. To assess the neuropsychological functions we used the following instruments: intelligence (WASI), working memory (Corsi Block-Tapping Task and Digit Span), verbal fluency (Word Generation - NEPSY II), inhibitory control (Inhibition Errors - NEPSY II), shifting (Trail Making Test) and manual motor dexterity (Grooved PegBoard Test). Socioeconomic status was obtained through household surveys. Total Hg levels were quantified hair samples (Total HgH) collected from the occipital region of the scalp and analyzed by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. RESULTS: The group in the upper quartile of Total HgH levels presented lower scores on the tasks that assessed estimated IQ, visuospatial working memory, semantic knowledge and phonological verbal fluency, when compared to the group in the lower quartile level. A regression analysis controlled for age, sex, and maternal education showed that for each increase of 10 µg/g of Total HgH, there was a decrease around half standard deviation in Verbal IQ, estimated IQ scores, semantic knowledge, phonological verbal fluency and for verbal and visuospatial working memory. CONCLUSIONS: High concentrations of Total Hg in hair were associated with a lower performance in neuropsychological functions tests. The results show that environmental exposure to Hg is associated to children and adolescents' lower neuropsychological performance in the riverine and resettled areas of the Brazilian Amazon region.

Environmental manganese exposure and associations with memory, executive functions, and hyperactivity in Brazilian children.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element, however high levels of Mn have been associated with lower neuropsychological performance and behavioral problems in children. We investigated the associations between hair Mn concentrations and neuropsychological and behavioral performances among children with long-term exposure to airborne Mn aged between 7 and 12 years. Neuropsychological performance included tests of: verbal memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, and motor function. We used the Conners Abbreviated Rating Scale for teachers to assess students' behaviors of hyperactivity. Hair manganese (MnH) concentrations in children and exposure to airborne manganese from a ferro-manganese alloy plant were analyzed and correlated with tests scores. Multivariable linear models adjusting for potential confounders showed that elevated levels of MnH were associated with lower performance in verbal memory, as measured by the free recall after interference (ß = - 1.8; 95% CI: - 3.4, - 0.2), which indicates susceptibility to interference, and Delayed Effect (ß = -2.0; 95% CI: -3.7, - 0.2), representing a loss of information over time. Additionally, we found patterns of effect modification by sex in three subtests measuring verbal memory: the free recall after interference score, Interference Effect, and Delayed Effect (all at p < 0.10). Overall, the results suggest that long-term airborne Mn exposure may be associated with lower performance in verbal memory, and hyperactivity behaviors.

Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia: a hospital-based sample.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with sickle cell anemia may suffer symptomatic or silent cerebral infarcts leading to neurocognitive complications. This study investigated the cognitive and intellectual performance of children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia. METHODS: The socioeconomic status, clinical aspects and behavioral profile of 15 young individuals with sickle cell anemia were evaluated. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment Test, and the Child Behavior Checklist were applied. RESULTS: Participants with a history of stroke had lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. Alterations were found in attention and executive functioning, language, verbal and visual memory, visuospatial processing and sensorimotor skills. These alterations were found both in the children and adolescents who had had a cerebral infarction and in those who apparently had not. In the majority of cases, there were learning difficulties, a history of repeating school years and a need for specialist educational support. The most common additional diagnoses in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV were depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and somatic disorder, as well as conditions associated with physical and psychosocial repercussions of sickle cell anemia. CONCLUSION: As sickle cell anemia is considered a progressive cerebral vasculopathy, it is a potential risk factor for neurocognitive and psychosocial development. Therefore, periodic neuropsychological and behavioral evaluations of children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia may represent a useful measure to reduce long-term biopsychosocial repercussions.

Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia: a hospital-based sample

Abstract Background: Individuals with sickle cell anemia may suffer symptomatic or silent cerebral infarcts leading to neurocognitive complications. This study investigated the cognitive and intellectual performance of children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia. Methods: The socioeconomic status, clinical aspects and behavioral profile of 15 young individuals with sickle cell anemia were evaluated. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment Test, and the Child Behavior Checklist were applied. Results: Participants with a history of stroke had lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. Alterations were found in attention and executive functioning, language, verbal and visual memory, visuospatial processing and sensorimotor skills. These alterations were found both in the children and adolescents who had had a cerebral infarction and in those who apparently had not. In the majority of cases, there were learning difficulties, a history of repeating school years and a need for specialist educational support. The most common additional diagnoses in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV were depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and somatic disorder, as well as conditions associated with physical and psychosocial repercussions of sickle cell anemia. Conclusion: As sickle cell anemia is considered a progressive cerebral vasculopathy, it is a potential risk factor for neurocognitive and psychosocial development. Therefore, periodic neuropsychological and behavioral evaluations of children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia may represent a useful measure to reduce long-term biopsychosocial repercussions.

Performance comparison between right-handers and left-handers in a brazilian sample of the developmental neuropsychological assessment / Comparação de desempenho entre destros e canhotos em uma amostra brasileira da "a developmental neuropsychological assessment"

Studies that investigate handedness are performed in order to relate hemispheric specialization and cognitive performance. The aim of study was compare the neuropsychological performance between right-handed and left-handed children with ages from five to six years who participated in the Brazilian study of standardization of the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment. For analysis of socio-demographic characteristics, descriptive statistics were used. To compare the mean scores between the groups, normality was tested using Analysis of Variance (one-way Anova) and the Kruskal-Wallis test. When comparing right-handed and left-handed children with typical development, left-handed children presented poorer performance on the subtests involving Attention and Executive Functioning, Language, and Learning and Memory.

Pesquisas sobre preferência manual são realizadas com o intuito de relacionar a especialização hemisférica cerebral e o desempenho cognitivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o desempenho neuropsicológico entre crianças destras e canhotas de cinco e seis anos de idade, participantes da pesquisa de normatização brasileira da Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment. Para análise das características sociodemográficas utilizou-se estatística descritiva. Para comparação dos escores entre os grupos, foi testada a normalidade, feita a Análise de Variância (Anova one-way) e o teste Kruskal-Wallis. Ao comparar crianças destras e canhotas com desenvolvimento típico, as canhotas apresentaram pior desempenho em subtestes que envolvem Atenção e Funções Executivas, Linguagem e Aprendizado e Memória.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Pilot Study.

Studies investigating the possible benefits of transcranial direct current stimulation on left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have not been performed. This study assesses the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with ADHD on neuropsychological tests of visual attention, visual and verbal working memory, and inhibitory control. An auto-matched clinical trial was performed involving transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with ADHD, using SNAP-IV and subtests Vocabulary and Cubes of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III (WISC-III). Subjects were assessed before and after transcranial direct current stimulation sessions with the Digit Span subtest of the WISC-III, inhibitory control subtest of the NEPSY-II, Corsi cubes, and the Visual Attention Test (TAVIS-3). There were 9 individuals with ADHD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) criteria. There was statistically significant difference in some aspects of TAVIS-3 tests and the inhibitory control subtest of NEPSY-II. Transcranial direct current stimulation can be related to a more efficient processing speed, improved detection of stimuli, and improved ability to switch between an ongoing activity and a new one.

Desempenho de escolares em atenção e funções executivas no Nepsy e inteligência / Performance of school-aged children in attention and executive functions on the Nepsy and intelligence / Rendimiento de escolares en atención y funciones ejecutivas en el Nepsy e inteligencia

O presente estudo teve por objetivo traçar o perfil do desempenho de escolares no domínio atenção/funções executivas e inteligência, além de comparar o desempenho de crianças de escola pública e particular, e analisar as relações entre as variáveis sociodemográficas. Participaram 60 escolares de 6 a 12 anos. Foram verificadas correlações significativas entre desempenho no Wisc III e no domínio de atenção/funções executivas da bateria Nepsy com as variáveis sexo, tipo de escola, renda familiar e escolaridade dos pais. Quando comparadas com as crianças de escola particular, as de escola pública obtiveram desempenho significativamente inferior em todos os testes avaliados. Compararam-se os resultados por tipo de escola com os dados de normatização norte-americana do Nepsy e percebeu-se que as crianças brasileiras de rede pública obtiveram resultado significativamente inferior apenas no subteste de atenção visual, ao passo que os estudantes de escolas particulares obtiveram melhores escores em atenção visual e auditiva, em tarefas de planejamento, seleção e alternância de estímulos.

The present study aimed to profile the performance of students in attention/executive functions and intelligence domains, compare the performance of children in public and private schools, and analyse the relation between sociodemographic varia­bles. Participants were 60 students aged 6 to 12 years old. Significant correlations were found between performance on the Wisc III and attention/executive functions domain (Nepsy batery) with the variables gender, school type, family income, parent education. Public school children had significantly lower performance in all tests assessed compared to private school children. The results was compared by type of school with the North American normative data of Nepsy and it was noticed that Brazilian public children had significantly lower result only in visual attention subtest, while students from private schools had better scores in visual and auditory attention, in planning tasks, selection and alternating stimuli.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo hacer el perfil del rendimiento de los estudiantes en el dominio de atención/funciones ejecutivas y de inteligencia, además de comparar el desempeño de los niños de las escuelas públicas y privadas, y analizar la relación entre las variables sociodemográficas. Participaron 60 estudiantes de 6 a 12 años. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre el desempeño en el Wisc III y en el dominio de la atención/ funciones ejecutivas de la batería Nepsy con las variables sexo, tipo de escuela, el ingreso familiar, la educación de los padres. Los niños de las escuelas públicas obtuvieron rendimiento significativamente más bajo en todas las pruebas evaluadas en comparación a los niños de escuela privada. Los resultados fueron comparados por tipo de escuela con los datos normativos norteamericanos del Nepsy y se observó que el grupo de niños brasileños de las escuelas públicas obtuvieron resultados significativamente más bajos sólo en la prueba atención visual, mientras que los estudiantes de las escuelas privadas tuvieron mejores puntuaciones en la atención visual y auditiva, en las tareas de planificación, selección y estímulos alternados.

Elevated airborne manganese and low executive function in school-aged children in Brazil.

Exposure to airborne manganese (Mn) has been associated with neurotoxic effects, including motor and cognitive deficits. The main deficits related to excessive exposure to Mn are predominantly the dysfunction of fronto-striatal and dopaminergic circuits observed in animal experimental studies, which are involved in attention, working memory and motor function. The present study aims to assess the association between elevated Mn exposure and performance on executive function and attention neuropsychological tests in children living in two communities near a ferro-manganese alloy plant. Seventy children aged between 7 and 12 years with no history of neurologic disease and an estimated IQ >68 (Vocabulary and Block Design subtests) that had lived near the iron-Mn production alloy plant for at least 1.5 years were included. Participants were assessed for cognitive functioning with neuropsychological measures for sustained attention (Test of Visual Attention - TAVIS-3R), cognitive flexibility (WCST), and verbal and visual working memory (WISC-III Digit Span subtest and Corsi Block). Manganese hair (MnH) levels were used as a biomarker of exposure. Mean scores among study participants were lower than general population norms/averages for block design, digit span, reaction time and commission errors. The median MnH level was 11.48 (range 0.52-55.74) µg/g, and no difference between sexes was observed. Spearman's correlation analysis showed a significant inverse correlation between MnH levels and estimated IQ (rho=-0.448, p=0.0001), Vocabulary (rho=-0.272, p=0.02), Block Design (rho=-0.485, p=0.00002) and Digit Span (rho=-0.410, p=0.0004). Multiple regression analyses detected inverse associations between log MnH and scores on estimated IQ (ß=-9.67; 95%CI=-16.97 to -2.37), Block Design (ß=-2.50; 95%CI=-3.91 to -1.10) and Digit Span Total (ß=-2.59; 95%CI=-4.13 to -1.05) standardized scores and the number of correct answers in forward and backward Digit Span methods, after adjusting for covariates (ß=-1.32=95%CI=-2.23 to -0.40; ß=-1.09 95%CI=-2.02 to -0.16, respectively). The results suggest that airborne Mn exposure may be associated with lower IQ and neuropsychological performance in tests of executive function of inhibition responses, strategic visual formation and verbal working memory. Executive function is dependent on the fronto-striatal circuit, which may be disrupted by Mn accumulation in the brain.

[Partial cross-cultural adaptation of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) scale for analysis of patients with mental retardation]. / Adaptação transcultural parcial da escala Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), para avaliar eficácia de tratamento em pacientes com retardo mental.

The aim of the ABC (Aberrant Behavior Checklist) is to evaluate the treatment response for aberrant behavior in patients with mental retardation. The aim of this study was to describe the partial cross-cultural adaptation of the ABC scale to Brazilian Portuguese. The process included conceptual and item equivalence, two translations (T1, T2) and their back-translations (R1, R2), evaluation of referential and general equivalence, expert evaluations, a pre-test, and elaboration of the final version. Conceptual and item equivalences of the ABC were considered pertinent to Brazilian culture. Semantic equivalence showed good correspondence between R1 items and ABC. Reasonable correspondence was obtained between ABC items and R2. All of the professors understood 94.8% of the items in the scale, while relatives understood 87.9%. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the ABC scale thus is available for use, with the appropriate conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence.

Versão abreviada do WISC-III: correlação entre QI estimado e QI total em crianças brasileiras / Abbreviated version of the WISC-III: correlation between estimated IQ and global IQ of brazilian children

Com o objetivo de correlacionar o QI Estimado com o QI Total, quatro bancos de dados do WISC III de 207 crianças foram associados: 1) crianças com desenvolvimento típico; 2) crianças com diagnóstico do transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade; 3) crianças referenciadas por dificuldades de aprendizagem em consultório particular; e 4) crianças com sequela neurológica avaliadas em ambulatório universitário. Os dados do QI total foram correlacionados aos do QI estimado, correspondentes à soma dos pontos ponderados dos subtestes Vocabulário e Cubos. Os resultados sugerem que o QI Estimado pode ser adotado quando há restrição de tempo e quando o desempenho intelectual está sendo usado como triagem em pesquisa, ou como ponto de referência dentro de uma avaliação neuropsicológica.

In order to calculate the correlation between the Estimated IQ and the Full Scale IQ of children submitted to the WISC III, four different data banks with a total of 207 children were integrated: (1) typically developing children, (2) children diagnosed as having Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder, (3) children identified by private clinics as having learning disabilities (4) children with neurological sequelae diagnosed by a public university outpatient treatment program. Results suggest that the Estimated IQ, which is based on the weighted sum of the subtest scores of Cubes and Vocabulary, may be used in the presence of time constraints, when intellectual performance is important for screening in research procedures, and as a reference within a broader neuropsychological evaluation.

Adaptação transcultural parcial da escala Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), para avaliar eficácia de tratamento em pacientes com retardo mental / Partial cross-cultural adaptation of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) scale for analysis of patients with mental retardation

The aim of the ABC (Aberrant Behavior Checklist) is to evaluate the treatment response for aberrant behavior in patients with mental retardation. The aim of this study was to describe the partial cross-cultural adaptation of the ABC scale to Brazilian Portuguese. The process included conceptual and item equivalence, two translations (T1, T2) and their back-translations (R1, R2), evaluation of referential and general equivalence, expert evaluations, a pre-test, and elaboration of the final version. Conceptual and item equivalences of the ABC were considered pertinent to Brazilian culture. Semantic equivalence showed good correspondence between R1 items and ABC. Reasonable correspondence was obtained between ABC items and R2. All of the professors understood 94.8 percent of the items in the scale, while relatives understood 87.9 percent. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the ABC scale thus is available for use, with the appropriate conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence.

A ABC (Aberrant Behavior Checklist) visa avaliar a resposta ao tratamento de transtornos comportamentais em portadores de retardo mental. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a adaptação transcultural parcial da escala ABC para o português do Brasil. Foi realizada avaliação da equivalência conceitual e de itens, foram feitas duas traduções (T1 e T2), suas respectivas retraduções (R1 e R2), avaliação das equivalências referencial e geral, avaliação de especialistas, pré-teste e elaboração da versão final. Em relação à equivalência conceitual e de itens a ABC foi considerada pertinente à nossa cultura. Quanto à equivalência semântica, houve uma boa correspondência entre os itens de R1 e a ABC original, e razoável entre estes e R2. Portanto optou-se por utilizar os itens de T1. Todos os professores compreenderam 94,8 por cento da escala, enquanto todos os parentes entenderam 87,9 por cento. Fica disponível a versão em português do Brasil da escala ABC, respeitando a equivalência conceitual e de itens e semântica.

Complicações neurológicas em anemia falciforme: avaliação neuropsicológica do desenvolvimento com o NEPSY / Neurological complications in sickle cell anemia: a developmental neuropsychological assessment using NEPSY

Estudo de caso de duas crianças portadoras de anemia falciforme, com complicações neurológicas. Utilizou-se uma ampla bateria neuropsicológica - NEPSY. Uma criança apresentou acidente vascular cerebral com paresia de hemicorpo esquerdo, e a outra, ataque isquêmico transitório. As avaliações neuropsicológicas demonstraram que havia extenso prejuízo cognitivo no primeiro caso, em contraste com comprometimento leve no segundo. Baixas pontuações nas funções de atenção visual, memória operacional, linguagem, flexibilidade cognitiva, habilidades sensório-motora, visoespacial e viso-construtiva. Rebaixamento intelectual e no desempenho acadêmico foram encontrados no paciente que sofreu o acidente isquêmico. A criança que foi acometida por ataque isquêmico transitório apresentou dispraxia motora e oromotora, diminuição da atenção visual e memória verbal. Estes achados corroboram com os dados encontrados na literatura e reforçam a relevância de conhecer a tipologia destas alterações para intervir precocemente na deficiência cognitiva, minimizando as repercussões no desenvolvimento cognitivo, acadêmico e psicossocial.

This is a case study of two children with sickle cell anemia and neurological complications. An extensive series of neuropsychological tests - NEPSY was used in the evaluation of the children. One child had suffered an ischemic stroke with left hemiparesis and the other, transient ischemic attack. The neuropsychological assessment showed extensive cognitive damage in the first case, in contrast to mild impairment in the second. Low scores were found for tasks of visual attention, operational memory, language, cognitive flexibility and for sensory-motor, visuospatial and visuoconstructive skills. Low intellectual and academic performance was found in the patient who suffered ischemic stroke. The child who suffered transient ischemic attack showed motor and oromotor dyspraxia, and decreased visual attention and verbal memory. These findings corroborate published data and reinforce both the importance of identifying the types of changes in patients and providing early intervention when there is any learning disability, thereby minimizing the impact of neurological complications during cognitive, academic and psychosocial developmen.

Adaptação transcultural da Bateria NEPSY - avaliação neuropsicológica do desenvolvimento: estudo-piloto / Cross-cultural adaptation of NEPSY - a developmental neuropsychological assessment battery: pilot study

O NEPSY é uma bateria neuropsicológica de 27 subtestes para crianças de 3 a 12 anos de idade. Este estudo é a primeira etapa de adaptação do NEPSY para crianças brasileiras e teve como objetivo descrever o desempenho de uma amostra de crianças submetidas à versão traduzida e adaptada do NEPSY e compará-la com a americana. Foi traduzido por back-translation e adaptado com equipe de especialistas, então aplicado em 100 crianças. Nos resultados observou-se que a amostra brasileira manteve-se dentro da variação da média e um desvio-padrão (100 + 15), sendo o menor escore no Domínio Sensório-Motor (88,05 + 14,89) e o maior no Domínio Viso-espacial (102,25+19,39). Observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes das faixas de 3-4 anos entre si e entre todas as outras idades. Conclusão: A versão adaptada e traduzida do NEPSY mostrou-se adequada, conseguindo discriminar o desempenho das crianças em diferentes faixas de idade, sócio-econômica e escolaridade dos pais.

The NEPSY is a neuropsychological battery of 27 subtests for 3 to 12 year old children. This study is the first part of the adaptation of the NEPSY for Brazilian children and had the objective to describe the performance of a sample of children submitted to a translated and adapted version for comparison to the American version. It was back-translated and adapted by a team of specialists and 100 children were assessed. The results showed that the Brazilian sample remained within the average variation with a standard deviation (100 + 15), the lowest score in Sensor-Motor Domain (88.05 + 14.89) and the highest in Visual-spatial Domain (102.25+19.39). Statistically significant differences were observed in the age group of 3-4 years among itself and the other age groups. Conclusion: The translated and adapted version of NEPSY was appropriate to obtain the discrimination among children of different ages, socioeconomic status and parent education level.

Cranial Doppler resistance index measurement in preterm newborns with cerebral white matter lesion.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the resistance index (RI) within the first 72 hours of life of newborn infants with cerebral white matter lesion (WML) is correlated with the adverse outcome of WML. METHODS: Retrospective study. Newborn infants with WML were identified based on cranial ultrasound results, and those with Doppler imaging and RI measurement were selected. The newborn infants were placed in three groups: low (< 0.61), normal (0.61-0.85) or high (> 0.85) RI. The sample was analyzed as a whole at first and then stratified according to birth weight. RESULTS: According to the RI, cerebral blood flow was abnormal in 46 (68.7%) patients, low in 42 (62.7%), and high in four (6%). Among those with a low RI, 15 (35.7%) had an adverse outcome, with ultrasonographic signs of cerebral atrophy in 10 (23.8%) and intraventricular hemorrhage in five (11.9%) patients. The four newborn infants with a high RI also had an adverse outcome, one (25%) with signs of cerebral atrophy and three (75%) with intraventricular hemorrhage. No statistically significant differences were observed between RI groups and the group with a fatal outcome. CONCLUSION: The study showed that abnormal RI within the first 72 hours was associated with healing complications in newborn infants with cerebral WML. Abnormal RI results were not correlated with the fatal outcome. Therefore, RI is an important parameter that should be measured in newborn infants.

[Birth weight as predictor for the severity of neonatal brain white matter lesion]. / Peso de nascimento como preditor para a gravidade da lesão da substância branca cerebral neonatal.

To analyze the association of natal factors with the severity of neonatal brain white matter lesion (WML) by controlling the birth weight, we identified newborns with WML who were divided into: those with WML evolution towards resolution of the ultrasound image (less severe), and those who evolved with cist formation and/or ventriculomegalia and/or hemorrhage (greater severity). There were differences among the twelve variables (hyponatremia, anemia, infection, retinopathy, broncopulmonary dysplasia, hypoalbuminemia, persistence of the arterial canal, altered audiometry, early respiratory distress, birth weigh below 2,500 g, weight per category, and prematurity) between the two groups (p<0.05), being that nine variables (hyponatremia, infection, retinopathy, hypoalbuminemia, persistence of the arterial canal, early respiratory distress, low weight, prematurity, and weight per category) remained statistically different (p<0.01) after the logistic regression analysis. When the variables were analyzed by birth weight category none of them presented statistical significance. This study suggests that birth weight is the major factor--likely the only one--associated to the severity of neonatal brain white matter lesion.

Brain white matter lesions correlated to newborns death and lethality

OBJECTIVES: to describe hospital lethality rates and factors correlated to death in neonates with brain white matter lesions. METHODS: a retrospective study was performed from January 1994 to December 2001. Neonates with white brain matter lesions were divided into survival and death groups and their medical files reviewed through the single blind method to determine evolution. Death certificates provided the cause of death. The groups were compared through correlation coefficients. Hospital lethality rate was calculated. RESULTS: ninety three cases of white brain matter lesions and seven deaths were determined. Hospital lethality rate was of 8.2. percent (95 percentCI: 2.4-14.0) independently from lesion occurrence time, and of 10.3 percent (95 percentCI: 3.3-17.3) for deaths occurred during prenatal and perinatal periods. Death was correlated to: Apgar score, non-cephalic presentation, gestational age, hyperglicemia, hypercalcemia, convulsion, respiratory insufficiency and atelectasy. CONCLUSIONS: hospital lethality was of 10.3 percent generating the following hypothesis: perinatal asphyxia must be the principal direct and indirect etiologic factor (aggravating the expression of prematurity and infection diseases), of prenatal and perinatal mortality among newborns with white brain matter lesions; and <7 Apgar score in the 5th minute associated to brain white matter lesions, are markers for perinatal asphyxia diagnosis.

OBJETIVOS: descrever a taxa de letalidade hospitalar e fatores correlacionados com o óbito em crianças com lesão da substância branca cerebral (LSB). MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo realizado de janeiro de 1994 a dezembro de 2001. Os neonatos com LSB foram divididos em sobreviventes ou óbito, e seus prontuários revisados de forma cega para a evolução. Dos atestados de óbito, a causa de morte. Os grupos foram comparados por coeficientes de correlação. Calculada a taxa de letalidade hospitalar. RESULTADOS: foram encontrados 93 casos de LSB e sete óbitos. A taxa de letalidade hospitalar foi de 8,2 por cento, (IC95 por cento: 2,4-14,0), independentemente da época de instalação da lesão, e de 10,3 por cento (IC95 por cento: 3,3-17,3) para aqueles de ocorrência pré/perinatal. O óbito correlacionou-se com: escore de Apgar, apresentação não-cefálica, idade gestacional, hiperglicemia, hipercalcemia, convulsão, insuficiência respiratória e atelectasia. CONCLUSÕES: a letalidade hospitalar foi de 10,3 por cento e as seguintes hipóteses foram geradas: a asfixia perinatal deve ser o principal fator etiológico, direto e indireto (agravando a expressão das doenças da prematuridade e da infecção), da mortalidade pré/perinatal entre neonatos com LSB; e o escore de Apgar do 5o minuto <7, associado à LSB, são marcadores para o diagnóstico de asfixia perinatal.