RESUMEN
Acquired ventricular wall ruptures can be life-threatening. Depending on the pathological features and anatomy, surgical repair can be technically challenging and may be associated with high morbidity and mortality. We present 3 successful percutaneous repairs of different ruptures that used a variety of techniques. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).
Asunto(s)
Tabique Interatrial , Cateterismo Cardíaco/instrumentación , Circulación Coronaria , Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea , Rotura Cardíaca/terapia , Implantación de Prótesis de Válvulas Cardíacas/instrumentación , Hemodinámica , Enfermedad Iatrogénica , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/cirugía , Tabique Interatrial/diagnóstico por imagen , Tabique Interatrial/fisiopatología , Cateterismo Cardíaco/efectos adversos , Puente de Arteria Coronaria , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/fisiopatología , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/cirugía , Ecocardiografía Transesofágica , Rotura Cardíaca/diagnóstico por imagen , Rotura Cardíaca/etiología , Rotura Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Implantación de Prótesis de Válvulas Cardíacas/efectos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/fisiopatología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The use of non-invasive imaging to identify ruptured or high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaques would represent a major clinical advance for prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease. We used combined PET and CT to identify ruptured and high-risk atherosclerotic plaques using the radioactive tracers (18)F-sodium fluoride ((18)F-NaF) and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG). METHODS: In this prospective clinical trial, patients with myocardial infarction (n=40) and stable angina (n=40) underwent (18)F-NaF and (18)F-FDG PET-CT, and invasive coronary angiography. (18)F-NaF uptake was compared with histology in carotid endarterectomy specimens from patients with symptomatic carotid disease, and with intravascular ultrasound in patients with stable angina. The primary endpoint was the comparison of (18)F-fluoride tissue-to-background ratios of culprit and non-culprit coronary plaques of patients with acute myocardial infarction. FINDINGS: In 37 (93%) patients with myocardial infarction, the highest coronary (18)F-NaF uptake was seen in the culprit plaque (median maximum tissue-to-background ratio: culprit 1·66 [IQR 1·40-2·25] vs highest non-culprit 1·24 [1·06-1·38], p<0·0001). By contrast, coronary (18)F-FDG uptake was commonly obscured by myocardial uptake and where discernible, there were no differences between culprit and non-culprit plaques (1·71 [1·40-2·13] vs 1·58 [1·28-2·01], p=0·34). Marked (18)F-NaF uptake occurred at the site of all carotid plaque ruptures and was associated with histological evidence of active calcification, macrophage infiltration, apoptosis, and necrosis. 18 (45%) patients with stable angina had plaques with focal (18)F-NaF uptake (maximum tissue-to-background ratio 1·90 [IQR 1·61-2·17]) that were associated with more high-risk features on intravascular ultrasound than those without uptake: positive remodelling (remodelling index 1·12 [1·09-1·19] vs 1·01 [0·94-1·06]; p=0·0004), microcalcification (73% vs 21%, p=0·002), and necrotic core (25% [21-29] vs 18% [14-22], p=0·001). INTERPRETATION: (18)F-NaF PET-CT is the first non-invasive imaging method to identify and localise ruptured and high-risk coronary plaque. Future studies are needed to establish whether this method can improve the management and treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. FUNDING: Chief Scientist Office Scotland and British Heart Foundation.
Asunto(s)
Angiografía Coronaria , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/metabolismo , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18/metabolismo , Placa Aterosclerótica/metabolismo , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Radiofármacos/metabolismo , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Anciano , Angina de Pecho/metabolismo , Estenosis Carotídea/diagnóstico , Estenosis Carotídea/metabolismo , Factores de Confusión Epidemiológicos , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infarto del Miocardio/metabolismo , Placa Aterosclerótica/diagnóstico , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/métodos , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Rotura Espontánea , Escocia , Fluoruro de Sodio/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS: Current quality measures of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures are based on the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). This crude marker ignores the many clinical nuances that make for sound decision making in PCI. We have established a prospective peer review audit tool to determine the quality of PCI within our cardiac network, which consists of five PCI hospitals serving a population of 1.4 million people in Sussex, UK. METHODS AND RESULTS: Analysis of 10% of all PCI cases selected at random each month by a non-clinical audit manager is made by a rotating panel of two PCI operators and one cardiac surgeon. Each PCI case is assessed for anatomical suitability, lesion severity, strategic appropriateness and final outcome. Panel findings were reported back to the operator and the audit manager. A total of 326 cases were assessed by the review committee. Results were disseminated to individual operators. Coronary anatomy and lesion severity were considered appropriate for PCI in 94.2% and 96.0% of cases, respectively. Appropriateness of strategy was confirmed in 86.2% and the outcome considered satisfactory in 90.8%. A total of 242 subsequent cases were analysed to assess practice trends. This analysis demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in clinical decision making with respect to appropriateness of strategy (from 86.2% to 92.6%; p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Prospective peer review of percutaneous coronary intervention cases by a rotating regional committee is valuable in ensuring procedural quality.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/terapia , Auditoría Médica/métodos , Revisión por Expertos de la Atención de Salud/métodos , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea/normas , Competencia Clínica , Humanos , Selección de Paciente , Estudios Prospectivos , Control de Calidad , Distribución Aleatoria , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction is an uncommon, but serious, complication of transvenous device implantation. We present a case of a 52-year-old lady admitted for upgrade to a biventricular pacemaker with significant SVC stenosis. Percutaneous balloon venoplasty of the SVC followed by insertion of biventricular pacing leads was carried out as a single procedure with no complications.
Asunto(s)
Arritmias Cardíacas/terapia , Cateterismo , Marcapaso Artificial , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/terapia , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Implantation of devices that can terminate cardiac arrhythmias has increased rapidly over recent years. This article looks at the evidence base for using such devices in the primary and secondary prevention of sudden arrhythmic death, discusses who should have a device and examines the issues surrounding implantation. Recent advances in technology and the future direction of therapy are also reviewed.
Asunto(s)
Desfibriladores Implantables , Taquicardia Ventricular/terapia , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia , Humanos , Selección de PacienteRESUMEN
ADP induces platelet aggregation in human whole blood and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). ATP induces aggregation in whole blood only; this involves leukocytes and is mediated by ADP. Here we studied ATP- and ADP-induced aggregation in patients with raised leukocyte counts (mean 46.2x10(3) leukocytes/microl). Platelet aggregation was measured by platelet counting. ATP, ADP and metabolites were measured by HPLC. Aggregation to ADP (1-10 microM) and ATP (10-100 microM) was markedly reduced, but to ATP (1000 microM) was enhanced (all p<0.001). Aggregation to ADP in PRP was normal. Increasing the leukocyte count in normal blood reproduced the findings in the patients. Adding leukocytes (either MNLs or PMNLs) to normal PRP enabled a response to ATP and caused marked inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation. Breakdown of ATP or ADP to AMP and adenosine in leukocyte-rich plasma was rapid (t1/2=4 min) and far higher than in cell-free plasma or PRP. With ATP there was also formation of ADP, maximal at 4 min. The presence of the ectonucleotidase NTPDase1 (CD39) was demonstrated on MNLs (all of the monocytes and a proportion of the lymphocytes) and all PMNLs by flow cytometry. We conclude that leukocytes provide a means of dephosphorylating ATP which enables ATP-induced aggregation via conversion to ADP, but also convert ADP to AMP and adenosine. Platelet aggregation extent is a balance between these activities, and high white cell counts influence this balance.
Asunto(s)
Adenosina Difosfato/farmacología , Adenosina Trifosfatasas/fisiología , Adenosina Trifosfato/farmacología , Leucocitos/enzimología , Leucocitos/fisiología , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Adenosina Difosfato/metabolismo , Adenosina Monofosfato , Adenosina Trifosfatasas/análisis , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Antígenos CD/análisis , Apirasa/análisis , Comunicación Celular , Humanos , Recuento de Leucocitos , Fosforilación , Pruebas de Función PlaquetariaRESUMEN
Thrombin induces platelet aggregation and membrane rearrangements leading to enhanced procoagulant activity and microparticle production, all of which are thought to contribute to thrombus formation in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Clopidogrel, an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonist acting at the P2Y(12) receptor, has been shown to provide clinical benefit in ACS. We aimed to investigate the effects of clopidogrel ex vivo and another ADP-antagonist, AR-C69931MX in vitro on thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP)-induced platelet aggregation, procoagulant activity, microparticle formation and [Ca(2+)]i responses in patients with ACS. Measurements were performed in platelet-rich plasma using aggregometry and flow cytometry (n = 12). Clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose plus 75 mg daily) significantly inhibited TRAP-induced aggregation, procoagulant activity (annexin V binding) and microparticle production (all P < 0.05) but not as extensively as AR-C69931MX (400 nmol/l). [Ca(2+)]i responses induced by a combination of TRAP and ADP designed to mimic the physiological effects of released ADP showed that clopidogrel partially and AR-C69931MX completely removed the ADP component of the [Ca(2+)]i responses (n = 6). The results provide new information on the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of P2Y(12) antagonists in patients with ACS.