Outcomes assessment: implications for nursing education.

In response to public criticisms about the outcomes of higher education, colleges and universities have implemented comprehensive assessment programs. In nursing education, outcomes assessment has become a criteria for accreditation. Yet, currently no guidelines exist describing "best practices" in nursing education outcomes assessment. Experts in educational assessment provide helpful guidelines for nurse educators as they establish comprehensive assessment plans. The authors provide a review of the literature in the field of assessment and offer strategies for developing successful assessment programs in nursing education.

Blood flow to the corpus cavernosum penis in the bull and goat buck during penile quiescence.

Bulls and bucks were used to study the blood flow into and out of the corpus cavernosum penis (CCP) during the non-erect state of the penis. When contrast medium was injected into the dorsal artery of the penis in a bull cadaver and into surgically implanted catheters of anesthetized bucks, it flowed into the cavernous spaces of the CCP via the penetrating arteries. When contrast medium was injected directly into the CCP of the bull and buck there was no evidence of vascular exits along the body of the penis. The only venous outlets from the CCP were in the crus penis area. In the non-erect penis the vascular pressure within the CCP was 17.8 mm Hg higher in the bull and 8.3 mm Hg higher in the buck at the glans area than the crus area. During the non-erect state of the penis most of the blood flow to the CCP is from the dorsal artery of the penis via the penetrating arteries. The results showed that the pressure gradient provides the means for flow of blood from the glans area toward the base or crus penis area. This flow prevents platelet aggregation and clot formation and provides nutrition to local tissue during the long periods of non-erection.

A retrospective study of canine hip dysplasia in 116 military working dogs. Part I: Angle measurements and orthopedic foundation for animals (OFA) grading.

The progression of hip dysplasia was investigated in 116 military working dogs. Serial pelvic radiographs were graded for degree of dysplasia and degenerative joint disease (DJD). Norberg angles, angles of inclination, and joint space widths were measured. There was a significant correlation between the Norberg angle and the degree of dysplasia (p less than 0.0001). Angles of inclination and joint space width measurements did not demonstrate a correlation to canine hip dysplasia. Dysplastic dogs had a significant estimated risk for development of DJD compared to normal dogs (p less than 0.0001; odds ratio of 70.2). Dogs with normal hip conformation at 24 months of age or older did not develop moderate nor severe DJD.

A retrospective study of canine hip dysplasia in 116 military working dogs. Part II: Clinical signs and performance data.

The progression of hip dysplasia was investigated in 116 military working dogs. Medical records were reviewed for any clinical history of hind-limb lameness. Pelvic radiographs were studied for evidence and degree of hip dysplasia, degenerative joint disease, or both. The number of months each dog worked was determined. Each dog's age at termination from service and cause of death (or euthanasia) were recorded. The mean months of work for normal and dysplastic dogs were evaluated using the Student's t-test. No significant difference was found in the total number of months worked between normal and dysplastic dogs (p greater than 0.05).

Immunohistochemical study of a chondroitin-6-sulfate in growth plates of broiler chickens with high and low genetic predispositions to tibial dyschondroplasia.

The distribution of a chondroitin-6-sulfate (C6S) epitope, which is a biochemical marker of chondrocyte hypertrophy, was studied in the growth plates of two lines of 3-week-old broiler chickens with low and high genetic predispositions to tibial dyschondroplasia (TD). Ultrathin sections of growth plates from both groups were subjected to immunolocalization with monoclonal antibody 3-B-3(-), the epitope of which is increased on proteoglycans made by hypertrophic chondrocytes. Bound antibody was localized with colloidal gold-labeled protein A for observation with an electron microscope. The 3-B-3(-) epitope was localized in pericellular and interterritorial matrix of growth plates of both lines. In the low-TD-incidence birds, the concentration of 3-B-3(-) bound to C6S progressively increased from the proliferative zone to the hypertrophic zone. However, in the high-TD-incidence line, the epitope expression remained at a low level in all zones. The increase of the 3-B-3(-) epitope produced by maturing growth-plate chondrocytes is indicative of changes in the glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans that may be important in the process of matrical calcification. Thus, failure of chondrocytes of the high-TD-incidence line to produce this change in post-translational modification of their proteoglycans could be important in the pathological process.

Computed tomographic morphometry of the lumbosacral spine of dogs.

In a 5-year prospective study, computed tomographic (CT) morphometry of the lumbosacral vertebral canal was performed on 42 large-breed dogs (21 controls and 21 dogs with lumbosacral stenosis). Dogs were allotted to 4 groups. Group 1 (n = 13) consisted of cadaver specimens obtained from dogs that died or were euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the spine; group 2 (n = 8) consisted of live dogs with no history of clinical signs related to the spine and with normal neurologic examination findings; group 3 (n = 10) consisted of dogs with surgically confirmed lumbosacral stenosis; and group 4 (n = 11) consisted of dogs with suspected lumbosacral stenosis that were managed conservatively. The CT scans were performed, using 5-mm contiguous slices obtained perpendicular to the vertebral canal, from the midbody of the 5th lumbar vertebra through the caudal endplate of the sacrum (L5-S3). Lumbosacral lordosis was minimized in all dogs by positioning them in dorsal recumbency with the hind limbs flexed. A tuberculin syringe calibration phantom was placed within the scanning field of view, parallel to the axis of the spine. In each dog, 11 CT slice locations within the lumbosacral spine were evaluated. At each slice location, sagittal plane diameter, dorsal plane diameter, and transverse area of the vertebral canal, vertebral body, and calibration phantom were measured, using the CT computer's software programs for distance and area calculation. Window/level settings were constant, and all measurements were made by the same operator (JCJ). Accuracy of calibration phantom CT measurements was 100% for sagittal and dorsal plane diameter and was 85% for transverse area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ultrastructural changes of chondrocytes of growth plates of young broiler chickens predisposed to tibial dyschondroplasia.

Growth plates from the proximal tibiotarsal bones of growing broiler chickens from lines exhibiting high and low incidences of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) were compared for ultrastructural differences. Samples of growth plates were collected from five chickens of each line at 2, 7, 14, and 21 d of age. Each sample was prepared for ultrastructural evaluation after initial fixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and secondary fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide, each containing .7% ruthenium hexamine trichloride. No gross TD lesions were observed. The ultrastructure of growth plates of birds at 2, 7, and 14 d of age was similar between the groups. However, at 21 d of age, chondrocytes in the prehypertrophic zone of the high incidence group contained large lipid inclusions and vesiculated and disarranged stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum with greatly dilated cisternae. Apoptotic and necrotic chondrocytes were present in the hypertrophic zone. Nuclei of apoptotic chondrocytes contained crescentic caps of condensed chromatin. The cytoplasm contained short segments of dilated granular endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, and vacuoles. Necrotic chondrocytes appeared as amorphous masses with pyknotic and karyorrhectic nuclei. These changes were not observed in chondrocytes of the low TD incidence group and have not been previously reported in nonthickened growth plate cartilage.

Congenital maldevelopment of the tibia in two calves.

Two calves were admitted for evaluation of valgus deformity centered at the middiaphysis of the right tibia. Each deformity was observed at the time of attended, unassisted birth. The limbs were stable and the calves were ambulatory. Radiography revealed a thick lateral cortex and radiating trabecular bone pattern. The valgus deformities (75 degrees and 45 degrees) were treated by corrective osteotomy. One of the cows was bred and carried a clinically normal fetus to near term before dying of undetermined causes. The angular limb deformities appeared to be attributable to in utero bending stress and bone remodeling early in gestation.

Correlated responses to selection for high or low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers.

Selection for a high or a low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) at 7 wk of age was practiced for four generations in broiler breeders keeping an unselected control (C) line and using low intensity X-ray imaging for TD diagnosis. The incidence of TD, BW at 4 and 7 wk of age, age at first egg, and egg production for the first 12 wk of production were determined in the four generations. Age at initial semen production and semen volume and concentration of males were determined only in Generations 3 and 4. The TD scores and BW at 7 wk were collected on 1,366, 1,301, and 1,389 broilers from the C, high (H), and low (L) incidence of TD lines. Incidence of TD at 7 wk in the fourth generation was 16.1, 61.9, and 3.5% for the C, H, and L lines, respectively. There were no significant differences in BW between the H and L lines in Generations 1, 3, or 4. However, in Generation 2, the H line was heavier (P < .01) than the L line. Second generation H line broilers with TD were heavier than those without TD at 4 and 7 wk of age (P < .01). There were no significant differences in age at first egg, age at semen production, or in semen volume between the H and the L lines. Egg production in the L line was greater (P < .01) than that of the H line in all four generations, and semen concentration was also greater (P < .01) in Generations 3 and 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Divergent genetic selection for incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers at seven weeks of age.

Selection for a high (H) or low (L) incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) at 7 wk of age was practiced for four generations in broiler breeders using low intensity x-ray imaging (Lixiscope) for TD diagnosis. As a result, broiler lines with H or L incidence of TD at 7 wk of age were developed keeping a randomly selected control (C) broiler line. A total of 4,232 chicks were hatched representing 172 sires and 612 dams over four generations for the H, L, and C lines. The TD scores at 7 wk were collected on 4,056 broilers. Incidence of TD at 4 and 7 wk of age were studied in the C, H, and L lines of broilers. Direct response to selection in the H and L lines were estimated per generation and per weighted cumulative selection differential (WCSD). Total WCSD deviation from the C line for incidence of TD at 7 wk of age was 1.496 and -.42 units for the H and the L lines, respectively. The response per generation for incidence of TD at 7 wk of age for the H line was .153 +/- .028 units. The realized heritability for the H line for incidence of TD at 7 wk of age was .437 +/- .065. The incidence of TD was not significantly decreased in the L line at 7 wk of age.

Comparative study of ultrasonography and arteriography of the carotid artery of xylazine-sedated and halothane-anesthetized goats.

The carotid artery of clinically normal goats was examined, using duplex ultrasonography and arteriography. The diameter of the carotid artery was measured by use of two-dimensional ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasonography, respectively, before and after xylazine administration. The diameter of the artery was also measured by use of an arteriography technique in halothane-anesthetized goats. There was no significant difference between the mean diameter of the carotid artery measured by ultrasonography in conscious nonsedated goats and that determined by arteriography in goats under halothane anesthesia. On the other hand, ultrasonography of xylazine-sedated goats revealed an increase of carotid artery diameter of 20 to 30%. There was no change in the velocity of blood flow after xylazine administration.

Radiographic diagnosis of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers: a field selection technique.

A technique for early detection of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in live broilers was developed using the Lixiscope, a hand-held, real-time skeletal imaging device. The Lixiscope utilizes 125I gamma energy (27 keV), which is converted to electrons and then to visible energy, for imaging by way of an output phosphor or electron-to-photon conversion. Image amplication is 45,000 to 50,000 times, and image resolution is 4.2 line pairs per millimeter. The left and right tibiotarsi of the parent stock of male broiler breeder chickens were examined at 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age. The images readily allowed for the detection of TD. A scoring system was established to assess severity of TD and was confirmed accurate as correlated with direct radiography and macroscopic examination at necropsy. This technique offers a quick, non-invasive, early detection of TD in broilers. The equipment is portable and can be used in field selection procedures.