Odd Sites of Parathyroid Adenomas: 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT Pointing to the Right Place.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is mostly caused by parathyroid adenoma(s) which are generally localized using routine imaging modalities such as neck ultrasonography and 99mTc-SestaMIBI scintigraphy. However, these can miss ectopic parathyroid adenomas due to their limited sensitivities. These ectopic lesions can later lead to failure of surgical excision and necessitate the need for a re-exploration. 18F-fluorocholine (FCH) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) can help in the localization of these ectopic adenomas due to its superior detection rates and spatial resolution. Herein, we report a case of ectopic parathyroid adenomas that were localized on FCH PET/CT.

SISCOS in focal cortical dysplasia: localization and comparative analysis with MRI.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates the efficacy of SISCOS (Subtraction ictal-interictal SPECT coregistered to SPECT) in localizing the epileptogenic zone (EZ) in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), comparing its predictive performance with MRI and post-surgical outcomes based on ILAE classification. METHODS: 84 patients with drug refractory epilepsy (DRE) who were operated and had histopathology consistent with FCD, were included in the study. All patients had undergone a complete work-up including SISCOS and MRI for EZ localization, followed by discussion in the multidisciplinary epilepsy surgery meeting prior to surgery. Ictal & interictal perfusion SPECT studies were performed with Tc-99 m Ethylene Cysteinate Dimer (Tc-99 m ECD) followed by SISCOS analysis using SPM2 and Bioimage Suite 2.6. Concordance for localization was determined by comparing with the surgical resection site and post-surgical outcomes were assessed using the ILAE classification. RESULTS: The concordance for EZ localization demonstrated by SISCOS was 73.8% and MRI was 82.1%. 52 patients (61.9%) had good surgical outcome and 31(59%) of these were FCD type 2. In patients with discordant MRI findings, SISCOS was able to provide localisation in 86% (13/15), with 69.2% showing good surgical outcomes. Sensitivity of SISCOS and MRI was 73% (95% CI = 59-84.8%) and 78% (95% CI = 67.5-90.3%) respectively with no significant difference between the two. In FCD type I, both SISCOS and MRI revealed a similar a sensitivity of 76.4% (95%CI = 50.1-93.2%). Concordant cases exhibited higher seizure-free odds ratios for both modalities. CONCLUSION: SISCOS is effective in localizing the EZ in FCD patients, comparable to MRI. Integrating SISCOS and MRI enhances lesion detection, especially in MRI discordant cases. A comprehensive diagnostic approach utilizing SISCOS and MRI can optimize the non-invasive pre-surgical assessment in DRE thereby guiding surgical decision-making in a resource-limited setting.

Re-188 lipiodol in hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis: a pilot study using novel chelating agent N-DEDC and its comparison with (A)HDD.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein thrombosis (PVT) have limited therapeutic options, Re-188 lipiodol transarterial therapy being one of them. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of Re-188 lipiodol exclusively in HCC with PVT as well as to compare two chelating agents for the synthesis of Re-188 lipiodol: novel bis-(diethyldithiocarbamato) nitrido (N-DEDC) with existing acetylated 4-hexadecyl 1-2,9,9-tetramethyl-4,7-diaza-1,10-decanethiol [(A)HDD]. METHODS: Patients with radiological diagnosis of HCC with PVT having Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤2 and Child Pugh score (PS) A or B were recruited. Patients received an empirical dose of transarterial Re-188 lipiodol, labelled with (A)HDD or N-DEDC. Radiological response on MRI (modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors), biochemical response with serum alpha fetoprotein and clinical response with ECOG PS was assessed at three months and survival was estimated at the end of the study. RESULTS: Fifteen therapies were performed in 14 patients with a median age of 62 years (range: 41-70 years). Eight therapies were with Re-188 (A)HDD lipiodol and seven with Re-188 N-DEDC lipiodol. Overall mean injected dose was 2.6 ±â€…0.37 GBq. Radiological objective response rate was 31% and disease control rate was 85%. Mean overall survival was 14.21 months and mean progression free survival was 10.23 months. Percentage survival assessed at 3, 6 and 9 months was 93%, 64% and 57%, respectively. Safety parameters, response and survival outcome were comparable for (A)HDD and N-DEDC groups. CONCLUSION: Transarterial Re-188 lipiodol in HCC with PVT is safe and effective in disease control as well as improving survival outcome. Additionally, cost-effective and high-yielding novel agent N-DEDC appears to be a comparable alternative to (A)HDD for the same.

[177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 as first-line systemic therapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a real-world study.

PURPOSE: The use of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy has become increasingly recognized as a viable therapeutic approach for patients in the advanced stages of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, there is limited data regarding its effectiveness and safety in earlier lines. This study aims to present our institution's experience with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 as a first-line systemic therapy for mCRPC. METHODS: We collected and analyzed data from consecutive mCRPC patients who underwent first-line treatment with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 at our center from 2015 to 2023. The various outcome measures included best prostate-specific antigen-response rate (PSA-RR) (proportion of patients achieving a ≥ 50% decline in PSA); objective radiographic response rate (ORR) (proportion of patients achieving complete or partial radiographic responses); radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) (measured from treatment initiation until radiographic progression or death from any cause); overall survival (OS) (measured from treatment initiation until death from any cause); and adverse events. RESULTS: Forty treatment-naïve mCRPC patients with PSMA-positive disease on [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT were included (median age: 68.5 years, range: 45-78; median PSA: 41 ng/mL, range: 1-3028). These patients received a median cumulative activity of 22.2 GBq (range: 5.55-44.4) [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 over 1-6 cycles at 8-12 week intervals. A ≥ 50% decline in PSA was observed in 25/40 (62.5%) patients (best PSA-RR). Radiographic responses were evaluated for thirty-eight patients, with thirteen showing partial responses (ORR 34.2%). Over a median follow-up of 36 months, the median rPFS was 12 months (95% confidence interval, CI: 9-15), and the median OS was 17 months (95% CI: 12-22). Treatment-emergent grade ≥ 3 anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia were noted in 4/40 (10%), 1/40 (2.5%), and 3/40 (7.5%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 is a safe and effective option as a first-line treatment in mCRPC. Further trials are needed to definitively establish its role as an upfront treatment modality in this setting.

Head-to-Head Comparison of SSTR Antagonist [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m-LM4 with SSTR Agonist [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT in Patients with Well Differentiated Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Prospective Imaging Study.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are slow-growing tumors that express high levels of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). Recent studies have shown the superiority of radiolabeled SSTR antagonists in theranostics compared to agonists. In this prospective study, we compared the diagnostic efficacy between [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC and [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m-LM4 in the detection of primary and metastatic lesions in patients with well differentiated gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NETs. Histologically proven GEP-NET patients underwent [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC & [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m-LM4 PET/CT scans, which were analyzed. The qualitative analysis involved the visual judgment of radiotracer uptake validated by the morphological findings using CT, which was considered as the reference standard. Quantitative comparisons were presented as the standardized uptake value (SUV) corrected for lean body mass: SULpeak, SULavg, and tumor-to-background ratios (TBR). In total, 490 lesions were confirmed via diagnostic CT. The lesion-based sensitivity of [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m-LM4 PET/CT was 94.28% (462/490) and 83.46% (409/490) for [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT (p < 0.0001). [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m-LM4 had statistical significance over [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC in liver metastases [100% vs. 89.4%; p < 0.0001 (292 vs. 253 {283 lesions on CT})] and bone metastases [100% vs. 82.9%; p = 0.005 (45 vs. 34 {41 lesions on CT})]. Statistical significance was also noted for the TBR SULpeak of the primary and liver lesions. [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m-LM4 showed better sensitivity and a higher target-to-background ratio than [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT. [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m-LM4 PET/CT can be used to quantify the extent of skeletal and liver metastases for better planning of SSTR agonist- or antagonist-based therapy.

Optimal Cumulative I-131 Activity in Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Balancing Efficacy and Adverse Events.

BACKGROUND: The optimal cumulative activity (CA) of I-131 therapy for patients with metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (mDTC) remains contentious. This study aimed to determine the maximum CA of I-131 that could be administered without a significant increase in adverse events (AEs) by analyzing a long-term cohort of patients. METHODS: Data from mDTC patients treated with I-131 therapy and followed for at least two years from 1967 to 2019 were reviewed. Patients were categorized into three groups based on the received CA: Group-A (≤600mCi), Group-B (>600-1000mCi), and Group-C (>1000mCi). The study assessed long-term AEs and survival outcomes. RESULTS: The study included 671 adult mDTC patients (mean age 48 years, range: 19-81) with a median follow-up of 122 months (IQR: 82-180). Group A, Group B, and Group C comprised 269 (40.0%), 212 (31.6%), and 190 (28.4%) patients, respectively. Ten-year survival rates were 72%, 42.7%, and 29% in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. A total of 40/671 (6%) AEs were observed in 38 patients: 3 (1.1%), 12 (5.7%), and 25 (13.2%) in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. Five patients developed second primary malignancy (SPM): 3 in Group A and one each in Group B and C. However, CA >1000mCi of I-131 was associated with significant increase in bone marrow suppression, decreased pulmonary function, and xerostomia (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that a maximum CA of up to 1000mCi strikes a favorable balance between keeping AEs low and benefiting a subset of patients with extensive metastases showing intense I-131 concentration.

[177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2 Radionuclide Therapy: a New Treatment Option for Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme.

In this case report, we present the clinical management of a 52-year-old female patient with a recurrent right temporo-parietal glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The patient presented with symptoms of headache and loss of balance and recurrence on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To evaluate the fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPi) expression in the recurrent lesion, an exploratory [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi PET/CT scan was performed. The imaging results revealed FAPi expression in the lesion located in the right temporo-parietal region. Based on the findings of FAPi expression, the patient underwent [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2 treatment. After completing two cycles of [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2 therapy, a follow-up [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi PET/CT scan was conducted. The post-treatment imaging showed a significant reduction in FAPi uptake and regression in the size of the lesion, as well as a decrease in perilesional edema, as observed on the MRI. Furthermore, the patient experienced an improvement in symptoms and performance status. These results suggest that [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi monomer imaging and [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2 dimer therapeutics hold promise for patients with recurrent GBM when other standard-line therapeutic options have been exhausted. This case highlights the potential of using FAPi-based theranostics in the management of recurrent GBM, providing a potential avenue for personalized treatment in patients who have limited treatment options available.

Actinium-225-PSMA radioligand therapy of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (WARMTH Act): a multicentre, retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Actinium-225 (225Ac) prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radioligand therapy (RLT) is a novel therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We aimed to report the safety and antitumour activity of 225Ac-PSMA RLT of mCRPC in a large cohort of patients treated at multiple centres across the world. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients treated at seven centres in Australia, India, Germany, and South Africa. We pooled data of consecutive patients of any age and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status with histopathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate who were treated with one or more cycles of 8 MBq 225Ac-PSMA RLT administered intravenously for mCRPC. Previous lines of mCRPC treatment included taxane-based chemotherapy, androgen-receptor-axis inhibitors, lutetium-177 (177Lu) PSMA RLT, and radium-223 dichloride. The primary outcomes were overall survival and progression-free survival. FINDINGS: Between Jan 1, 2016, and May 31, 2023, 488 men with mCRPC received 1174 cycles of 225Ac-PSMA RLT (median two cycles, IQR 2-4). The mean age of the patients was 68·1 years (SD 8·8), and the median baseline prostate-specific antigen was 169·5 ng/mL (IQR 34·6-519·8). Previous lines of treatment were docetaxel in 324 (66%) patients, cabazitaxel in 103 (21%) patients, abiraterone in 191 (39%) patients, enzalutamide in 188 (39%) patients, 177Lu-PSMA RLT in 154 (32%) patients, and radium-223 dichloride in 18 (4%) patients. The median follow-up duration was 9·0 months (IQR 5·0-17·5). The median overall survival was 15·5 months (95% CI 13·4-18·3) and median progression-free survival was 7·9 months (6·8-8·9). In 347 (71%) of 488 patients, information regarding treatment-induced xerostomia was available, and 236 (68%) of the 347 patients reported xerostomia after the first cycle of 225Ac-PSMA RLT. All patients who received more than seven cycles of 225Ac-PSMA RLT reported xerostomia. Grade 3 or higher anaemia occurred in 64 (13%) of 488 patients, leukopenia in 19 (4%), thrombocytopenia in 32 (7%), and renal toxicity in 22 (5%). No serious adverse events or treatment-related deaths were recorded. INTERPRETATION: 225Ac-PSMA RLT shows a substantial antitumour effect in mCRPC and represents a viable therapy option in patients treated with previous lines of approved agents. Xerostomia is a common side-effect. Severe bone marrow and renal toxicity are less common adverse events. FUNDING: None.

Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Thyroid Cancer: An Updated Review.

PET/computed tomography (CT) is a valuable hybrid imaging modality for the evaluation of thyroid cancer, potentially impacting management decisions. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT has proven utility for recurrence evaluation in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients having thyroglobulin elevation with negative iodine scintigraphy. Aggressive histologic subtypes such as anaplastic thyroid cancer shower higher FDG uptake. 18F-FDOPA is the preferred PET tracer for medullary thyroid cancer. Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor and arginylglycylaspartic acid -based radiotracers have emerged as promising PET agents for radioiodine refractory DTC patients with the potential for theranostic application.

Metabolic imaging in recurrent gliomas: comparative performance of 18F-FDOPA, 18F-fluorocholine and 18F-FDG PET/CT.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to directly evaluate glucose, amino-acid and membrane metabolism in tumor cells for diagnosis and prognostication of recurrent gliomas. METHODS: Fifty-five patients (median age = 36 years; 33 men) with histologically proven gliomas and suspected recurrence were prospectively recruited and underwent 18F-FDG (Fluorodeoxyglucose), 18F-FDOPA (fluorodopa) and 18F-Fluorocholine-PET/CT. Images were evaluated by two physicians visually and quantitatively [lesion-SUVmax, tumor (T) to gray-matter (G) and metabolically-active tumor volumes (MTV)]. After median follow-up of 51.5 months, recurrence was diagnosed in 49 patients. Thirty-one patients died with a median survival of 14 months. RESULTS: Diagnostic-accuracies for 18F-FDOPA, 18F-Fluorocholine,18F-FDG and contrast-enhanced-MRI were 92.7% (95% CI 82.7-97.1), 81.8% (69.7-89.8), 45.5% (33.0-58.5) and 44.7% (30.2-60.3), respectively. Among the 20 lesions, missed by MRI; 18F-FDOPA, 18F-Fluorocholine and 18F-FDG were able to detect 19, 14 and 4 lesions. Corresponding area-under-the-curves (T/G ratios) were 0.817 (0.615-1.000), 0.850 (0.736-0.963) and 0.814 (0.658-0.969), when differentiating recurrence from treatment-induced changes. In univariate-survival-analysis, 18F-FDOPA-T/G, visually detectable recurrence in 18F-FDG, 18F-FDOPA-MTV, cell-lineage and treatment-type were significant parameters. In Multivariate-Cox-regression analysis, 18F-FDOPA-MTV [HR = 1.009 (1.001-1.017); P  = 0.024 (~0.9% increase in hazard for every mL increase of MTV)] and cell-lineage [3.578 (1.447-8.846); P  = 0.006] remained significant. 18F-FDOPA-MTV cutoff <29.59 mL predicted survival higher than 2 years. At cutoff ≥29.59 mL, HR at 2 years was 2.759 (1.310-5.810). CONCLUSION: 18F-FDOPA-PET/CT can diagnose recurrence with high accuracy and MTV predicts survival. 18F-Fluorocholine is a good alternative. Higher 18F-FDG uptake is an adverse prognostic indicator.

Promising Therapeutic Activity of 177 Lu-PSMA-617 in Synchronous High-Volume Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer : A Pilot Experience.

PURPOSE: 177 Lu-PSMA-617 has been shown to improve survival outcomes in patients with end-stage metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, data in earlier lines remain limited. In this study, we intended to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 177 Lu-PSMA-617 in patients with synchronous high-volume metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Hormone-sensitive prostate cancer patients with synchronous high-volume metastases (defined as ≥4 skeletal metastases with ≥1 extra-axial site or any visceral metastasis) showing high PSMA expression on 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and ineligible/unwilling for conventional chemohormonal treatment options were selected. Approximately, ~5.55-7.4 GBq of 177 Lu-PSMA-617 was administered intravenously at 8-12 weeks intervals, up to 6 cycles. All patients underwent concomitant androgen deprivation therapy/orchiectomy. The outcome measures included the proportion of patients achieving an undetectable serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (ie, ≤0.2 ng/mL) at any time point after therapy, best PSA response rate, objective radiographic response rate, radiographic progression-free survival, overall survival, and adverse events. RESULTS: Ten patients with high-volume mHSPC received a median cumulative activity of 32.4 GBq (range, 7.4-44.4) of 177 Lu-PSMA-617 over 1-6 cycles. Five patients (50%) achieved an undetectable PSA with 9 patients (90%) showing a ≥50% decline in PSA from baseline. Nine patients underwent radiological follow-up, of which 7 (77.8%) had an objective response. The median radiographic progression-free survival was 24 months (95% confidence interval, 18-30), whereas the median overall survival was not reached. None of the patients had any grade 3/4 adverse event. CONCLUSIONS: 177 Lu-PSMA-617 seems to be a promising efficacious and safe treatment option for patients with synchronous high-volume mHSPC.

Impact of radioiodine therapy on recurrence and survival outcomes in intermediate-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma -A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The utility of radioiodine (RAI) therapy in intermediate-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains a topic of ongoing discussion. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to consolidate existing evidence on the impact of postoperative RAI therapy on recurrence and survival outcomes in intermediate-risk PTC. METHODS: A literature search was performed using relevant keywords in PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE. Articles from January 2008 to March 2023 were included. Odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were extracted from the individual articles, and pooled estimates were generated using meta-analysis. RESULTS: Eleven articles comprising 56,266 intermediate-risk PTC patients were included. 41,530 (73.8%) patients underwent postoperative RAI therapy, while 14,736 (26.2%) patients were kept on no-RAI (NOI) follow-up. No significant reduction in rates of structural disease recurrence was noted with RAI therapy in comparison to NOI follow-up (pooled univariate OR, 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-1.87, I2 = 75%). RAI therapy was not a significant predictor of better recurrence-free survival (pooled multivariate HR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.01-3.74, I2 = 94%). Interestingly, RAI therapy was associated with an overall survival benefit compared to NOI follow-up (pooled multivariate HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.48-0.82, I2 = 79%). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis did not establish a conclusive benefit of RAI therapy in preventing structural disease recurrence or improving recurrence-free survival in intermediate-risk PTC. However, these results need to be interpreted with caution owing to significant heterogeneity in the existing literature. A prospective, randomised clinical trial is the need of the hour to better understand the effect of RAI therapy on long-term outcomes.

Therapeutic potential of [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA-FAPi dimers in metastatic breast cancer patients with limited treatment options: efficacy and safety assessment.

PURPOSE: The upregulation of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) expression has been observed in various cancers, including metastatic breast carcinoma, prompting research into small molecule inhibitors for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. While the diagnostic value of PET/CT imaging using 68 Ga- or 18F-labelled FAPi-monomers in breast cancer diagnosis is well-established, there is a significant need for therapeutic analogs. This retrospective study aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.FAPi dimer radionuclide therapy in patients with advanced-stage breast cancer who had previously undergone [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi PET/CT scans to confirm the expression of FAP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between November 2020 and March 2023, a compassionate treatment approach was utilized to administer [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.FAPi dimer radionuclide therapy to heavily pretreated patients with advanced breast cancer. Nineteen patients (18 females, 1 male) with metastatic breast cancer participated in the study, with an average age of 44.6 ± 10.7 years. The therapy was administered at intervals of 8 to 12 weeks, and the median follow-up duration was 14 months. The primary objective of the study was to assess molecular response using [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi PET/CT scans, with response evaluation based on the PERCIST criteria. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), clinical response assessment, and safety evaluation using CTCAE v5.0 guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 65 cycles were administered, with a mean cumulative activity of 19 ± 5.7 GBq (510 ± 154 mCi) ranging from 11 to 33.3 GBq (300 to 900 mCi) of [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.FAPi dimer. The number of cycles ranged from 2 to 6, with a median of 3 cycles. The treatment protocol consisted of different numbers of cycles administered to the patients: specifically, two cycles were given to five patients, three cycles to nine patients, four cycles to one patient, and six cycles to four patients. Most patients had invasive/infiltrative ductal carcinoma (94.7%), while a small percentage had invasive lobular carcinoma (5.3%). All patients had bone metastases, and five of them also had liver involvement, while seven had brain metastases. Response assessment using [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi PET/CT scans showed that 25% of the 16 patients evaluated had partial remission, while 37.5% exhibited disease progression. According to the VAS response criteria, 26.3% achieved complete response, 15.7% had partial response, 42% showed minimal response, 11% had stable disease, and 5% had no response. The clinical disease control rate was promising, with 95% of patients achieving disease control. The clinical objective response rate was 84%. The median follow-up period was 14 months. At the time of analysis, the median overall survival was 12 months, and the median progression-free survival was 8.5 months. Notably, no severe hematological, renal, or hepatic toxicities, electrolyte imbalances, or adverse events of grade 3 or 4 were observed during the study. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.FAPi dimer therapy is well-tolerated, safe, and effective for treating end-stage metastatic breast cancer patients. [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.FAPi dimer treatment demonstrated promising efficacy in patients with advanced breast cancer, as indicated by high disease control rates, favorable response outcomes, and acceptable safety profile. Further research and longer follow-up are warranted to assess long-term outcomes and validate these findings.

A prospective study of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT imaging of HCC as diagnosed on conventional imaging to evaluate for potential 177Lu-PSMA therapy.

OBJECTIVE: PSMA expression is seen in many solid tumours in addition to prostate cancer and several studies and case reports have shown PSMA expression and 68Ga-PSMA imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our prospective study evaluates the role of 68Ga-PSMA in HCC patients and compares it to conventional imaging (CE-CT/MRI). METHODS: Patients with radiologically and/or histopathologically confirmed HCC were included and all had undergone serum alpha-fetoprotein (S.AFP) assessment as well as CE-CT/MRI prior to PSMA PET/CT. Acquired whole-body PET/CTs were analysed both visually and quantitatively by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians. RESULTS: Forty-one (41) patients (36 male; 5 female) with known HCC and a mean age of 53.9 ± 10.9 years underwent 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. All patients had lesions on conventional imaging but only 38/41 patients showed 68Ga-PSMA uptake. Conventional imaging revealed 18 patients with single lesions, all of which were tracer avid. Twenty-three (23) of 41 patients had multifocal (> 2) hepatic lesions on CE-CT/MRI of which 3 patients showed no 68Ga-PSMA uptake, 7 showed tracer uptake in a single lesion only and 13 patients had multifocal tracer avid lesions. There was no correlation observed between S. AFP level and tumour SUVmax on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. CONCLUSION: 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT imaging of HCC may complement conventional imaging and identify patients for potential theranostic intervention.

Role of FDG PET/CT in definitive and presumed autoimmune encephalitis.

OBJECTIVE: F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT (FDG-PET) is emerging as a useful imaging adjunct to MRI in the initial diagnostic evaluation of autoimmune encephalitis (AIE)-though presently it is not included in the diagnostic criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study we enrolled a total of 52 patients with clinically diagnosed and treated AIE. MRI evaluation was done in each case along with CSF and EEG where feasible. FDG-PET was done for all and images were interpreted visually and using SPM. RESULTS: The mean age group of patients included was 38.5 ± 22.6 years with 31 females and 21 males. 23 antibody-positive cases underwent PET, the most common antibody detected was anti-NMDAR type followed by anti-LGI 1. Most common metabolic pattern in NMDARE was hypermetabolism in basal ganglia and hypometabolism in parieto-occipital cortices and ovarian teratoma was detected in two of these patients on whole-body PET. A metabolic pattern consistent with AIE was demonstrated in 22/29 (75.8%) antibody-negative patients with hypermetabolism in basal ganglia and mesial temporal cortices. The overall sensitivity of FDG PET was 86% (45/52). MRI abnormalities were detected in 22/52 (42%) cases, 10/23 antibody positive and 12/29 antibody negative cases. PET was positive in 23/30 (76%) MRI negative cases. CONCLUSION: Sensitivity of FDG PET for supporting a diagnosis of AIE was higher compared to MRI in both antibody-positive (definitive) and antibody-negative (presumed) AIE. Specific metabolic patterns can be demonstrated on FDG PET in AIE, prompting an early diagnosis so that timely treatment can be instituted.

Complete Response to 177 Lu-DOTATATE PRRT in a 9-Year-Old Child With Metastatic Carotid Body Paraganglioma.

ABSTRACT: We present a case involving a 9-year-old boy diagnosed with metastatic carotid body paraganglioma. The metastases were detected in cervical lymph nodes and lungs using 68 Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT imaging. The patient received peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with 177 Lu-DOTATATE. Following 3 treatment cycles, a significant improvement was observed in the metastatic lesions. After 4 cycles, the patient achieved a complete response, with a cumulative administered activity of 16.65 GBq during the therapy. This case underscores the effectiveness of using 177 Lu-DOTATATE in managing metastatic carotid body paraganglioma, offering promising results in terms of tumor regression and overall therapeutic response.

Role of 18Fluorocholine Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Localization of Culprit Lesions in Patients of Persistent/Recurrent Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Prospective Study in COVID Times.

Introduction: Recurrent/persistent primary hyperparathyroidism in patients who have undergone previous parathyroidectomy is a challenging condition. Imaging is important for localizing the parathyroid adenoma for re-exploration and 18F-Fluorocholine (18F-FCH) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) seems ideal for this purpose. Aim: This prospective study attempted to ascertain the utility of 18F-FCH PET/CT as an investigation in preoperative localization of abnormal parathyroid tissue in recurrent/persistent primary hyperparathyroidism while comparing it with 99mTc-Sestamibi dual-phase scintigraphy with early single-photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT and neck ultrasonography (USG). Methods: Twenty patients with biochemical features of recurrent/persistent primary hyperparathyroidism were enrolled into this study. They underwent neck USG, 99mTc-Sestamibi dual-phase scintigraphy with early SPECT/CT and 18F-FCH PET/CT for localization of parathyroid lesions. Six patients underwent surgical resection of the detected lesions, 3 were awaiting surgery, and 11 were managed conservatively. One patient died due to COVID. Results: The calculated positive predictive values on a per-lesion basis of neck USG, 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy and early SPECT/CT and 18F-FCH PET/CT in the cohort of the 5 operated patients were 75% (3/4), 71.4% (5/7), and 71.4% (5/7), respectively. On a per-patient basis, the lesion detection rate was 100% for 99mTc-sestamibi scan and FCH PET (5/5) and 80% on neck USG (4/5). Conclusion: 18F-FCH PET/CT is a highly accurate imaging modality for the detection of parathyroid lesions in patients with recurrent/persistent primary hyperparathyroidism.

Comparison of Neck Ultrasonography, Dual Phase 99mTc-Sestamibi with early SPECT-CT & 18F-Fluorocholine PET-CT as First Line Imaging in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Introduction: Successful surgical treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism requires accurate localization of abnormal parathyroid tissue in terms of location and number. Imaging is important for localizing the parathyroid adenoma, and there has been significant interest in 18F-fluorocholine (FCH) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for this purpose. Aim: This study attempted to ascertain the utility of 18F-FCH PET/CT as a first-line investigation in preoperative localization of abnormal parathyroid tissue in primary hyperparathyroidism, in comparison with 99mTc-sestamibi dual-phase scintigraphy with early single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT and neck ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five patients with biochemical features of primary hyperparathyroidism were enrolled in this study. They underwent neck ultrasonography, 99mTc-sestamibi dual-phase scintigraphy with early SPECT/CT, and 18F-FCH PET/CT for localization of parathyroid lesions. Thirty-three patients underwent surgical resection of the detected lesions. For two patients, clinical and biochemical follow-up was used as a gold standard. Results: A total of 40 lesions were resected in the 33 patients who underwent surgery. A further two lesions were localized in two patients with clinical and biochemical follow-up as the gold standard. Of these 42 lesions, 41 were detected in preoperative imaging and 1 lesion was noted intraoperatively and resected. 41/42 lesions were detected by 18F-FCH PET/CT (detection rate: 97.6%), 33/42 by 99mTc-sestamibi dual-phase scintigraphy with early SPECT/CT (detection rate: 78.5%), and 30/42 by neck ultrasonography (detection rate: 71.4%). Conclusion: Detection rates on 18F-FCH PET/CT were superior to both 99mTc-sestamibi dual-phase scintigraphy with early SPECT/CT and neck ultrasonography in preoperative localization of parathyroid lesions in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

A long-term retrospective cohort-based risk-benefit analysis of augmenting total cumulative I-131 activity to 37GBq in differentiated thyroid cancer patients with skeletal metastases.

OBJECTIVE: Skeletal metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients are associated with poor prognosis. The objective was to determine the maximum I-131 cumulative activity that could be safely administered without compromising efficacy. The secondary objective was to identify other prognostic factors affecting survival outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study done at a tertiary-care institution comprising of data from January 1990-June 2020. 489 DTC patients having skeletal metastases with ≥12 months follow-up were included. Ninety-six percent of patients had thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine therapy for skeletal metastases. All patients were on oral suppressive levothyroxine tablets. External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors were used whenever indicated. The main outcome measures were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse-events. RESULTS: There were 347 (71%) females and 324 (66%) had follicular carcinoma thyroid. Median follow-up was 78 (interquartile range, IQR: 37-153) months. 333 patients (68%) received ≤37GBq I-131 cumulative activity (group 1) and 156 patients (32%) received >37GBq cumulative RAI activity (group 2). Overall median OS and PFS were 74 (95% confidence interval (CI): 62.2-85.8) and 48 (95%CI: 40.5-55.4) months, respectively. The 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-year estimated overall survival probabilities were 55.7%, 28.4%, 14% and 8.3%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, age(<55years) (p<0.001), female gender(p = 0.01), cumulative I-131 activity >37GBq (p<0.001) and EBRT(p = 0.001) were favourably associated with OS; no factors were significantly associated with PFS. The median OS for groups 1 & 2 were 51 versus 90 months (p<0.001) & median PFS for groups 1 & 2 were 45 versus 53 months respectively (p = 0.9). However, cumulative activity >37GBq resulted in more adverse events (2.4%), particularly bone marrow suppression (3.5%). CONCLUSION: For better survival outcomes, cumulative I-131 activity upto 37GBq could be administered with acceptable toxicity to DTC patients with skeletal metastases.

Utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Assessment of Disease Extent and Response to Treatment in Xanthoma Disseminatum.

The clinical utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT is being increasingly recognized in histiocytic disorders. We report the case of a 23-y-old woman who presented with slowly progressive, yellowish-brown papules, plaques, and nodules over her face and flexures. Besides the multiple cutaneous lesions, lesions of the brain, stomach, gallbladder, and marrow were additionally revealed by baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT. Skin biopsy and the overall clinical picture were consistent with xanthoma disseminatum. Subsequent PET/CT after cladribine therapy revealed a decrease in the extent and metabolic activity of most lesions, suggestive of a favorable response. This case report highlights the potential role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the accurate assessment of disease extent and posttreatment response in rare histiocytic disorders.